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The aim of this research was to establish whether there are differences in the longevity and production characteristics within the studied breeds of cows of different origin. Holstein cows of Slovenian (461) and foreign (356) origin and Simmental cows of Slovenian (261) and foreign (43) origin were studied. Only culled animals that previously had between 1 and 9 lactations were included. The analyzed properties consisted of characteristics related to the longevity and lifetime productivity. Compared with Slovenian cows, imported Holstein cows had a significantly longer calving interval (1210±31 days, 1337±39 days, P=0.008), a longer dry period (172±6 days, 192±7 days, P=0.022), and a significantly lower daily milk yield (23.0±0.2 kg, 22.0±0.3 kg, P=0.002). Significant differences between Simmental cows of Slovenian and foreign origin were observed in functional productivity (1317±52 days, 1808±186 days, P=0.006), longevity (2175±53 days, 2701±145 days, P=0.004), and duration of lifetime lactation (990±38 days, 1265±137 days, P=0.037). Cilj rada bio je utvrditi postoje li razlike u dugovječnosti i proizvodnim karakteristikama između pasmina krava različitog podrijetla. Proučavane su holstein krave slovenskog (461) i stranog (356) podrijetla i simentalske krave slovenskog (261) i stranog (43) podrijetla. Samo krave koje su imale između 1 i 9 laktacija bile su uključene u istraživanje. Analizirana svojstva čine karakteristike vezane za dugovječnost i životnu proizvodnju. U usporedbi sa slovenskim kravama, uvezene holstein krave imale su značajno dulji interval između teljenja (1210±31 dana, 1337±39 dana, P=0,008), dulji suhostaj (172±6 dana, 192±7 dana, P=0,022), i značajno niži prinos mlijeka dnevno (23,0±0,2 kg, 22,0±0,3 kg, P=0,002). Statistički značajne razlike zabilježene su između krava slovenskoga i stranog podrijetla u promatranju funkcionalne produktivnosti (1317±52 dana, 1808±186 dana, P=0,006), dugovječnosti (2175±53 dana, 2701±145 dana, P=0,004) i u trajanju životne laktacije (990±38 dana, 1265±137 dana, P=0,037).

The purpose of the research was to establish the effect of concentrates A (C-A) and B (C-B) on the quantity and composition of the produced milk of dairy cows. The research included cows of Holstein Friesian and Simmental breeds and crossbreeds with Simmental breed. The test took place in two periods. The first period with the C-A lasted from December 2004 to February 2005 and included 113 cows. During the second period the C-B was fed. The test endured from April to June 2005. The results of monthly controls of milk quantity and protein and fat contents were entered into the Excel programme and processed with the statistical programme SPSS for Windows 12.0. When the concentrate B was fed, the milk quantity amounted to 21.99 L/day and was statistically significantly (P

Milk production represents the possibility of earning monthly income and assures social security to many farms in Slovenia. In Slovenia the European rules and regulations on the quality of the delivered milk have been introduced, relating to the hygienic quality of milk and the count of somatic cells. The purchase price of the milk depends also on the protein and fat content. The aim of the research was to establish, whether the quality of the delivered milk complies with the prescriptions regulated by the Slovene legislation. The quality of the delivered milk in the area of the Šentjur agricultural cooperative (ACŠ) and in the entire area of Slovenia (SLO) has been studied. The bacteriological data in the individual quality classes, the data on the total count of somatic cels and the data on the fat and protein contents have been analyzed. 36 monthly accounts have been included in statistical processing. It has been established that the delivered milk of the areas in question does not differ in the relevant quality values. Proizvodnja mlijeka predstavlja mogućnost stjecanja mjesečnog dohotka i time osigurava socijalnu sigurnost mnogim seoskim gospodarstvima. U Sloveniji su na snazi europski propisi o kakvoći otkupljenog mlijeka i odnose se na higijensku kakvoću mlijeka te broj somatskih stanica. Otkupna cijena mlijeka ovisi i o postotku proteina i masnoće. Cilj rada bio je ustanoviti odgovara li kakvoća otkupljenog mlijeka aktualnim propisima u Sloveniji (SLO). Istraživana je kvaliteta otkupljenog mlijeka na području Kmetijske zadruge Šentjur (KZŠ) i cjelokupnom području Slovenije (SLO). Analizirani su bakteriološki podaci u pojedinim razredima kakvoće, podaci o ukupnom broju somatskih stanica te podaci o udjelu masti i proteina. U statističku obradu podataka uključeno je 36 mjesečnih obračuna. Utvrđeno je, da se otkupljeno mlijeko istraživanih područja ne razlikuje u bitnim elementima kakvoće.

The attention of this paper is drawn to analyze the economic potential of involvement of farmers into the small-medium sized value-based food chain (VBFC). The survey represents a solid data basis from which econometric modelling approach was further developed. Empirical results reveal the positive economic viability on a general level this means more stable purchase price of raw milk for dairy farms, which are the part of value-based food chain. Results point at inelastic demand for milk and milk related products. Furthermore, there are some accompanying and underlying indirect social benefits, such as production of high-quality food products, more stable and constant demand for raw milk, steady payments and better social situation. The last one is especially important for the farms operating in less-favored mountain areas where the survey was actually conducted. Cilj rada je analizirati ekonomske koristi uključenosti poljoprivrednika u male i srednje velike prehrambene lance temeljene na vrijednosti proizvoda. Istraživanjem su prikupljeni podatci pomoću kojih je razvijen ekonometrijski model. Empirijski rezultati pokazuju pozitivne ekonomske koristi. Na općoj razini, to znači stabilniju otkupnu cijenu sirovog mlijeka za mliječne farme koje su dio prehrambenog lanca temeljenog na vrijednosti. Rezultati pokazuju neelastičnu potražnju za mlijekom i proučavanim mliječnim proizvodima. Nadalje, tu se pokazuju i neke društvene koristi, kao što je proizvodnja visokokvalitetnih prehrambenih proizvoda, stabilnija i postojana potražnja za sirovim mlijekom, što u konačnici poljoprivrednicima donosi stabilan prihod i bolju socijalnu situaciju. Posljednje je posebno važno za poljoprivredna gospodarstva u područjima s težim uvjetima gospodarenja gdje je istraživanje i provedeno.

A total of 1 070 Simmental and Black-White first calving cows and the same number of mother cows were investigated. The first calving cows originally arrived from Slovenia, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. No statistically significant differences were established in the milk production and quality of milk between the first calving cows from abroad compared to the first calving Slovenian cows. Statistically significant higher milk production (8 004 ± 981 kg P ≤0.001) had mother cows of the imported Black-White compared to the Slovene (6 514 ± 1 142 kg) ones. There were no statistically significant differences, in the milk production and quality of milk, between the imported mothers of first calving cows of Simmental breed comparing with Slovenian mothers of first calving cows of the same breed. The milk production between the mothers and their Simmental daughters had a statistically significant correlation (rp = 0.125 P ≤ 0.01). The higher correlation coefficient for this characteristic was established between the Black-White mothers and their daughters (rp = 0.302 P ≤ 0.001). Among the milk production of first calving cows and protein content in milk a statistically negative significant correlation (rp = -0.198 P ≤ 0.001) was established. This result confirmed that the purchase of more expensive animals with better genetic potential is economically unjustified for the breeder who does not reach intensive technology of basic quality voluminous fodder. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi, da li su krave u prvoj laktaciji stranog podrijetla usporedive s kravama prve laktacije iz slovenskog uzgoja. Analizirano je 1 070 krava simentalske i holstein pasmine u prvoj laktaciji i jednaki broj njihovih majki. Po podrijetlu krave su bile iz Slovenije, Nizozemske, Njemačke i Danske. Nismo utvrdili statistički signifikantne razlike u proizvodnji i sastavu mlijeka između stranih i domaćih krava u prvoj laktaciji. Statističko signifikantno (P ≤ 0,001) višu mliječnost imale su majke holstein pasmine iz uvoza (8 004 ± 981 kg P ≤ 0,001) u usporedbi sa slovenskim (6 514 ± 1 142 kg). Kod simentalske pasmine stranih i slovenskih majki nije bilo statistički signifikantnih razlika u proizvodnji i sastavu mlijeka. Utvrđena je signifikantna korelacija (rp = 0,302 P ≤ 0,001) između mliječnosti majki i njezinih kćeri kod simentalske pasmine. Viši korelacijski koeficient za to svojstvo utvrđen je između majki i kćeri holstein pasmine (rp = 0,302 P ≤ 0,001). Utvrđena je negativna statistički signifikantna korelacija (rp = -0,198 P ≤ 0,001) između proizvodnje mlijeka krava u prvoj laktaciji i sadržaja bjelančevina. Ovi rezultati pokazuju, da je nabava skupih životinja s boljim genetskim proizvodnim potencijalom ekonomski neopravdana za proizvođače, koji ne mogu savladati tehnologiju intenzivne proizvodnje voluminozne krme visoke kakvoće.

The aim of the study was technological and economical analysis of free range cow breeding. The case study analyzed two different systems of holstein-fresian dairy cows breeding. The model total costs enterprise budget was developed for evaluation of economic feasibility of loose housing dairy cows in comparison with tied cow breeding system. Computer supported calculation enabled estimation of the most important economical parameters (net return, observed input parameters) loose housing system is economically feasible, if there is a minimum of 41 dairy cows with an average milk production of 8610 kg per cow. It was also established that cows need approximately 6 months to fully adapt to the loose hausing system. Cilj rada bila je usporedba između vezanog i slobodnog držanja krava. Koristeći “case study” pristup analizirane su tehnološko ekonomske značajke oba sustava držanja krava. Za oba sustava razvijena je modelna kalkulacija troškova proizvodnje koja omogoćava analizu nekih indikatora ekonomske efikasnosti proizvodnje (financijski rezultat, cijena koštanja, koeficijent ekonomičnosti). Rezultati pokazuju, da je sistem slobodnog držanja ekonomski opravdan za minimalno 41 muznu kravu u stadu s prosječnom proizvodnjom mlijeka 8 610 kg po grlu. Također smo ustanovili, potrebno je barem 6 mjeseci za potpunu prilagodbu životinja na slobodni sustav držanja.

Through the research, four different materials have been tested: two types of sawdust (one in bulk and second is packaged), straw in bulk and slice-dusted straw. During the survey the measuring and collecting the everyday observations to get the data about capacity of eliminated materials and time to clean the stalls were carried out. Results show different characteristics between the bedding materials. After the statistical analysis, the main conclusion of the paper going in the way to statistical significant correlation between characteristics of bedding material and weight of horses. Our predictions get in the way that findings in this paper can make a good contribution to economic analysis of using bedding material for (sport) horses.