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International audience; The amendments made to CERCLA in 1996 reinforced the exemption of lenders that finance ultra-hazardous activities. Then, they become involved in liability only if they manage or own polluting activities. The paper compares strict liability and negligence rule in an agency model of vicarious liability type, and proposes to restore lenders as principal by applying negligence rules to them while operators would resort to a strict liability rule. This scheme leads the lender to propose to the borrower the most favorable loan level that induces the latter to provide the socially optimal security level.

International audience; This paper examines how to apply a spatial approach (relational and geographical) to care pathways for their better integration within their territories. Based on the case study of a senology department of a French Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research Center, we apply a mixed research methodology using qualitative data (synthesis documents, meeting minutes, in-depth interviews) and quantitative data relating to the mobility and geographical location of a cohort of 1798 patients treated in this center. Our results show the inseparable nature of the relational dimension and the geographical approach to move towards greater integration of breast cancer care pathways. This inseparability is constructed from the proposal of a method for mapping the integrated care pathways in their territories. This method, applied to our case study, allows us to identify four main categories of pathways for the cohort of patients studied.This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Public consultations, especially online, are more and more commonplace in contemporary democracies. This work aims to study how interpersonal trust determines participation in public consultations, and the forms there of. I use the Grand Débat National, that occurred in France in 2019, as a natural experiment to study the geographic cross sectional relation ship between a novel synthetic measure of local interpersonal trust and various aspects of participation in this public consultation. Then I study evidence from a small-scale experiment on interpersonal trust and participation in an online public consultation. I conclude that high-trust individuals participate more to public consultations compared to low-trust individuals, both at the extensive and intensive margins, and that there exists a discrepancy in their forms of participation, in terms of content, but also when it comes to textual or lexical aspects of participation. This result calls for questioning the common presumption that public consultations will give a better representation to and help design be.er policies for everyone, particularly low-trust individuals. In fact, it appears that public consultations can be instead captured by the demands of high-trust individuals.

Politicians, inhabitants, and, more generally, local stakeholders, fear an increase in costs and doubt the benefits of hosting a mega-event such as the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games are events planned with long lead times, which belong to the category of occasional mega-events with high international visibility and high expectations about value creation. Academic literature is paying increasing attention to the Olympic Games because they are the subject of considerable social issues and tensions in the metropolises that organize and host them. The Olympic Games illustrate in an exemplary and empirical way the theory of Right to the City, developed by authors such as David Harvey or Manuel Castells. The literature on the urban and geostrategic issues of the Olympic Games as a competitive mega-event reveals a lot of important controversies. Organizing the Olympic Games is context-dependent and also stakeholder-dependent. The main criticisms are linked to the financial dimension of the Olympic Games’ organization.

International audience; Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) be more ethical than human intelligence? Can it respect human values better than a human? This article examines some issues raised by the AI with respect to ethics. The utilitarian approach can be a solution, especially the one that uses agent-based theory. We have chosen two extreme cases: combat drones, vectors of death, and life supporting companion robots. The Ethics of AI and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) must be studied on the basis of military ethics and human values when fighting. Despite the fact that they are not programmed to hurt humans or harm their dignity, companion robots can potentially endanger their social, moral as well as their physical integrity. An important ethical condition is that companion robots help the nursing staff to take better care of patients while not replacing them.

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The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most importantly the prudential consideration-and pursued hegemonic policies which not only alienated its allies but also created apprehensions among other great powers about US ambitious grand designs. By pursuing such policies it has challenged not only the legitimacy of certain institutions established since Second World War (like United Nations), but also the institutions being established since Treaty of Westphalia (like state sovereignty). The study postulates that struggle for power and great power politics that had gone to the back-benches for some time during 1990s is very much alive and back in the post 9/11 era generally, and in the past decade specifically, establishing the prominence of enduring legacy of Realism., Les États-Unis poursuivant la prescription réaliste pendant la guerre froide ont contribué à maintenir l'équilibre des forces et donc la «paix» entre les grandes puissances concurrentes. Dans la période de l'après-guerre froide, il a dissocié certaines des hypothèses réalistes - surtout la considération prudentielle - et a poursuivi des politiques hégémoniques qui non seulement aliénaient ses alliés, mais ont également suscité des appréhensions parmi d'autres grandes puissances au sujet des grands projets ambitieux des États-Unis. En poursuivant de telles politiques, il a remis en question non seulement la légitimité de certaines institutions établies depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale (comme les Nations Unies), mais aussi les institutions mises en place depuis le Traité de Westphalie (comme la souveraineté des etats). L'étude postule que la lutte pour le pouvoir et la politique des grandes puissances qui était passée aux banquettes arrière pendant un certain temps au cours des années 1990s est très vivante dans l'ère post 9/11 en général, et dans la dernière décennie en particulier, établissant la proéminence de héritage durable du réalisme.

International audience; The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most importantly the prudential consideration-and pursued hegemonic policies which not only alienated its allies but also created apprehensions among other great powers about US ambitious grand designs. By pursuing such policies it has challenged not only the legitimacy of certain institutions established since Second World War (like United Nations), but also the institutions being established since Treaty of Westphalia (like state sovereignty). The study postulates that struggle for power and great power politics that had gone to the back-benches for some time during 1990s is very much alive and back in the post 9/11 era generally, and in the past decade specifically, establishing the prominence of enduring legacy of Realism.; Les États-Unis poursuivant la prescription réaliste pendant la guerre froide ont contribué à maintenir l'équilibre des forces et donc la «paix» entre les grandes puissances concurrentes. Dans la période de l'après-guerre froide, il a dissocié certaines des hypothèses réalistes - surtout la considération prudentielle - et a poursuivi des politiques hégémoniques qui non seulement aliénaient ses alliés, mais ont également suscité des appréhensions parmi d'autres grandes puissances au sujet des grands projets ambitieux des États-Unis. En poursuivant de telles politiques, il a remis en question non seulement la légitimité de certaines institutions établies depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale (comme les Nations Unies), mais aussi les institutions mises en place depuis le Traité de Westphalie (comme la souveraineté des etats). L'étude postule que la lutte pour le pouvoir et la politique des grandes puissances qui était passée aux banquettes arrière pendant un certain temps au cours des années 1990s est très vivante dans l'ère post 9/11 en général, et dans la dernière décennie en particulier, établissant la proéminence de héritage durable du réalisme.

International audience

Revised version of "On the equilibrium and welfare consequences of Keeping Up with the Joneses; International audience; This paper provides an analysis of the social consequences of people seeking to get ahead of the Smiths. All individuals attempt to reach a higher rank than the Smiths, including the Smiths themselves. This attitude gives rise to an equilibrium in which all individuals have equal utilities but unequal (gross) incomes. Due to a rat-race effect, individuals devote too much energy to climbing the social scale.However, laissez-faire equilibrium is an equal-utility constrained social optimum. Conversely, a utilitarian social planner would not choose utility equality. Unexpectedly, this social ambition theory fairly wellaccounts for empirical intermediate wage inequality.

International audience; Lebanon has witnessed in 2015 a severe trash crisis that had serious health and environmental impacts. Trash crisis has recently evolved, and is mostly related to inefficiency in networking, political leadership, and strategic management system and information flow. Trash crisis can be avoided with effective crisis management plan and waste management strategies. The latter is gaining broader attention, especially in the developing countries, with waste management being not well implemented. Until now, no studies have been conducted to measure and evaluate the impacts of the garbage crisis on the Lebanese tourism industry, which is a main income generator sector. Therefore, this research seeks to examine how tourism organizations, especially hotels as main producer of solid waste, are managing their waste to reduce the impacts of the crisis and to understand visitors’ perceptions of solid waste management strategies adopted by hotels. 18 hotels’ managers in Beirut were interviewed and 124 questionnaires were filled by hotels’ guests, who were randomly selected in different areas of the capital. Results revealed that large hotels tend to effectively manage their solid waste which allowed them to overcome the crisis with minimal negative impacts. For the majority of respondents, selecting hotels is not primarily influenced by the implementation of solid waste management strategies. Moreover, results showed that 46% of respondents have hesitated to visit Lebanon during the crisis.

In the financial world, references to ethical behavior have become more common than ever. This tendency is the consequence of our on-going and worsening financial crises. Broadly speaking, the financial world takes less and less account of ethics. Yet some areas, such as self-designated "ethical" finance and Islamic finance, continue to observe ethical principles. To a lesser extent, microfinance and social finance also follow ethical principles. This paper describes and compares the various types of finance., En matière de finance, la référence à l'éthique devient plus populaire que jamais. Cela tient naturellement aux crises financières qui se suivent en s'amplifiant. La finance est en effet de moins en moins éthique, mais certaines pratiques financières le sont restées davantage. C'est le cas de la finance qui se veut éthique et de la finance islamique. C'est aussi, mais à un moindre degré, de la finance solidaire et de la microfinance. Ce papier est aussi l'occasion de montrer ce que ces différentes variétés de pratiques financières ont de particulier et de les comparer.

International audience

International audience; This paper studies the population dynamics of preference traits in a model of intergenerational cultural transmission with cultural leaders who compete for oblique socialization. We show that by adding this new channel in the transmission of preferences, i.e. cultural leaders, in steady-state, there cannot be an equilibrium with total assimilation or total integration of the population.

The quandaries of business valuation have marked the pedagogy of business administration since early attempts at institutionalizing the managerial discipline. It is however now commonly admitted, at least in legitimate financial and entrepreneurial circles, that the value of a business (that is, the monetary assessment of a functioning enterprise established in a competitive environment) resides primarily in its earning power or, in other words, that what a business is worth equals its capacity to generate a stream of revenues for the investor or investors that provide it with funding. How did this idea take shape and how did it permeate the business mind? An examination of early pedagogical materials at the Harvard Business School (an influential reference for the socialization of the businessperson) and, in particular, of the vagaries of the idea of capitalization and its exercising in the classroom provides a fine occasion to advance understanding of the meaning of such ideals of business and business value, and of their institutionalization. This empirical study can, in turn, be employed in order to discuss and refine critically our interpretation of what a convention of economic valuation is and how it operates., Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung Vol. 41, No. 2 (2016): Special Issue: Conventions and Quantification – Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Statistics and Classifications. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1979, Issues per volume: 4, Volumes per year: 1

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L’obra d’Antoni Gaudí com a memòria col·lectiva global a escala mundial? El turisme com a nova clau per entendre l'univers d'Antoni Gaudí? El Park Güell com a metàfora de la globalització turística? L’univers manga com a element de la memòria col·lectiva global? L’univers del manga de One Piece com a element de la cultura de masses?, Antoni Gaudís Arbeit als globales kollektives Gedächtnis auf globaler Ebene? Tourismus als neuer Schlüssel zum Verständnis des Universums von Antoni Gaudí? Park Güell als Metapher für die Globalisierung der Touristen? Das Manga-Universum als Element des globalen kollektiven Gedächtnisses? Das Universum des One Piece Manga als Element der Massenkultur? Tourismusmarketing der Wahrzeichen und Denkmäler von Antonio Gaudí: Park Güell, kollektives Gedächtnis und Schema für das Bild von Barcelona (One piece manga - anime), Antoni Gaudí's work as a global collective memory on a global scale? Tourism as a new key to understanding Antoni Gaudí's universe? Park Güell as a metaphor for tourist globalization? The manga universe as an element of the global collective memory? The universe of the One Piece manga as an element of mass culture? Tourism marketing of Antonio Gaudí's landmarks and monuments: Park Güell, collective memory and scheme for the image of Barcelona (One piece manga - anime), ¿La obra de Antoni Gaudí como memoria colectiva global a escala global? ¿El turismo como nueva clave para entender el universo de Antoni Gaudí? ¿Park Güell como metáfora de la globalización turística? ¿El universo del manga como elemento de la memoria colectiva global? ¿El universo del manga One Piece como elemento de cultura de masas?Marketing turístico de los hitos y monumentos de Antonio Gaudí: Park Güell, memoria colectiva y esquema para la imagen de Barcelona (One piece manga - anime), Le travail d'Antoni Gaudí comme global mémoire collective à l’échelle globale ? Le tourisme comme nouvelle clé pour comprendre l'univers d'Antoni Gaudí? Le parc Güell comme métaphore de la mondialisation touristique? L’univers des mangas comme élément de la mémoire collective globale ? L'univers du manga One Piece comme élément de la culture de masse ? Marketing touristique des points de repère et monuments de Antonio Gaudí : le parc Güell, mémoire collective et schème pour l'image de Barcelone (One piece manga - anime), वैश्विक स्तर पर वैश्विक सामूहिक स्मृति के रूप में एंटोनी गौडी का काम? एंटनी गौडी के ब्रह्मांड को समझने के लिए पर्यटन एक नई कुंजी के रूप में? पर्यटकों के वैश्वीकरण के रूपक के रूप में पार्क ग्यूले? वैश्विक सामूहिक स्मृति के एक तत्व के रूप में मंगा ब्रह्मांड? जन संस्कृति के तत्व के रूप में वन पीस मंगा का ब्रह्मांड? एंटोनियो गौडी के स्थलों और स्मारकों का पर्यटन विपणन: पार्क ग्यूएल, सामूहिक स्मृति और बार्सिलोना की छवि के लिए योजना - मंगा-Anime One Piece, Il lavoro di Antoni Gaudí come memoria collettiva globale su scala globale? Il turismo come nuova chiave per comprendere l'universo di Antoni Gaudí? Park Güell come metafora della globalizzazione turistica? L'universo manga come elemento della memoria collettiva globale? L'universo del manga di One Piece come elemento di cultura di massa? Marketing turistico dei punti di riferimento e dei monumenti di Antonio Gaudí: Parco Güell, memoria collettiva e schema per l'immagine di Barcelona (One piece manga - anime), アントニガウディの作品は、世界規模でのグローバルな集団的記憶として機能しますか？アントニ・ガウディの宇宙を理解するための新しい鍵としての観光？パークグエルは観光客のグローバリゼーションのメタファーとして？グローバルな集団記憶の要素としてのマンガの宇宙？大衆文化の要素としてのワンピースマンガの宇宙？アントニオガウディのランドマークやモニュメントの観光マーケティング：グエル公園、集合的記憶、バルセロナのイメージのためのスキーム - ワンピース One piece, A obra de Antoni Gaudí como memória coletiva global em escala global? O turismo como nova chave para a compreensão do universo de Antoni Gaudí? O Parque Güell como metáfora da globalização turística? O universo manga como elemento da memória coletiva global? O universo do manga One Piece como elemento de cultura de massa? Marketing turístico dos marcos e monumentos de Antonio Gaudí: Parque Güell, memória coletiva e esquema para a imagem de Barcelona (One piece manga - anime), 安東尼·高迪的作品是在全球範圍內的全球集體記憶？旅遊業是理解安東尼高迪宇宙的新鑰匙嗎？奎爾公園是遊客全球化的隱喻嗎？漫畫宇宙是全球集體記憶的元素嗎？作為大眾文化元素的一體漫畫的宇宙？安東尼奧·高迪的地標和紀念碑的旅遊營銷：公園古埃爾，集體記憶和巴塞羅那形象計劃 - One piece 漫畫動漫

International audience; L’obra d’Antoni Gaudí com a memòria col·lectiva global a escala mundial? El turisme com a nova clau per entendre l'univers d'Antoni Gaudí? El Park Güell com a metàfora de la globalització turística? L’univers manga com a element de la memòria col·lectiva global? L’univers del manga de One Piece com a element de la cultura de masses? Màrqueting turístic dels monuments i monuments d’Antonio Gaudí: Park Güell, memòria col·lectiva i esquema per a la imatge de Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); Antoni Gaudís Arbeit als globales kollektives Gedächtnis auf globaler Ebene? Tourismus als neuer Schlüssel zum Verständnis des Universums von Antoni Gaudí? Park Güell als Metapher für die Globalisierung der Touristen? Das Manga-Universum als Element des globalen kollektiven Gedächtnisses? Das Universum des One Piece Manga als Element der Massenkultur? Tourismusmarketing der Wahrzeichen und Denkmäler von Antonio Gaudí: Park Güell, kollektives Gedächtnis und Schema für das Bild von Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); Antoni Gaudí's work as a global collective memory on a global scale? Tourism as a new key to understanding Antoni Gaudí's universe? Park Güell as a metaphor for tourist globalization? The manga universe as an element of the global collective memory? The universe of the One Piece manga as an element of mass culture? Tourism marketing of Antonio Gaudí's landmarks and monuments: Park Güell, collective memory and scheme for the image of Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); ¿La obra de Antoni Gaudí como memoria colectiva global a escala global? ¿El turismo como nueva clave para entender el universo de Antoni Gaudí? ¿Park Güell como metáfora de la globalización turística? ¿El universo del manga como elemento de la memoria colectiva global? ¿El universo del manga One Piece como elemento de cultura de masas?Marketing turístico de los hitos y monumentos de Antonio Gaudí: Park Güell, memoria colectiva y esquema para la imagen de Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); Le travail d'Antoni Gaudí comme global mémoire collective à l’échelle globale ? Le tourisme comme nouvelle clé pour comprendre l'univers d'Antoni Gaudí? Le parc Güell comme métaphore de la mondialisation touristique? L’univers des mangas comme élément de la mémoire collective globale ? L'univers du manga One Piece comme élément de la culture de masse ? Marketing touristique des points de repère et monuments de Antonio Gaudí : le parc Güell, mémoire collective et schème pour l'image de Barcelone (One piece manga - anime); वैश्विक स्तर पर वैश्विक सामूहिक स्मृति के रूप में एंटोनी गौडी का काम? एंटनी गौडी के ब्रह्मांड को समझने के लिए पर्यटन एक नई कुंजी के रूप में? पर्यटकों के वैश्वीकरण के रूपक के रूप में पार्क ग्यूले? वैश्विक सामूहिक स्मृति के एक तत्व के रूप में मंगा ब्रह्मांड? जन संस्कृति के तत्व के रूप में वन पीस मंगा का ब्रह्मांड? एंटोनियो गौडी के स्थलों और स्मारकों का पर्यटन विपणन: पार्क ग्यूएल, सामूहिक स्मृति और बार्सिलोना की छवि के लिए योजना - मंगा-Anime One Piece; Il lavoro di Antoni Gaudí come memoria collettiva globale su scala globale? Il turismo come nuova chiave per comprendere l'universo di Antoni Gaudí? Park Güell come metafora della globalizzazione turistica? L'universo manga come elemento della memoria collettiva globale? L'universo del manga di One Piece come elemento di cultura di massa? Marketing turistico dei punti di riferimento e dei monumenti di Antonio Gaudí: Parco Güell, memoria collettiva e schema per l'immagine di Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); アントニガウディの作品は、世界規模でのグローバルな集団的記憶として機能しますか？アントニ・ガウディの宇宙を理解するための新しい鍵としての観光？パークグエルは観光客のグローバリゼーションのメタファーとして？グローバルな集団記憶の要素としてのマンガの宇宙？大衆文化の要素としてのワンピースマンガの宇宙？アントニオガウディのランドマークやモニュメントの観光マーケティング：グエル公園、集合的記憶、バルセロナのイメージのためのスキーム - ワンピース One piece; A obra de Antoni Gaudí como memória coletiva global em escala global? O turismo como nova chave para a compreensão do universo de Antoni Gaudí? O Parque Güell como metáfora da globalização turística? O universo manga como elemento da memória coletiva global? O universo do manga One Piece como elemento de cultura de massa? Marketing turístico dos marcos e monumentos de Antonio Gaudí: Parque Güell, memória coletiva e esquema para a imagem de Barcelona (One piece manga - anime); 安東尼·高迪的作品是在全球範圍內的全球集體記憶？旅遊業是理解安東尼高迪宇宙的新鑰匙嗎？奎爾公園是遊客全球化的隱喻嗎？漫畫宇宙是全球集體記憶的元素嗎？作為大眾文化元素的一體漫畫的宇宙？安東尼奧·高迪的地標和紀念碑的旅遊營銷：公園古埃爾，集體記憶和巴塞羅那形象計劃 - One piece 漫畫動漫

Der religiöse Tourismus verbindet Kultur und Hingabe, Kunst und Spiritualität, Natur und Meditation. Für Pilger und Touristen ist diese Art des religiösen Tourismus eine neue Art, Erfahrungen zu sammeln und Wissen zu erlangen. Darüber hinaus kann der religiöse Tourismus wie kreative Industrie vergleichen., The Religious Tourism mixes culture and devotion, art and spirituality, nature and meditation. For pilgrims and tourist agree, this type of religious tourism is a new way of experience and gain knowledge. In addition, the Religious Tourism can compare like creative industries., El Turismo Religioso mezcla cultura y devoción, arte y espiritualidad, naturaleza y meditación. Para peregrinos y turistas, este tipo de turismo religioso es una nueva forma de vivir y adquirir conocimientos. Además, el Turismo Religioso puede compararse como industria creativa., Le Tourisme Religieux mêle culture et dévotion, art et spiritualité, nature et méditation. Pour les pèlerins et les touristes, ce type de tourisme religieux est une nouvelle façon de vivre et d'acquérir des connaissances. De plus, le Tourisme Religieux peut se comparer comme une industrie créative., धार्मिक पर्यटन संस्कृति और भक्ति, कला और आध्यात्मिकता, प्रकृति और ध्यान को मिलाता है। तीर्थयात्रियों और पर्यटकों के लिए, इस प्रकार का धार्मिक पर्यटन अनुभव और ज्ञान प्राप्त करने का एक नया तरीका है। इसके अलावा, धार्मिक पर्यटन रचनात्मक उद्योग की तरह तुलना कर सकता है।, Il Turismo Religioso mescola cultura e devozione, arte e spiritualità, natura e meditazione. Per pellegrini e turisti, questo tipo di turismo religioso è un nuovo modo di vivere e acquisire conoscenze. Inoltre, il turismo religioso può essere paragonato all'industria creativa., 宗教ツーリズムは、文化と献身、芸術と精神性、自然と瞑想を組み合わせています。巡礼者や観光客にとって、この種の宗教ツーリズムは新しい体験方法であり、知識を得ることができます。さらに、宗教ツーリズムは創造的な産業のように比較することができます。, O Turismo Religioso mistura cultura e devoção, arte e espiritualidade, natureza e meditação. Para peregrinos e turistas, este tipo de turismo religioso é uma nova forma de vivenciar e adquirir conhecimentos. Ademais, o turismo religioso pode comparar-se a uma indústria criativa., 宗教旅遊融合了文化與奉獻精神，藝術與靈性，自然與冥想。對於朝聖者和遊客來說，這種宗教旅遊是一種新的體驗和獲取知識的方式。此外，宗教旅遊可以像創意產業一樣進行比較。

International audience; A new metrics of competitive intensity is developed, measured by dummy variables. Application to the French football league.

This chapter aims to examine teenagers' practices in public space, the modes of appropriation that stigmatise certain types of places and worry parents and adults, particularly in the evening and at night. It is based for the most part on a study conducted for the French Union of Holiday Centres (UFCV) on 'teenagers' times and spaces of sociability' and on a more detailed survey conducted in the outskirt area of Besanc ̧on, in Eastern France. Our study highlights the importance of a spatial and temporal approach to youth, at the level of living areas, so as to allow for the co-construction, locally and with the youth, their parents and residents, of projects and policies adapted to their needs. The chapter emphasises the necessity of transcending preconceived ideas about teenagers, to acknowledge and respect their temporalities, in order to be able to conceive a city and public spaces that are more accessible and welcoming, places where they can express themselves and places where they can hide: ordered times and places but also places and times for freedom and adventure. More generally, these populations, whose behaviour is increasingly mobile, fragmented and unstable - caricatures of a hypermodern society - call into question the urban fabric, the duality and diversity of urban times and spaces. Between the 'poly-temporal city' and the 'a' la carte city', the boundaries are increasingly blurred., La communication propose d'aborder les pratiques des adolescents dans l'espace public, les modes d'appropriations qui stigmatisent certains espaces et inquiètent les parents et adultes notamment sur les périodes de soirée et la nuit. Elle s'appuie principalement sur une recherche menée pour l'Union Française des centres de vacances (UFCV) sur " les temps et espaces de sociabilité des adolescents " et sur une recherche plus fine dans la périphérie de l'agglomération de Besançon dans l'Est de la France. La communication met en évidence l'importance d'une approche spatio-temporelle de la jeunesse à l'échelle des bassins de vie pour co-construire localement avec eux, leurs parents et les habitants des projets et des politiques adaptés à leurs besoins. Elle insiste sur la nécessité de dépasser les idées reçues sur les adolescents, de connaître et respecter leurs temporalités pour imaginer une ville et des espaces publics plus accessibles et hospitaliers, des endroits où s'exposer et d'autres pour se cacher, des lieux et temps pleins organisés mais aussi des lieux et des temps de liberté et d'aventure. Plus largement, ces populations aux comportements de plus en plus mobiles, fragmentées et instables -caricatures de la société hypermoderne- questionnent la fabrique urbaine, la mixité et la diversité des temps et espaces urbains. Entre la " ville à plusieurs temps " et la " ville à la carte ", les frontières sont de plus en plus floues.

The aim of this paper is to assess the relevance of methodological transfers from behavioral ecology to experimental economics with respect to the elicitation of intertemporal preferences. More precisely our discussion will stem from the analysis of Stephens and Anderson's (2001) seminal article. In their study with blue jays they document that foraging behavior typically implements short-sighted choice rules which are beneficial in the long run. Such long-term profitability of short-sighted behavior cannot be evidenced when using a self-control paradigm (one which contrasts in a binary way sooner smaller and later larger payoffs) but becomes apparent when ecological patch-paradigms (replicating economic situations in which the main trade-off consists in staying on a food patch or leaving for another patch) are implemented. We transfer this methodology in view of contrasting foraging strategies and self-control in human intertemporal choices.

International audience; This paper analyses the properties of the advanced Opaque booking systems used by online travel agencies in conjunction with their traditional transparent booking system. In section 2 an updated literature review is presented. This review underlines the interest and the specificities of Opaque goods in the Tourism Industry. It also characterises properties of the Name-Your-Own-Price channel introduced by Priceline and the Opaque channel developed by Hotwire. Then, in section 3, the possibility of joint-implementation of more than one opaque booking system by an online intermediary is discussed. Finally, in section 4, intuitions and preliminary results are presented.

International audience; The present study analyzed mountain guides' representations of environmental responsibility and explored the paradox that these professionals face: using nature as a source of income while trying to preserve it. The study was mainly guided by the philosophical literature on this topic (Jonas, 1985) and made use of the concepts of sustainable development and nature. This exploratory work therefore contributes to the new field of environmental social psychology (Weiss & Girandola, 2010). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the qualitative analysis showed that mountain guides have a very sensitive and contemplative approach to nature, which they try to transmit to their clients. They believe that this is a way to educate people about sustainable development, but this term emerged as quite vague for them, and they expressed the opinion that it might hide other concerns.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are indeed the engines of global economic growth. Their continued growth is a major subject for the economy and employment of any country. Towards that end, virtual research and development (R&D) could be a viable option to sustain and ease the operations of SMEs. However, literature shows there has not been a great deal of research into the diverse characteristic of virtual R&D teams in SMEs. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on different aspects of virtual R&D teams collected from the reputed publications. The purpose of the literature review is to provide an outline on the structure and dynamics of R&D collaboration in SMEs. Specifying the rationale and relevance of virtual teams, the relationship between virtual R&D team for SMEs and new product development (NPD) has been examined. It concludes with identifying the gaps and feebleness in the existing literature and calls for future research in this area. It is argued to form of virtual R&D team deserves consideration at top level management for venturing into the new product development within SMEs. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.

We examined lay perceptions of the recent financial and economic crisis through 1707 questionnaires, administered via internet, to a varied group of volunteers in a range of countries: France, the US, Russia, Germany, Israel, and sub-Saharan Africa. Respondents graded the contribution of a large number of possible factors to the crisis, and answered several complementary questions. We were able to identify two major conceptions, one seeing the economy as comprised of individuals, with failings of moral or cognitive character, and the other seeing the economy as a complex system, endowed with some resilience, functioning in cycles. Support for the former view was stronger than for the latter. Several demographic variables were found to affect these perspectives significantly, including SES, economic training, religious beliefs, and the extent to which the respondent was personally affected by the crisis.

Regret helps to optimize decision behaviour. It can be defined as a rational emotion. Several recent neurobiological studies have confirmed the interface between emotion and cognition at which regret is located and documented its role in decision behaviour. These data give credibility to the incorporation of regret in decision theory that had been proposed by economists in the 1980s. However, finer distinctions are required in order to get a better grasp of how regret and behaviour influence each other. Regret can be defined as a predictive error signal but this signal does not necessarily transpose into a decision-weight influencing behaviour. Clinical studies on several types of patients show that the processing of an error signal and its influence on subsequent behaviour can be dissociated. We propose a general understanding of how regret and decision-making are connected in terms of regret being modulated by rational antecedents of choice. Regret and the modification of behaviour on its basis will depend on the criteria of rationality involved in decision-making. We indicate current and prospective lines of research in order to refine our views on how regret contributes to optimal decision-making.

Framing effects occur when different descriptions of the same decision problem give rise to divergent decisions. They can be seen as a violation of the decisiontheoretic version of the principle of extensionality (PE). The PE in logic means that two logically equivalent sentences can be substituted salva veritate. We explore what this notion of extensionality becomes in decision contexts. Violations of extensionality may have rational grounds. Based on some ideas proposed by the psychologist Craig McKenzie and colleagues, we contend that framing effects are justified when the selection of one particular frame conveys choice relevant information. We first discuss this idea from a philosophical point of view, and proceed next to formalize it first in the context of the Bolker–Jeffrey decision theory. Finally, we extend the previous analysis to non-expected utility theories using the Biseparable Preference model introduced by Ghirardato and Marinacci (2001) and therefore show that the analysis is independent of the assumptions of Bayesian decision theory.

International audience

Economic theory has often elaborated stylistic devices aimed at favouring the integration of ethics within the framework of its mode of analysis. Amongst them, the construction of an ideal observer occupies an important position. This ideal observer is most often compared to the impartial spectator. However, markedly different interpretations have been proposed around this representation. Whatever these interpretations, they are all aimed at constructing a mode of reasoning in which the individual extricates himself from his personal and subjective situation to place himself in a universal perspective, where he finds himself in a position to put himself in the place of others. This procedure enables construction of an economic ethics based on impartiality. This procedure was recently backed by empirical verifications on individuals' opinions.

Economic theory traditionally proposes the concept of an individual devoid of all morality. At its best, morality becomes the object of a rational calculation. However, a person is not as untarnished as economic theory presupposes him to be. Each person is submerged into a social world and more or less integrates the norms of the society in which he lives. If he is unable to internalise them, he would at least partially fear the sanctions that could be imposed upon him if these norms are not respected by him. In the vast majority of cases, persons act in a responsible manner, be it through willingness or constraint. They make their choices by taking social norms and morals into consideration. Economic calculation should hence take this aspect into account. It cannot totally dismiss the fact that the individual is above all a social and responsible being.

This paper analyses how Hans Jonas’ Imperative of Responsibility may provide useful insights into the analysis of sustainability issues. The challenges of environmental and social sustainability in terms of inter-generational fairness are analysed and involve a moral duty that is applicable to economic governance. To what extent responsibility is an alternative to utilitarianism and as a principle facilitating the coordination of the agents involved? Exploring this question may be a first step towards the long-term and sustainable conservation of Nature.