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The two invasive Reynoutria species, Reynoutria japonica var. japonica and Reynoutria sachalinensis, and their hybrid Reynoutria x bohemica are often misidentified by managers and nonspecialists. The taxonomic confusions are all the more exacerbated by the infraspecific variability of introduced populations in terms of morphology, genetic diversity, and ploidy level. We resolved the identity of North‐Eastern French invasive populations using 4582 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a RADseq analysis, DNA contents estimated by flow cytometry, and 12 vegetative morphometric variables. The SNPs supported only one single genotype for R. japonica over 11 localities, while the nine localities of Reynoutria x bohemica were represented by one genotype each. Estimation of genome size using DAPI staining and flow cytometry revealed only octoploid cytotypes for R. japonica and hexaploid cytotypes for R. x bohemica, whereas R. sachalinensis was represented by tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes. Among morphometric variables, no single one allows for a clear differentiation of the three taxa. We propose a combination of characters to easily and quickly identify these three invasive taxa based on six vegetative criteria including leaf and apex length, as well as leaf shape, leaf base, and apex shape, and the extrafloral nectaries on the node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like alien plant invasion, range expansion of native plants may threaten biodiversity and economies, rendering them native invaders. Variation in abiotic and biotic conditions across a large geographic scale greatly affects variation in traits and interactions with herbivores of native plant invaders, which is an interesting yet mostly unexplored issue. We used a common garden experiment to compare defensive/nutritional traits and palatability to generalist herbivores of 20 native (23.64° N–30.18° N) and introduced range (31.58° N–36.87° N) populations of Reynoutria japonica, which is a native invader following range expansion in China. We analyzed the relationships among herbivore pressure, climate, plant chloroplast haplotypes, leaf traits, and herbivore performance. Of the 16 variables tested, we observed range differences in 11 variables and latitudinal clines in nine variables. In general, herbivores performed better on the introduced plants than on the native plants, and better on the high‐latitude plants than on the low‐latitude plants within the introduced populations. Three key traits (leaf thickness, specific leaf area, and carbon‐to‐nitrogen [C:N] ratio) determined palatability to herbivores and were significantly associated with temperature and/or precipitation of plant provenance as well as with plant haplotypes but not with herbivore pressure. Our results revealed a causal sequence from plant‐range‐based environmental forces and genetic context to plant quality and palatability to herbivores in R. japonica. These findings suggest a post‐introduction evolution of R. japonica, which may partly explain the colonization success of this important native, but invasive plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several European and North American countries have started releasing the Japanese knotweed psyllid, Aphalara itadori (Shinji) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), to control the Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (Polygonaceae), and its relatives, which are among the worst invasive exotic plants. However, establishing populations of the currently released strains in the field has not been successful, desiring newly collected lineages. Moreover, little is known about the microbiome of the current strains, which potentially impacts properties as biocontrol agents. Hence, this study analyzed the microbiota of an A. itadori strain newly collected on Honshu Island, Japan, along with related species of the family Aphalaridae, using amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The localization of symbionts identified in A. itadori was further analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results demonstrated that the A. itadori bacteriome, a specialized organ for microbial symbiosis, maintains a dual symbiotic system with the primary symbiont "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii" (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales: Halomonadaceae) and the secondary symbiont Sodalis sp. (Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacterales: Pectobacteriaceae), suggesting that they are evolutionarily stable obligate mutualists for A. itadori. The central area of the bacteriome containing Sodalis comprised uninucleate bacteriocytes with nuclei larger than those of bacteriocytes harboring Carsonella. This observation contrasted previous reports on various psyllid lineages in which secondary symbionts are housed in a central syncytium with nuclei smaller than those of bacteriocytes for Carsonella. No known plant pathogens or parasitic manipulators of insect reproduction were identified in the analyzed A. itadori strain, indicating its suitability as a biocontrol agent, posing a minimum risk to the ecosystem. Besides distinct Carsonella lineages, Sodalis independently acquired by Craspedolepta miyatakeai Klimaszewski and an ambiguous Enterobacterales symbiont in Epheloscyta kalopanacis Loginova were identified. Only Carsonella was found in Togepsylla matsumurana Kuwayama. These results indicate repeated infections and replacements of bacterial symbionts during the evolution of Psylloidea, providing deeper insights into the microbe‐psyllid interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knotweeds, Reynoutria japonica (RJ) and R. sachalinensis (RS) are invasive species that strongly interfere with the soil environment and disrupt the biogeochemical cycles of many chemical elements. This paper analyses the content of C, N, P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb in the above-ground biomass of RJ and RS and in the soil (0-15 cm) in order to assess the accumulation properties of knotweed. Studies conducted in northern Poland showed statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in the content of Na in the soil of the studied knotweed. The elemental composition of the leaves and stems showed a good supply of macronutrients and increased concentrations of some trace elements. The leaves of RJ and RS were shown to be good bioaccumulators of N, K, Na, Mg, Ca, P, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cd, and the stems of N, K, Na, Ca, Ni, Cd, Cr and Pb. Based on the values of bioconcentration factors (BCF), the similarity between the studied knotweeds concerning Mn, Cu and Cr in the leaf/soil relation and Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb in the stem/soil relation was demonstrated. The highest mobility from stems to leaves expressed by the translocation factor (TF) was exhibited by Mn and Mg, and the lowest by Cr. Despite the low content in the soil, RJ and RS leaves and stems accumulated significant amounts of trace elements, which indicates their phytoextractive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of complete organelle genomes, including chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, is a powerful molecular method for studying biological evolution and gene transfer. However, in the case of Polygonaceae, an important family with numerous edible, medicinal, and ornamental species, the mitochondrial genomes of only three species have been sequenced and analyzed. In this study, we present the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of two important Tibetan medicinal plants, Bistorta viviparum and B. macrophyllum. All the organelle genomes are assembled into a single circular structure and contain a common set of 32 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Some genes such as rps2 and ndhF were found to have high nucleotide polymorphism (Pi) in the chloroplast genomes, while cox1, mttB and rps12 showed pronounced Pi values in the mitochondrial genomes. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that most chloroplast genes and mitochondrial PCGs in Polygonaceae plants are under purifying selection. However, a few genes, including the chloroplast gene psaJ and the mitochondrial genes ccmFc, atp8 and nad4, showed positive selection in certain Polygonaceae plants, as indicated by a Ka/Ks ratio greater than one. Structural variation analysis revealed a wealth of differences between the mitochondrial genomes of five Polygonaceae species, with a particularly notable large-scale inversion observed between Reynoutria japonica and Fallopia aubertii. Furthermore, an analysis of the homologous sequences in the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes revealed that the rps7 has been transferred from the chloroplast to the mitochondrial genome in all five Polygonaceae species. Finally, ecological niche models were constructed for B. viviparum and B. macrophyllum, indicating that mean annual temperature and altitude are the main climatic factors influencing the distribution of both species. Although the current distribution of B. viviparum is significantly wider than that of B. macrophyllum, projections suggest that the optimal growth ranges of both species will expand in the future, with B. macrophyllum potentially exceeding B. viviparum. This study not only contributes to the plastid genome database for Polygonaceae plants, but also provides theoretical insights into the adaptive evolution of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 30 years, the number of years lived with disability due to osteoarthritis (OA) has doubled, making it an increasing global health burden. To address this issue, interventions that inhibit the progressive pathology driven by age-related low-grade inflammation, the primary mechanism of OA, are being actively pursued. Recent investigations have focused on modulating the age-related low-grade inflammatory pathology of this disease as a therapeutic target. However, no agent has successfully halted the disease's progression or reversed its irreversible course. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (RJ), a promising East Asian herbal medicine, has been utilized for several diseases due to its potent anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to determine RJ's capacity to inhibit OA symptoms and associated inflammation, exploring its potential for further development. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated RJ's anti-OA activity and modulation of multifaceted inflammatory targets. RJ significantly inhibited pain, gait deterioration, and cartilage destruction in a monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA rat model, with its analgesic effect further confirmed in an acetic acid-induced writhing model. RJ exhibited consistent anti-inflammatory activity against multiple targets in serum and cartilage of the OA rat model and lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-13, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide synthase 2, suggests that RJ's alleviation of OA manifestations relates to its multifaceted anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicate that RJ merits further investigation as a disease-modifying drug candidate targeting OA's inflammatory pathology. To further characterize the pharmacological properties of RJ, future studies with expanded designs are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum, an important medicinal plant, often experiences shading from surrounding vegetation during its growth phase, raising questions about the impact of such conditions on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This study investigated the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on the growth, leaf gas exchange, and concentrations of active ingredient concentrations in leaves and roots of P. cuspidatum under shading (with a 72% shading rate) conditions. A nine-week shading intervention significantly suppressed root colonization by F. mosseae and the formation of soil mycorrhizal mycelium. Shading significantly inhibited the above-ground growth performance, biomass production, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration, while F. mosseae significantly increased these variables in the absence of shading. Plant height, leaf biomass, stem biomass, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were all decreased by F. mosseae when the plants were shaded. The shading treatment also significantly diminished the concentrations of active components measured in both leaves and roots. Under no-shading conditions, F. mosseae significantly boosted the concentrations of polydatin, resveratrol, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in roots, as well as the concentrations of polydatin and chrysophanol in leaves. Conversely, in the presence of shading, F. mosseae distinctly reduced these active ingredient levels in roots, followed by an increase in leaf polydatin and chrysophanol concentrations. In summary, shading substantially impaired the mycorrhizal benefits on plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and root active ingredients in P. cuspidatum, highlighting the importance of sufficient light to maximize mycorrhizal contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum, alternatively known as Fallopia japonica or Reynoutria japonica, is a perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Commonly called Japanese knotweed or Asian knotweed, this plant is native to East Asia, particularly in regions such as Korea, China, and Japan. It has successfully adapted to a wide range of habitats, resulting in it being listed as a pest and invasive species in several countries in North America and Europe. This study focuses on analysing the composition of the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities associated with Japanese knotweed growing in the Russian Far East, employing next-generation sequencing (NGS) and a cultivation-based method (microbiological sowing). The NGS analysis showed that the dominant classes of endophytic bacteria were Alphaproteobacteria (28%) and Gammaproteobacteria (28%), Actinobacteria (20%), Bacteroidia (15%), and Bacilli (4%), and fungal classes were Agaricomycetes (40%), Dothideomycetes (24%), Leotiomycetes (10%), Tremellomycetes (9%), Pezizomycetes (5%), Sordariomycetes (3%), and Exobasidiomycetes (3%). The most common genera of endophytic bacteria were Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Parabukholderia, Sphingomonas, Hydrotalea, Methylobacterium-Metylorubrum, Cutibacterium, and Comamonadaceae, and genera of fungal endophytes were Marasmius, Tuber, Microcyclosporella, Schizothyrium, Alternaria, Parastagonospora, Vishniacozyma, and Cladosporium. The present data showed that the roots, leaves, and stems of P. cuspidatum have a greater number and diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi compared to the flowers and seeds. Thus, the biodiversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi of P. cuspidatum was described and analysed for the first time in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (Japanese knotweed) is an invasive plant belonging to the Polygonaceae family. However, being native to East Asia, it has been used in natural medicine for ages because of its broad range of biological activity. Although R. japonica is known as a rich source of phenolic compounds, plant biomass collected from the field may be contaminated with toxic elements like heavy metals, and the level of metabolite accumulation depends on environmental conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to derive Japanese knotweed tissue cultures and investigate biomass production and phenolic compound synthesis in in vitro conditions. Plants were cultivated in a traditional agar-solidified medium, in a liquid medium with rotary shaking (agitated culture), and in a temporary immersion bioreactors Plantform™, as well as in soil (ex vitro conditions). Analyses of the growth index and dry weight accumulation were performed on the collected material. In the extracts obtained from examined plants, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic derivatives using DAD-HPLC was conducted to determine the sum of phenolic compounds, as well as the quantity of selected phenolic acids, catechins, and other flavonoids. Results have shown that agitated cultures and temporary immersion bioreactors increased biomass accumulation compared to solid medium cultures. Tissue cultures of R. japonica had increased synthesis of phenolic compounds compared to plants from ex vitro conditions. Shoots and roots from agitated cultures were 2.8- and 3.3-fold richer in catechins, respectively, compared to plants cultivated in soil. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that agitated and bioreactor cultures are the best source of Japanese knotweed biomass rich in valuable secondary metabolites. Key message: Reynoutria japonica Houtt. plants in agitated culture and temporary immersion bioreactor are a rich source of flavonoids, including catechin derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major causes of senescence. Strategies to reduce ROS are known to be important factors in reversing senescence, but effective strategies have not been found. In this study, we screened substances commonly used as cosmetic additives to find substances with antioxidant effects. Polygonum cuspidatum (P. cuspidatum) extract significantly reduced ROS levels in senescent cells. A novel mechanism was discovered in which P. cuspidatum extract reduced ROS, a byproduct of inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), by increasing OXPHOS efficiency. The reduction in ROS by P. cuspidatum extract restored senescence-associated phenotypes and enhanced skin protection. Then, we identified polydatin as the active ingredient of P. cuspidatum extract that exhibited antioxidant effects. Polydatin, which contains stilbenoid polyphenols that act as singlet oxygen scavengers through redox reactions, increased OXPHOS efficiency and subsequently restored senescence-associated phenotypes. In summary, our data confirmed the effects of P. cuspidatum extract on senescence rejuvenation and skin protection through ROS reduction. This novel finding may be used as a treatment in senescence rejuvenation in clinical and cosmetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica var. japonica), a problematic invasive species, has a wide geographical distribution. We have previously shown the potential for attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to segregate regional differentiation between Japanese knotweed plants. However, the contribution of environment to spectral differences remains unclear. Herein, the response of Japanese knotweed to varied environmental habitats has been studied. Eight unique growth environments were created by manipulation of the red: far-red light ratio (R: FR), water availability, nitrogen, and micronutrients. Their impacts on plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, and ATR-FTIR spectral profiles, were explored using chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis, support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares regression. Key wavenumbers responsible for spectral differences were identified with PCA loadings, and molecular biomarkers were assigned. Partial least squared regression (PLSR) of spectral absorbance and root water potential (RWP) data was used to create a predictive model for RWP. Results Spectra from plants grown in different environments were differentiated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM. Biomarkers highlighted through PCA loadings corresponded to several molecules, most commonly cell wall carbohydrates, suggesting that these wavenumbers could be consistent indicators of plant stress across species. R: FR most affected the ATR-FTIR spectra of intact dried leaf material. PLSR prediction of root water potential achieved an R2 of 0.8, supporting the potential use of ATR-FTIR spectrometers as sensors for prediction of plant physiological parameters. Conclusions Japanese knotweed exhibits environmentally induced phenotypes, indicated by measurable differences in their ATR-FTIR spectra. This high environmental plasticity reflected by key biomolecular changes may contribute to its success as an invasive species. Light quality (R: FR) appears critical in defining the growth and spectral response to environment. Cross-species conservation of biomarkers suggest that they could function as indicators of plant-environment interactions including abiotic stress responses and plant health.

Background: Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica var. japonica), a problematic invasive species, has a wide geographical distribution. We have previously shown the potential for attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to segregate regional differentiation between Japanese knotweed plants. However, the contribution of environment to spectral differences remains unclear. Herein, the response of Japanese knotweed to varied environmental habitats has been studied. Eight unique growth environments were created by manipulation of the red: far-red light ratio (R: FR), water availability, nitrogen, and micronutrients. Their impacts on plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, and ATR-FTIR spectral profiles, were explored using chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis, support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares regression. Key wavenumbers responsible for spectral differences were identified with PCA loadings, and molecular biomarkers were assigned. Partial least squared regression (PLSR) of spectral absorbance and root water potential (RWP) data was used to create a predictive model for RWP. Results: Spectra from plants grown in different environments were differentiated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM. Biomarkers highlighted through PCA loadings corresponded to several molecules, most commonly cell wall carbohydrates, suggesting that these wavenumbers could be consistent indicators of plant stress across species. R: FR most affected the ATR-FTIR spectra of intact dried leaf material. PLSR prediction of root water potential achieved an R2 of 0.8, supporting the potential use of ATR-FTIR spectrometers as sensors for prediction of plant physiological parameters. Conclusions: Japanese knotweed exhibits environmentally induced phenotypes, indicated by measurable differences in their ATR-FTIR spectra. This high environmental plasticity reflected by key biomolecular changes may contribute to its success as an invasive species. Light quality (R: FR) appears critical in defining the growth and spectral response to environment. Cross-species conservation of biomarkers suggest that they could function as indicators of plant-environment interactions including abiotic stress responses and plant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed) is a highly invasive female plant that primarily reproduces through vegetative regeneration during secondary distribution. Despite producing a substantial number of viable hybrid seeds, the occurrence of seedlings and young plants in the wild remains rare; the reasons for this rarity are unclear. Environmental intolerance and chromosomal anomalies during hybridisation can impede seedling development. This study evaluates the combined impact of these factors by examining substrate, temperature, and light effects on germination, as well as assessing seedling genome sizes and viability. Seeds were cultivated in both natural and controlled environments to manage external influences. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate chromosomal arrangements. The final germination was notably high at 99%, and 68% of seedlings thrived under controlled conditions, emphasising hybrid seedling viability regardless of highly polyploid levels ranging from pentaploid to aneuploid (2C DNA genome size from 5.17 to 11.95 pg). Thus, it is evident that seeds can germinate and produce vital seedlings despite various chromosomal sets. Even fluctuating temperatures and type of substrate do not limit seed germination. However, these results were obtained under laboratory conditions, with seeds and seedlings receiving regular irrigation. A significant seedling mortality rate (99%) was observed in the field experiment, and the final germination was also low there (15%). Observations suggest that water stress might be the cause of this mortality. Further research on water stress is necessary because it could be the primary factor limiting the successful generative spread of the knotweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of common gynecological malignancies remains high, with current treatments facing multiple limitations and adverse effects. Thus, continuing the search for safe and effective oncologic treatment strategies continues. Resveratrol (RES), a natural non-flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in various plants and fruits, such as grapes, Reynoutria japonica Houtt., peanuts, and berries. RES possesses diverse biological properties, including neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and osteoporosis inhibition effects. Notably, RES is broadly applicable in antitumor therapy, particularly for treating gynecological tumors (cervical, endometrial, and ovarian carcinomas). RES exerts antitumor effects by promoting tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, regulating tumor cell autophagy, and enhancing the efficacy of antitumor drugs while minimizing their toxic side effects. However, comprehensive reviews on the role of RES in combating gynecological tumors and its mechanisms of action are lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by examining the RES antitumor mechanisms of action in gynecological tumors, providing valuable insights for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea buckthorn and Japanese knotweed are known in many traditional medicine systems to be a great source of bioactive substances. This research aims to compare the bioactivity and protective effects of the phenolic extracts of leaves from sea buckthorn and roots and leaves from the Japanese knotweed on erythrocytes. The polyphenol composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The extracts' toxicity and impact on the erythrocytes' osmotic fragility were measured spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was determined based on the inhibition of oxidation of erythrocytes and their membrane induced by 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH),measured spectrophotometrically and using fluorimetry. To find the possible mechanism of the extracts' action, extract-modified cells were observed under a microscope, and the potential localization of the extract's phytochemical composition was checked using fluorescent probes. The results showed that the used extracts are not toxic to erythrocytes, increase their osmotic resistance, and successfully protect them against free radicals. Extract components localize on the outer part of the membrane, where they can scavenge the free radicals from the environment. Altogether, the presented extracts can greatly protect living organisms against free radicals and can be used to support the treatment of diseases caused by excess free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy, the biochemical interaction between plants through the release of chemicals known as allelochemicals, plays a significant role in the invasion dynamics of many invasive species. This review explores the mechanisms by which allelopathy contributes to the competitive advantage of invasive plants, the types of allelochemicals involved, their modes of action, and the ecological impacts on native plant communities. We discuss the role of allelopathy in invasive species such as Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven), Eucalyptus spp., and Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), highlighting current research and identifying gaps for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of FJ plants and honey. Notably, this study is the first to identify individual phenolic compounds in both FJ plant tissues and FJ honey, highlighting resveratrol as a marker of FJ honey. The study tested inhibitory activity against seven bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, and the yeast Candida albicans. Disk diffusion and microdilution methods were used to assess antimicrobial activity, while the crystal violet staining test evaluated antibiofilm activity. Results showed that FJ plant tissues and honey exhibited strong inhibition, particularly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The most significant inhibition of biofilm formation, by both FJ plant tissues and honey, was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A significant positive correlation was found between antimicrobial activity and individual polyphenols, especially resveratrol. The antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of FJ plant tissues and honey suggests promising applications in sustainable beekeeping. Further research is necessary to evaluate the bioactive compounds found in FJ honey and their health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fallopia japonica (FJ), commonly known as Japanese knotweed, is now recognized as one of the most invasive plants in Europe and globally. Despite its widespread presence in Europe and its significant nectar production, there is currently limited scientific data on the unique unifloral honey derived from it. This study examines the physicochemical composition of Fallopia japonica honey (FJH) samples collected from various regions in Romania. Additionally, the nutritional and antioxidant profiles of FJH were assessed. The sensory analysis revealed a honey with a brown-caramel color and an intense flavor, characterized by fine, consistent crystals during crystallization. The results indicated that FJH has a high carbohydrate content (fructose: 35.12–40.65 g/100 g; glucose: 28.06–37.79 g/100 g); elevated electrical conductivity (387–692 µS/cm), diastase activity (9.11–17.01 DN), and acidity (21.61–42.89 meq/kg); and substantial total phenolic (89.87–120.08 mg/100 g) and flavonoid (18.13–39.38 mg/g) contents. These findings highlight FJH's favorable nutritional properties, aligning with the standard codex for honey. The antioxidant profile of FJH demonstrated strong DPPH and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) activities, comparable to those of buckwheat honey, underscoring its potential health benefits and commercial value. These results provide new insights into how this invasive plant can be harnessed as a valuable resource for sustainable beekeeping practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive plants represent a significant global challenge as they compete with native plants for limited resources such as space, nutrients and pollinators. Here, we focused on four invasive species that are widely spread in the French Pyrenees, Buddleja davidii, Reynoutria japonica, Spiraea japonica and Impatiens glandulifera, and analyzed their visual advertisement signals with respect to those displayed by their surrounding native species using a perceptual approach based on the neural mechanisms of bee vision given that bees are regular pollinators of these plants. We collected 543 spectral reflections from the 4 invasive species, and 66 native species and estimated achromatic and chromatic similarities to the bee eye. R. japonica, S. japonica and B. davidii were inconspicuous against the foliage background and could be hardly discriminated in terms of color from their surrounding native plants. These characteristics promote generalization, potentially attracting pollinators foraging on similar native species. Two morphs of I. glandulifera were both highly salient in chromatic and achromatic terms and different from their surrounding native species. This distinctive identity facilitates detection and learning in association with rich nectar. While visual signals are not the only sensory cue accounting for invasive-plant success, our study reveals new elements for understanding biological invasion processes from the perspective of pollinator perceptual processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 (MrgprX2) is acknowledged as a mast cell‐specific receptor, playing a crucial role in orchestrating anaphylactoid responses through mast cell degranulation. It holds promise as a target for regulating allergic and inflammatory diseases mediated by mast cells. Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) has shown notable anti‐anaphylactoid effects, while its pharmacologically active components remain unclear. In this study, we successfully utilized MrgprX2 high‐expressing cell membrane chromatography (CMC), in conjunction with liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), to identify active anti‐anaphylactoid components in PC. Our study pinpointed polydatin, resveratrol, and emodin‐8‐O‐β‐d‐glucoside as potential anti‐anaphylactoid compounds in PC. Their anti‐anaphylactoid activities were evaluated through β‐aminohexosidase and histamine release assays, demonstrating a concentration‐dependent inhibition for both β‐aminohexosidase and histamine release. This approach, integrating MrgprX2 high‐expression CMC with LC‐MS, proves effective in screening potential anti‐anaphylactoid ingredients in natural herbal medicines. The findings from this study illuminated the anti‐anaphylactoid properties of specific components in PC and provided an efficient method for the drug development of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper dives into the intriguing discussions of Japanese knotweed and other invasive non-native plants, how they affect our built environment, and the legal ramifications for allowing these plants to spread beyond the realms of confinement. The paper sheds light on historical misinformation and begin to establish a nuanced understanding towards a plant which is surrounded in hysteria. In an attempt to unravel the cause of this hysteria, the paper describes a well-known plant which is five times more likely to causes structural issues to a property. The paper also highlights the presence of another plant which has striking similarities to Japanese knotweed; however, the paper advises caution in avoiding exacerbating even more unnecessary hysteria. The paper highlights building professionals' potential ignorance of other invasive species beyond Japanese knotweed and the impacts they could cause. The paper aims to equip readers with insights into legal complexities, debunk myths surrounding invasive non-native plants but bring to light new emerging threats. It advocates for a comprehensive risk assessment approach, fostering a nuanced understanding of the impacts of various invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Plant‐based extracts have been recently used as sustainable tools to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and increase grape (Vitis vinifera L.) quality. However, knowledge about the effect of these extracts on secondary metabolism compounds, that are fundamental for grape and wine quality, is still scarce. In this study, a trial was installed in an experimental vineyard with the variety Touriga Franca located at University of Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto Douro, Baixo Corgo sub‐region of the Douro Demarcated Region, Portugal in two growing seasons: 2019 and 2020. The aim was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nettle (Urtica spp.) extract (NE) and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) extract (JKE) on grapevines leaves and berries bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant activity, at veraison and harvest. RESULTS: The application of NE increased the total carotenoids in leaves and the total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) in berries while JKE increased flavonoids content in leaves and the antioxidant activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) in berries. CONCLUSION: These extracts seem to have a stimulatory effect on grapevine, enhancing bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity and, consequently, the physiological performance of the plant and the quality of the berries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin widely present in crops and food, poses a major threat to animal and human health. The consumption of ZEA-contaminated food or feed causes intestinal damage. Therefore, exploring how to mitigate the intestinal damage caused by its ZEA is becoming increasingly important. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol compound, mainly exists in Vitis vinifera, Polygonum cuspidatum, Arachis hypogaea, and other plants. It has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The primary objective of this study was to assess the defensive effects of RSV and its molecular mechanism on the intestinal mucosal injury induced by ZEA exposure in mice. The results showed that RSV pretreatment significantly reduced serum DAO and that D-lactate levels altered intestinal morphology and markedly restored TJ protein levels, intestinal goblet cell number, and MUC-2 gene expression after ZEA challenge. In addition, RSV significantly reversed serum pro-inflammatory factor levels and abnormal changes in intestinal MDA, CAT, and T-SOD. Additional research demonstrated that RSV decreased inflammation by blocking the translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and decreased oxidative stress by activating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and its associated antioxidant genes, including NQO1, γ-GCS, and GSH-PX. In summary, RSV supplementation attenuates intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by ZEA exposure by mediating the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores plant communities dominated by the invasive species Fallopia x bohemica (Bohemian Knotweed) in Bulgaria. Using field data from 91 locations, an analysis identified the association Reynoutrietum japonicae within the alliance Aegopodion podagrariae. That association is recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. The vegetation is characteristically dominated by the Bohemian Knotweed species, which forms dense stands with low species richness. It mainly occurs in disturbed areas, such as riverbanks, roadsides and abandoned spots. This study contributes to understanding the distribution and composition of plant communities dominated by that invasive species. The negative impact of Bohemian Knotweed on the native flora and vegetation is also highlighted, with an emphasis on the need in control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the control options for the invasive plant species Rubus caesius (European dewberry) in riparian systems. Rubus caesius is a woody shrub native to Europe and Asia that has become naturalized in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York. The plant has been observed forming dense monocultures and spreading downstream in watersheds. The study compares the effectiveness of mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods for reducing the cover of Rubus caesius. The results show that herbicides, particularly glyphosate and triclopyr, combined with mechanical treatments, were the most effective in reducing the coverage of Rubus caesius. However, the use of herbicides may be restricted in certain areas, so alternative methods such as sequential cuttings may be considered. [Extracted from the article]

Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant adaptation, because they can mitigate biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. However, their production and allocation incur different costs and benefits, and are therefore subject to trade‐offs, which are less studied.To understand large‐scale geographic patterns of secondary metabolites, and their environmental drivers and trade‐offs, we studied 39 natural populations of the perennial herb Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) along a large latitudinal gradient in China. We measured the concentrations of six polyphenols in leaves and rhizomes of R. japonica, and associated the variation in these metabolites with biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well as with functional plant traits and putative costs of secondary metabolites.We found that climate was an important driver of variation in secondary metabolites, both above‐ and below‐ground. Remarkably, the patterns of association differed between leaves and rhizomes, as well as between putative low‐cost versus high‐cost compounds. While annual mean temperature was a stronger predictor of above‐ground metabolites, annual precipitation was more frequently associated with variation in below‐ground metabolites. Moreover, annual temperature was positively associated with high‐cost metabolites, but negatively with low‐cost metabolites. Above‐ground secondary metabolites were generally more strongly associated with functional traits (e.g. specific leaf area) than below‐ground metabolites, and in all cases the directions of correlation were opposite for low‐cost versus high‐cost metabolites above‐ground. The patterns of association also varied with latitude such that leaf concentrations of low‐cost metabolites (quercetin) increased but those of high‐cost metabolites (resveratrol, piceid and emodin) decreased at higher latitudes. In rhizomes, in contrast, the concentrations of high‐cost metabolites (piceid and emodin) increased with latitude.Synthesis. Our findings indicate that allocation strategies differ between above‐ and below‐ground tissues of Reynoutria japonica. As latitude increases, R. japonica invests relatively more into below‐ground metabolites. We propose that reduced high‐cost metabolites in the leaves at higher latitudes may help to conserve nutrients after defoliation, while maintaining high‐cost metabolites in rhizomes may be important for persistent allelopathic effects and resource conservation below‐ground. The divergent patterns of above‐ and below‐ground metabolite allocation thus likely reflect the multiple functions of metabolites and the plants' adaptation to different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial traps baited with floral compounds and a synthetic sex pheromone are commonly used to monitor the abundance of both sexes of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Trap captures can also provide estimates of parasitism proportion of adult beetles by Istocheta aldrichi (Mesnil) (Diptera: Tachinidae). However, whether these traps provide reliable assessments of demographic parameters and parasitism of Japanese beetle remains to be determined. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of baited traps to quantify sex ratios, parasitism proportions and body sizes of Japanese beetle populations by comparing trap captures and hand-picked samples on two ornamentals plant species (rose, Japanese knotweed) and one fruiting plant (raspberry). We found that the sex ratio, parasitism proportion and body size of beetles caught in traps were usually representative of what was present in surrounding vegetation, and any differences that we did observe between traps and hand sampling were inconsistent. Baited traps thus appear to be reliable tools for monitoring demographic parameters and parasitism levels of Japanese beetle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum, alternatively known as Fallopia japonica or Reynoutria japonica, is a perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Commonly called Japanese knotweed or Asian knotweed, this plant is native to East Asia, particularly in regions such as Korea, China, and Japan. It has successfully adapted to a wide range of habitats, resulting in it being listed as a pest and invasive species in several countries in North America and Europe. This study focuses on analysing the composition of the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities associated with Japanese knotweed growing in the Russian Far East, employing next-generation sequencing (NGS) and a cultivation-based method (microbiological sowing). The NGS analysis showed that the dominant classes of endophytic bacteria were Alphaproteobacteria (28%) and Gammaproteobacteria (28%), Actinobacteria (20%), Bacteroidia (15%), and Bacilli (4%), and fungal classes were Agaricomycetes (40%), Dothideomycetes (24%), Leotiomycetes (10%), Tremellomycetes (9%), Pezizomycetes (5%), Sordariomycetes (3%), and Exobasidiomycetes (3%). The most common genera of endophytic bacteria were Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Parabukholderia, Sphingomonas, Hydrotalea, Methylobacterium-Metylorubrum, Cutibacterium, and Comamonadaceae, and genera of fungal endophytes were Marasmius, Tuber, Microcyclosporella, Schizothyrium, Alternaria, Parastagonospora, Vishniacozyma, and Cladosporium. The present data showed that the roots, leaves, and stems of P. cuspidatum have a greater number and diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi compared to the flowers and seeds. Thus, the biodiversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi of P. cuspidatum was described and analysed for the first time in this study.

Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) extract has been listed in the "Catalog of Used Cosmetic Ingredients (2021 Edition)", which can inhibit melanogenesis, thus exerting a whitening effect, and has been widely used in cosmetics. However, there are currently no quality standards for PC extract used in cosmetics, and the bioactive components associated with anti-melanogenesis remain unclear. In view of this, the present study was the first to investigate the spectrum-effect relationship between fingerprints of PC extract and melanogenesis inhibition. Ten batches of PC extract fingerprints were established by HPLC. Pearson's correlation analysis, gray correlation analysis (GRA) and orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis (OPLSR) were used to screen out resveratrol, emodin and physcion as the main whitening active ingredients using the inhibition of tyrosinase in B16F10 cells as the pharmacological index. Then, the melanogenesis inhibitory effects of the above three components were verified by tyrosinase inhibition and a melanin content assay in B16F10 cells. The interaction between small molecules and proteins was investigated by the molecular docking method, and it was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) that resveratrol, emodin and physcion significantly down-regulated the transcript levels of melanogenesis-related factors. In conclusion, this study established a general model combining HPLC fingerprinting and melanogenesis inhibition and also analyzed the spectrum–effect relationship of PC extract, which provided theoretical support for the quality control of PC extract in whitening cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, surface molecularly imprinted polymers based on magnetic multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were prepared for the specific recognition and adsorption of resveratrol. The functionalization of magnetic multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and the synthesis process of surface molecularly imprinted polymers were optimized. Characterizations were performed to demonstrate the successful synthesis of the imprinted materials. The imprinted materials showed satisfactory adsorption capacity of resveratrol (45.73 ± 1.72 mg/g) and excellent selectivity (imprinting factor 2.89 ± 0.15). In addition, the imprinted materials were used as adsorbents in molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction for the purification of resveratrol from crude extracts of some food and medicinal resources, achieving recoveries of 93.69%−95.53% with high purities of 88.37%−92.33%. Moreover, the purified products exhibited extremely strong free radical scavenging activity compared with crude extracts. Overall, this work provided a promising approach for the highly selective purification of resveratrol from natural resources, which would contribute to the application of this valuable compound in the food/nutraceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific hybridization between distinct populations could increase the fitness and adaptive potential of biological control agents that often have low genetic diversity and can be inbred due to long‐term laboratory rearing often at small population sizes. Hybridization can also alter host preference and performance when the parental insect populations are adapted to different host plants. We investigated the effects of hybridization between two populations (Northern and Southern) of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori, that have different fitness on three invasive knotweed species (Japanese, giant, and Bohemian). Fecundity, host choice, and developmental success of second‐generation reciprocal hybrids and the parental psyllid populations were compared on the three knotweed species in multiple‐choice tests. Hybridization did not increase fecundity. All three knotweed species were accepted for oviposition without preference by the Southern and the two hybrid psyllid populations. The northern psyllid population laid the most eggs on Bohemian knotweeds but those were maladaptive choices since almost all eggs failed to develop. The developmental success of the parental psyllid populations was highest on the knotweed species they were originally collected from, on Japanese knotweed of the Southern psyllids and giant knotweed of the Northern psyllids. Hybrids had intermediate or higher survival on given knotweed hosts compared to their parents. These results can inform release tactics of A. itadori in different regions especially where there appear to be climatic and/or host mismatches such as in Michigan. In southern Michigan, based on climate the Northern psyllid population should be released. However, the most common knotweed species in the region are Bohemian and Japanese knotweeds that do not support the development of the Northern psyllids. In this case, hybrids that may carry cold adaptations of the Northern psyllids but have better developmental success on the prevailing knotweed species may be considered for release to increase establishment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica or Polygonum cuspidatum) is considered an extremely invasive plant worldwide and a bioindicator of heavy metals. Yet, its potential as a crop for honeybees is still underevaluated. This study employs atomic absorption spectrometry to quantitatively analyze the concentration of macro-elements, namely, calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg); micro-elements, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se); and trace elements, i.e., cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in different anatomic parts of Fallopia japonica (FJ) plants (roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves) and their traceability into honey. This research encompasses a thorough examination of samples collected from the northwestern and western part of Romania, providing insights into their elemental composition. The results showed that the level of trace elements decreases in terms of traceability in honey samples (Pb was not detected in any of the analyzed samples, while Cd had a minimum content 0.001 mg/kg), ensuring its quality and health safety for consumption. Moreover, the data generated can function as a valuable resource to explore the plant's positive eco-friendly impacts, particularly in relation to its honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Papermaking and printing industry, usability, i.e., legibility of printed text. Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) may cause threats to native biodiversity in ecosystems. Researchers have been investigating all the possible ways that they can be used effectively for other purposes. Since IAPS are capable of forming cellulose fibre nets, in this research, papers were made from three different types of IAPS (Japanese knotweed, giant goldenrod, and black locust). This research examined these IAPS papers and their effectiveness when used as printing substrates. In comparison to commercial office paper, the differences in basic, surface, optical, and microscopic properties were measured. As a widely used technology, inkjet printing was applied. We tested a commonly used sans-serif typeface (which has been established as being more legible than other typefaces in previous research) in three different type sizes (i.e., 8, 10, and 12 pt). According to the results, paper made from IAPS could offer some usable properties and acceptable legibility, especially when printing typefaces with specific attributes, such as moderate counter size, higher x-height, and minimal differences in the letter stroke width, are used. An appropriate typographic tonal density should be achieved in combination with an adequate letter size, e.g., 10 pt type size when a sans-serif typeface is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is Poland's invasive weed, for which there is no efficient control method. The rhizomes of this species are rich in resveratrol. In this work, we evaluated (1) the effectiveness of electromagnetic microwaves (MV) in destroying Japanese knotweed using an original device, HOGWEED (MV of 2450 MHz), (2) the ecotoxic effect of the MV on the soil environment, and (3) the resveratrol content in knotweed rhizomes after MV treatment. The field studies were carried out in 2022 in southern Poland. Cut plants were MV-treated for times of 5.0–25.0 min. The MV efficiency was checked 10 and 56 days after treatment (DAT). After MV treatment, fresh soil samples were taken to analyze their ecotoxicity. As a result, at 56 DAT, knotweed was controlled if MV was used for at least 20.0 min. The MV did not affect the soil ecotoxicity. The MV-treated soils were classified as non-toxic or low-toxic. To analyze the resveratrol content, healthy knotweed rhizomes were dug out, treated with MV in the laboratory at 2.5–10.0 min, and analyzed for resveratrol content in HPLC-MS/MS. As a result, the resveratrol in the rhizomes significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner following MV exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on low solubility in water and high membrane permeability, resveratrol is collocated in the second class of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, with limited absorption derived from a low dissolution rate. Solid microdispersion of resveratrol supported by magnesium dihydroxide (Resv@MDH, trademark Revifast®) represents a physical mixture of resveratrol (30% w/w) and magnesium dihydroxide (70% w/w) obtained by traditional techniques, such as mixing and micronization under appropriate conditions. Establishing the wide use of Revifast® in food supplements, in the present work we deepen its physicochemical characterization by using diffractometric and infrared analysis. No novel species are found in the Resv@MDH mixture except magnesium dihydroxide and resveratrol extracted from Polygonum cuspidatum. The results herein reported strengthened the safety of Revifast® ingredients for resveratrol-based food supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plant species have been introduced increasingly into non‐native ranges, where many have become exotic weeds with adverse impacts on native ecosystems, as well as on farming and other livelihoods. In biological control, the classical or inoculative approach is the one most commonly used for the management of invasive alien weeds and is based on the use of co‐evolved natural enemies from the native range to control the invasive weed. Typically, the inundative or mycoherbicide approach targets problematic weeds using local plant pathogens that, in the case of introduced species, have 'jumped' onto the exotic host. The leaf‐spot fungus, Mycosphaerella polygoni‐cuspidati, co‐evolved with its host, Reynoutria (Fallopia) japonica (Japanese knotweed), in Japan and has a unique history of being investigated both as a classical biological control agent and a mycoherbicide against this highly invasive weed in the United Kingdom and North America. Here, we highlight our research on M. polygoni‐cuspidati as part of a biological control programme for Japanese knotweed and review the potential of mycoherbicides using exotic pathogens for the management of invasive alien weeds. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum is a traditional medicinal plant enriched with resveratrol and polydatin. However, low temperatures reduce the medicinal component contents of P. cuspidatum, and prolonged low temperatures also affect the growth and survival of P. cuspidatum at the seedling stage. It is unclear whether a culturable endophytic fungus Serendipita indica is able to enhance P. cuspidatum's low-temperature tolerance and medicinal components. The objective of this study was to examine the biomass, leaf gas exchange, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline levels, medicinal constituent levels, and the expression of the resveratrol synthase (PcRS) and resveratrol-forming stilbene synthase 11 (PcRS11) genes of potted P. cuspidatum plants inoculated with S. indica at low temperatures (10 °C/6 °C, 12 h/12 h, day/night temperature). The six-week low-temperature treatment significantly reduced the root fungal colonization, biomass production, and leaf gas exchange variables, whereas S. indica inoculation significantly increased shoot and root biomass, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at low temperatures. S. indica inoculation significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity as well as proline levels in leaves at low temperatures. The magnitude of root chrysophanol, emodin, polydatin, and resveratrol levels decreased by low temperatures was greater in uninoculated plants than in inoculated plants. Inoculation of S. indica, on the other hand, significantly increased the four medicinal component levels in roots at low temperatures, with a greater magnitude rise in chrysophanol, polydatin, and resveratrol at low temperatures than at suitable temperatures. The low-temperature treatment down-regulated the expression of PcRS and PcRS11 genes in roots, while S. indica up-regulated the expression of PcRS and PcRS11 genes at low temperatures. This implies that S. indica acts as a powerful microbial stimulant on P. cuspidatum to promote low-temperature resistance and medicinal component levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. is an important medical plant with a long history of thousands of years in China, however, its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has not been reported yet. In this work, we reported and analyzed the R. japonica mitogenome. The main results include: The R. japonica mitogenome was 302,229 bp in length and encoded 48 genes, including 27 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 3 rRNA genes, and 18 tRNA genes. Repeat sequence analysis revealed that there were 54 repeat sequences ranging from 193 bp to 1,983 bp in the R. japonica mitogenome. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis showed that leucine (900, 11.01%) and serine (732, 8.96%) were the two most abundant amino acids, and the codons with RSCU values showed the preference of A or T ending when greater than 1. The RNA editing sites of PCGs in the R. japonica mitogenome were characterized, and 299 RNA editing sites were found. Extensive sequences transfer between mitochondrion and chloroplast were found in R. japonica, where 11 complete plastid-derived tRNA genes stayed intact in the R. japonica mitogenome. Three genes (ccmFC, cox1, and nad1) were seen to play essential roles in the evolution through selection pressure analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Fallopia multiflora was the closest species with R. japonica, in consistency with the results of chloroplast genome. Overall, the current work presents the first mitogenome of R. japonica and could contribute to the phylogenetic analysis of the family Polygonaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (Polygonaceae), the root of which is included in the Chinese Pharmcopoeia under the name 'Huzhang', has a long history as a medicinal plant and vegetable. Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia, etc. This article reviews the pharmacological action and the clinical applications of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts, whether in vivo or in vitro. We also summarized the main phytochemical constituents and pharmacokinetics of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts. The data were retrieved from major medical databases, such as CNKI, PubMed, and SinoMed, from 2014 to 2022. Polygonum cuspidatum, pharmacology, toxicity, clinical application, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. The rhizomes, leaves, and flowers of Polygonum cuspidatum have different phytochemical constituents. The plant contains flavonoids, anthraquinones, and stilbenes. Polygonum cuspidatum and the extracts have anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, anticancer, heart protection, and other pharmacological effects. It is used in the clinics to treat dizziness, headaches, traumatic injuries, and water and fire burns. Polygonum cuspidatum has the potential to treat many diseases, such as arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, and cardiac hypertrophy. It has a broad range of medicinal applications, but mainly focused on root medication; its aerial parts should receive more attention. Pharmacokinetics also need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum Cuspidate (P. cuspidatum) is a traditional topical preparation of Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to develop HPLC fingerprints for P. cuspidatum Powder and P. cuspidatum Ointment, as well as to determine the total stilbene and total anthraquinone contents in them. A XB-C18 column (250 mm 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile and a gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the detection wavelength was 286 nm. The column temperature was 30 °C and injection volume was 10 μl. The similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine (2012 edition) was employed to confirm the common peaks at 13 batches of samples and to assess the similarity. The study revealed that 20 common peaks were identified in both P. cuspidatum powder and P. cuspidatum ointment, with a similarity greater than 0.95. Amongst them, seven components were attributed and confirmed, which were identified as polydatin, resveratrol, emodin-8-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin and physcion. Under the established conditions of the chromatography, quantitative analysis of six components could be well separated, and had a good linearity and linear range, the precision, repeatability and stability were good. The method's efficacy in assessing the quality of P. cuspidatum powder and P. cuspidatum ointment is validated, and it can be employed for quality control purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, New Jersey has experienced several droughts and declared several critical water shortage areas, spurring interest in reducing freshwater resource depletion. Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive plant species that may have a significant effect on stream water loss. In order to assess the impact of this species on river‐level water flow, we estimated total knotweed distribution along two tributaries of the Passaic River in New Jersey, USA using a combination of field measurements and GIS to calculate total daily water loss to the atmosphere from three stands of knotweed along these rivers. We measured total leaf area of each stand and transpiration rates across each stand from sun‐up to sun‐down. The average water loss was 8.5 L wate/day/m2 of ground area covered in knotweed. Knowing the total distribution of knotweed along each river, the amount of river length covered by knotweed stands and the total water lost to the atmosphere per amount of knotweed along each river we were able to estimate the total amount of water transpired to the atmosphere by knotweed per river on a daily basis during its growing season. These results were compared to summer low flow rates to assess the impact on river flow during the growing season for Japanese knotweed. Our results suggest that knotweed along these rivers is reducing total flow by an average of 8% (approximately 800,000–1,400,000 L/day) during the summer months. This is important as the impact of invasive species on water resources in temperate areas is currently under‐studied in ecohydrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea buckthorn and Japanese knotweed are known in many traditional medicine systems to be a great source of bioactive substances. This research aims to compare the bioactivity and protective effects of the phenolic extracts of leaves from sea buckthorn and roots and leaves from the Japanese knotweed on erythrocytes. The polyphenol composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The extracts’ toxicity and impact on the erythrocytes’ osmotic fragility were measured spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was determined based on the inhibition of oxidation of erythrocytes and their membrane induced by 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH),measured spectrophotometrically and using fluorimetry. To find the possible mechanism of the extracts’ action, extract-modified cells were observed under a microscope, and the potential localization of the extract’s phytochemical composition was checked using fluorescent probes. The results showed that the used extracts are not toxic to erythrocytes, increase their osmotic resistance, and successfully protect them against free radicals. Extract components localize on the outer part of the membrane, where they can scavenge the free radicals from the environment. Altogether, the presented extracts can greatly protect living organisms against free radicals and can be used to support the treatment of diseases caused by excess free radicals.

Abstract Intraspecific hybridization between distinct populations could increase the fitness and adaptive potential of biological control agents that often have low genetic diversity and can be inbred due to long‐term laboratory rearing often at small population sizes. Hybridization can also alter host preference and performance when the parental insect populations are adapted to different host plants. We investigated the effects of hybridization between two populations (Northern and Southern) of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori, that have different fitness on three invasive knotweed species (Japanese, giant, and Bohemian). Fecundity, host choice, and developmental success of second‐generation reciprocal hybrids and the parental psyllid populations were compared on the three knotweed species in multiple‐choice tests. Hybridization did not increase fecundity. All three knotweed species were accepted for oviposition without preference by the Southern and the two hybrid psyllid populations. The northern psyllid population laid the most eggs on Bohemian knotweeds but those were maladaptive choices since almost all eggs failed to develop. The developmental success of the parental psyllid populations was highest on the knotweed species they were originally collected from, on Japanese knotweed of the Southern psyllids and giant knotweed of the Northern psyllids. Hybrids had intermediate or higher survival on given knotweed hosts compared to their parents. These results can inform release tactics of A. itadori in different regions especially where there appear to be climatic and/or host mismatches such as in Michigan. In southern Michigan, based on climate the Northern psyllid population should be released. However, the most common knotweed species in the region are Bohemian and Japanese knotweeds that do not support the development of the Northern psyllids. In this case, hybrids that may carry cold adaptations of the Northern psyllids but have better developmental success on the prevailing knotweed species may be considered for release to increase establishment success.

Phosphorus is a key plant nutrient linked to plant growth during the early stages of primary succession in volcanic soils. Available phosphorus is thought to include soil and atmospheric phosphorus, but it is not well understood. Here, we focused on deposition as a potential phosphorus source. We evaluated the contribution of deposition to phosphorus uptake and growth in Fallopia japonica, a key pioneer species of primary succession. When we experimented with growing F. japonica under field conditions, F. japonica not covered by a roof absorbed more phosphorus than that covered by the roof, suggesting the influence of total (dry + wet) deposition. Furthermore, we tested the effects of deposition by treating F. japonica seedlings with wet deposition or distilled water in six volcanic soils. Plants that received the wet deposition treatment exhibited higher phosphorus contents and growth rates than those treated with distilled water. The phosphorus from wet deposition and the phosphorus from soil contributed nearly equally to F. japonica development. Our findings suggest that F. japonica grows during primary succession and builds up the phosphorus cycle by absorbing a trace amount of phosphorus from deposition and volcanic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]