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The paper continues the articles presented in 2017 and 2021 (Ivanov, Protsenko, 2017; Ivanov, 2021). This study differs from the previous ones in that the author supplemented the source base with the materials of the Akhmylovo/Akozino and Khudyaki cultures. That is, in his comparative statistical analysis, he used almost all known material on the burial rite of the Kama River region and Cis-Ural cultures of the Early Iron Age: the Akhmylovo/Akozino, Ananyino "classical", Pyany Bor, Kara-Abyz and Khudyaki. In the course of the work, author have received the results, that allow him to draw the following conclusion: Although the Ahmylovo/Akozino and "Classical Ananyino" (Ananyino culture of corded ware – ACCW) were a part of a single Ananyino cultural-historical community (ACIO), they differed by types of pottery and set of the burial equipment; the Ahmylovo/Akozino culture ("Volga Ananyino population") was not involved in forming the ethnic-cultural composition of the Kama River Region and Cis-Ural population of the second half of the 1st millennium BC; the Kara-Abyz and Pyany Bor cultures, although they were formed with the participation of ACCW bearers, but in their ethnic genesis no less active role was played by the alien ethnic-cultural component. In their morphological features, these cultures were different and it is wrong to consider the Kara-Abyz culture as a variant of the Pyany Bor one.

The content and stylistics analysis (critical discourse analysis – CDA) of studies on the history of the tribes of the Kama region and the Urals in the Early Iron Age, written by Soviet archaeologists during the XX century, allows us to give them a certain reference. In their essence they are historical and archaeological discourses (statements) on the socio-economic history of the region based on rather limited empirical data. Standing on the positions of the Marxist methodology of history (the theory of socio-economic formations) and the Marxist understanding of historicism, which was established in Soviet archaeology in the 30–50s, the authors of these discourses compensate for the lack of empiricism with a methodologically verified interpretation of archaeological empiricism in the context of the formation theory of history. A steady, monotonously progressive process of decomposition among the tribes of the Kama region and the Urals of the tribal system during the entire epoch of the Early Iron Age is the result of these interpretations.

The paper characterizes the ethnic-cultural situation in the Southern Cis-Urals in the 10th – 11th centuries on the basis of archaeological data. In the author's opinion, the ethnic dominant of the Ugric population remained in the forests of the region – the carriers of the Petrogrom and post-Petrogrom cultures, who occupied this territory after the migration of the ancient Magyar Ugrians to the west. They formed the western portion of the ethnic-cultural area (ECA) of the Ugric tribes of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. At the same time, the tribes of the Oguz and Pechenegs roamed the steppes of the Southern Cis-Urals. Volga Bolgaria, which then experienced the period of its highest socio-economic and political upsurge, was actively developing the forest areas of the Kama region and the Pre-Urals. Therefore, it objectively played the role of the area-forming factor for the Ugric tribes of the region. As for the nomads of the Steppe Cis-Urals – the Oguz and Pechenegs – no cultural influence of Volga Bolgaria on them has been traced on the basis of the available archaeological materials.

The author publishes the results of a comparative statistical analysis of ceramics from the hillforts of the Early Iron Age cultures of the Kama region and the Cis-Urals – Ananyino, Pianyi Bor, Kara-Abyz and Gliadenovo. The main task resolved by the author is to establish the degree of genetic kinship of the aforesaid cultures (on the example of their ceramics), and most importantly, to clarify the role of the Ananyino Corded Ware culture (ACWC) in the composition of these cultures. The author provides data on the combined characteristics of the compared ceramic complexes (random statistical samples) and the results of calculating the degree of their typological similarity. The general conclusion is that there are more typological differences between the compared groups of vessels than there are similarities.

This study shows excellent NO2-sensing properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles, prepared using a facile procedure which includes dissolution of metallic tungsten in hydrogen peroxide with subsequent low-temperature (400 °C) heating. We also conducted a thorough literature survey on sensor properties of tungsten oxide prepared by various means and found that the sensor response towards NO2 registered in this work achieved the highest level. The most intriguing feature of the material obtained was a highly reproducible sensor signal at room temperature which was more than 100 times higher than any reported previously for WO3. The probable reason for such high sensor response was the presence of two WO3 polymorphs (-WO3 and h-WO3) in the material synthesized using a peroxide-assisted route. In order to further investigate synthesizedWO3 materials, sophisticated experimental (XRD, SEM, TEM, BET) and theoretical (B3LYP, HSE) methods have been used, as well as resistance and sensor response measurements at various temperatures.

Nowadays there is a strong degree of agreement that the climate change is the defining challenge of our time, which will exert influence on the ecosystems, on all branches of the international economy and on the quality of life. The analysis based on climate indices is widely used non-parametric approach for quantification of the mean state as well as extreme climate events. This study, which is continuation of our previous efforts, is dedicated to the assessment of the trend magnitude and the trend statistical significance of six temperature-based and three precipitation-based indices in projected future climate over Southeast Europe up to the end of the 21st century. The indices are computed from the bias-corrected output of five CMIP5 global models, reinforced with all four RCP emission scenarios. The model output is accessed from the section of the Inter Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project in the Copernicus Data Store. The multi model ensemble medians of the temperature-based indices shows considerable increase which is consistent with the warming of the mean temperatures. These changes are statistically significant in most cases and intensify with the radiative forcing. The revealed tendencies of the precipitation-based indices are more complex when compared with temperature tendencies.

The ongoing climate change over Central and Southeast Europe has a great potential to affect significantly the public energy demands and in particular the energy consumption in the residential heating and cooling sector. The linkage of the ambient daily extreme and mean temperatures and the energy needs for condition or heat buildings can be quantified as numerical indicators as the heating and cooling degree-days. In the present study, these indicators are calculated according the UK Met Office methodology from the daily mean and extreme temperatures, which, in turn, are computed from the output of the MESCAN-SURFEX system in the frame the FP7 UERRA project. The study, which is performed in a very high resolution, is dedicated on the analysis of the spatial patterns as well as assessment of the magnitude and statistical significance of the temporal evolution of the heating and cooling degree-days. It reveals general tendencies which are coherent with the regional climate warming, but with high spatial heterogeneities. The study confirms the essential impact of the ongoing climate change on the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning industry over Central and Southeast Europe.

Ratios are given for estimating the amount of information in the channels of sensing and data transmission of the orbital synthetic aperture radars (SAR) based on information-theoretic and statistical methods. They are presented in terms of the indicators characterizing the amount of information received about the state of the object of observation. It is shown that the sensing channel should use significantly redundant information in relation to the final result of radar observation. On the example of the SAR of the “Venera-15” and “Venera-16” spacecrafts, the specific conditions of an orbital radar imaging are illustrated, and its informational characteristics are given for both methods of transmitting observation data. The qualitative consideration carried out in the paper makes it possible to estimate the potentially achievable reduction in the amount of information in the data transmission channel when using on-board SAR signal processing under specific radar imaging conditions.

In accordance with the provisions of the theory of statistical decisions, an expression for the error probability of discriminating the intensities of two signals as a function of the radiometric resolution of a synthetic aperture radar is obtained. The result of observing fluctuations at the input of the processing channel over a finite interval is represented by a sequence of complex samples that are the sum of samples of uncorrelated normal noise and signal samples. This sequence is considered as a normal complex random vector with a specified normalized correlation matrix, while the processing algorithm is assumed to be given. The proposed approach is compared with known methods for determining the radiometric resolution: the heuristic method and the differential radio contrast method. The advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated.

The article deals with the problem of preventing ship collisions while at sea. When crewless ships meet at sea, it is necessary to ensure their safe separation. A formalization of setting the problem of safe divergence of a group of ships is given. Vessel subsets in various states in a group of ships are determined, and ship transitions from one state to another are described. The problem of a lack of mutual understanding between agents controlling unaccompanied ships is considered. A counter vessel may not perform the divergence manoeuvres that the agent controlling the uncrewed vessel expects. An analysis is made of the reasons contributing to this. The problem of detection of inadequate behaviour of a counter vessel or its violation of manoeuvring arrangements is offered. The criteria for detecting such behaviour and agent's actions to prevent collision in this case are considered.

The article deals with a device for temperature control of a thermal object. The device is based on a single-chip AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. There are two modes of temperature regulation. The first is designed for temperature regulation within the range of -55 ° C to +125 ° C, and the second is from +126 ° C to +1000 ° C. The first range uses a DS18B20 digital serial output temperature sensor. The temperature measurement resolution in the first temperature range of -55 °C to +125 °C is 0.0625 °C. The second range uses a K-type thermocouple and a MAX6675 thermocouple signal converter with I2C interface. The discreteness of temperature measurement in the range from +126 C to +1000 C is 2 C. The microprocessor based controller has a very wide temperature control range from -55 to +1000°C, which is well within the temperature range required by the process. In the first area, due to high accuracy digital temperature sensor DS18B20, the resolution is very good ±0.0625 °C, which enables the use of the controller in climate control systems.

The oncoming climate changes will exert influence on the ecosystems, on all branches of the international economy, and on the quality of life. Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are the most widespread and successful tools employed for both numerical weather forecast and climate research since the 1980s. However, growing demands on accurate and reliable information on regional and sub-regional scale are not directly met by relatively coarse resolution global models, mainly due to the excessive costs affiliated with the use of the model in very high resolution. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are important instruments used for downscaling climate simulations from GCMs. Main aim of the numerical experiment Tuning an Validation of Regional Climate Model (RegCM-TVRegCM) is to quantify the impact of some tunable factors in the RegCM set-up on the model outputs. Thus, on the first stage of the study, the skill of 20 different model configurations in representing the basic spatial and temporal patterns of the Southeast European (SE) climate for the period 1999-2009, is evaluated. Based on these outcomes, the present work is dedicated on more detailed inspection of the model set-ups with recognizable better performance. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the time series of the temperature and precipitation of the 6 most promising model set-ups and the E-OBS on monthly basis are calculated. The main conclusion is that this test does not reveal single one model set-up that definitely over performs the other considered ones.

The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is used as a term for integrating requirements and functionalities towards transportation systems, which in urban environment raises complex exploitation and control problems. Important part of the ITS is the control which has to be applied for traffic flows. The control processes are strongly linked with requirements and targets for optimization of the transportation behavior. The paper applies new optimization formal description of control by bi-level optimization. Except the trivial traffic lights control, the bi-level formalization allows additional traffic characteristics to be defined like maximal/minimal values. The paper defines, solves and provides numerical simulations for minimization of the vehicle queues in front of the traffic lights. Such bi-level optimization problem is applied simultaneously for maximization the traffic flows on arterial and important directions of the urban transportation network. The formal description of the bi-level problem is provided. The results of the bi-level control have been compared with the cases of single optimization of the vehicles queues. The simulation results prove that the bi-level problem gives benefits satisfying an additional goal, which improves additional characteristic of the transport behavior. The bi-level optimization formalism can be used as a tool for implementation of integration of ITS control policies.

As a result of evaluation of growth rates of major commodity prices and Russian share quotes there is discovered dominating dynamics of shares of Rosneft and Urals oil futures. Assessment of dynamics of RTSI, IMOEX, S&P500, WTI futures, USD/RUB showed IMOEX breakdown from RTSI. RTSI remained with the WTI futures, while IMOEX joined S&P500 trend. As a result of neural network analysis of importance of global indices growth rates there is determined a condition of achievement of their maximum value – minimum growth rate of RTSI and maximum rate of FTSE100 growth. Cluster analysis of the global indices in terms of their growth rates revealed connectivity between RTSI, DJIA and US Dollar Index. Russian economy structure can’t ensure direct connectivity of RTSI and DJIA. RTSI is indirectly connected to DJIA via S&P500. The leading role in this connection belongs to US Dollar Index that largely determines the dynamics of USD/RUB and IMOEX. Cluster analysis in terms of major currencies exchange rates growth defined a USD and CNY currency basket that is acceptable for the Russian economy. Analysis of the Russian finance connectivity has sufficiently identified a basis and conditions of its existence in the context of the strengthening negative factors which bind and overburden the Russian economy with oil dependence.

The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the width of the barrier and yield pillars for the application of a new seam development scheme in the conditions of the Alardinskaya mine (Russia). The Alardinskaya mine develops gas-bearing coal seams that are prone to spontaneous combustion and are hazardous due to rock bumps, which leads to frequent accidents. The analysis of the world experience of mining seams being hazardous to rock bumps showed that safe mining with longwalls can be provided by a system of inter-panel pillars: very wide barrier pillar and two yield pillars. Numerical modeling using the finite element method was carried out to assess the possibility of reducing the barrier pillar width in order to decrease the volume of coal losses in the subsoil. The model of rock massif was created in Ansys mechanical software. Numerical modeling of the longwall panel development with longwalls was carried out at various widths of broad and yield pillars. The analysis outcomes of the vertical stresses diagrams in the seams are presented for different parts of the longwall panel. The rational parameters of the pillar system, ensuring the minimization of the reference pressure influence from the previously worked-out column and the reference pressure of the operating longwall, are determined as a result of numerical analysis. The conclusion is made about the expediency of the technological scheme application proposed by the authors in the conditions of the Alardinskaya mine to reduce the endogenous fire hazard and the danger of rock bumps.

The study results of the zinc coating obtained on the surface of metals in the process of mechanochemical synthesis, implemented in the conditions of vibrowave systems, are presented. The features of coating formation mechanism, an activating role in its formation of free-moving, under the influence of low-frequency vibrations, indenters, are disclosed. The advantages of applying zinc coatings method in comparison with traditional methods are shown.

Today, the increase in reactive power consumption far exceeds the increase in active power consumption. Due to the increasing demands of the end-users for the quality of the supply of electricity, the problem of joint selection of rational sections and places of installation of reactive power compensation in the distribution line becomes relevant. A mathematical model and algorithm allowing such a choice are proposed. The mathematical model can be used both in the design of new lines and in the reconstruction of existing lines. An example is given.

The article proposes an authorial algorithm allowing the selection of the input distribution device. The mathematical model of the algorithm is constructed in the Microsoft Excel environment. An example is given.

Studies were carried out to combine vibration processing and oxidation in polymer working media, which allowed to combine three technological stages. Characteristic traces of direct and oblique impact of the polymer working medium, along the surface of the metal with oxide film, are determined. Studies of the structure of the nanorelief of the vibrational chemical-mechanical oxide coating and the main parameters of the process are.

This paper discusses the development of a complex device for Traffic Light Control. The device is based on a PicoBlaze microprocessor embedded in Spartan6 FPGA. Its benefits for the purposes of transport flows management are discussed.

This paper presents data on the composition of the low-enthalpy thermal waters from the unique Khoja-Obi-Garm field located at the central part of the southern slope of the Gissar Range, in the gorge of the Khoja-Obi-Garm River, at an altitude of 1740-1960 meters. In this place, the eponymous SPA-center was built. Groundwaters from springs and boreholes of Khoja-Obi-Garm SPA has temperatures from 57 to 93°C, high pH (up to 8) and low TDS (less than 0.5 g/l). The estimated subsurface temperatures for the same thermal waters vary from 140°C to 156°C and 193-197°C based on the silica and K/Na geothermometer temperatures consequently. These waters belong to Na–SO4–HCO3 type with high content of H2SiO3 (~140 mg/l), F (up to 18 mg/l) and Rn (up to 814 Bq/l). Thermodynamic speciation indicated that these groundwaters are supersaturated with clay minerals and low-temperature zeolites and undersaturated with carbonate and main alumosilicate minerals.

The results of investigations of zinc coatings obtained on the surface of metals in the process of mechanochemical synthesis realized in conditions of vibro-wave technological systems (VTS) are presented. The features of the morphology of the coating structure are revealed, which activates the role of indents in the formation of free-moving vibrations under the influence of low-frequency oscillations, and its influence on increasing the operational properties of the surface layer of the parts. The advantages of this method of applying zinc coatings in comparison with traditional methods are shown.

Paper presents the outcomes of the studies into the adaptive wideband equalization for frequency dispersion correction in HF band considering variations in interference characteristics and ionosphere parameters. The subject matter of the research were megahertz-bandwidth channels with single-hop F layer propagation mode. There are presented data on variations in the channel amplitude frequency response that are caused by the interference of magneto-ionic components (intramodal multipath). Test facility for carrying out full-scale experiments was developed with the use of Universal Software Radio Peripheral platform supported by the groundbreaking software-defined radio technology. Verification of the developed methods and algorithms was performed in the experiments on oblique sounding over the Cyprus-to-Yoshkar-Ola propagation path by the linearly frequency modulated continuous wave signal.

Paper presents the developed algorithm for multi-carrier simultaneous vertical ionospheric sounding by OFDM signal with BPSK modulation of subcarriers. There is presented a mathematical model, numerical and simulation modeling with the use of USRP platform. Research findings proved the fundamental feasibility of using orthogonal subcarriers for simultaneous sounding of channels over a wide band.

There are some results of zinc coating research acquired on the metals’ surface as a result of mechanical and chemical synthesis, realized in conditions of vibro wave technological systems. The peculiarities of the surface morphology at the micro / nano level of the zinc coating are shown which are formed under the influence of low-frequency oscillations. The growth interconnection of the micro / nano profile of the applied zinc coating is shown. The determination of changes occurring on the coating layer surface at the micro / nano level. The absence of reliable data of the surface layer of the coating at the nano level has significantly limited its modification background. All of the mentioned above brings up to the following task, the given article is devoted to its solution: establishment of particlesdimension, the way of their distribution on the metal surface, besidestheir maximal and minimal roughness data cause by the alteration of the processing time.

The aim of the study is to create an image processing system, which allows dentists to create tooth surface automatically. X-rays images of jaws from the cone beam tomography or the spiral computed tomography and images from the micro-computed tomography are the initial data for processing. Example of using the combination of optical and x-ray images in the dentistry is described. Also, it was shown how to use the microcomputed tomography method to plan the placement of orthopedic structures on the lost teeth sites.

The article presents experimental research devoted to the possibilities of usage for the vibrowave technology for the processing oxide coating on the details made of aluminum alloy. The technology of oxide coating formation is worked out in the process of vibrowave technology influence, that reflects the essence of complex impact of mechanical and chemical components on the formation go the top surface layer.

The analysis of the results of experimental studies of production of zinc coverings by the way of vibration chemical and mechanical synthesis words.

Abstract Background The existence of a radiation bystander effect, in which non-irradiated cells respond to signals from irradiated cells, is well established. To understand early signaling and gene regulation in bystander cells, we used a bio-informatics approach, measuring global gene expression at 30 minutes and signaling pathways between 30 minutes and 4 hours after exposure to α-particles in IMR-90 fibroblasts. Methods We used whole human genome microarrays and real time quantitative PCR to measure and validate gene expression. Microarray analysis was done using BRB-Array Tools; pathway and ontology analyses were done using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and PANTHER, respectively. We studied signaling in irradiated and bystander cells using immunoblotting and semi-quantitative image analysis. Results Gene ontology suggested signal transduction and transcriptional regulation responding 30 minutes after treatment affected cell structure, motility and adhesion, and interleukin synthesis. We measured time-dependent expression of genes controlled by the NF-κB pathway; matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3; chemokine ligands 2, 3 and 5 and interleukins 1β, 6 and 33. There was an increased response of this set of genes 30 minutes after treatment and another wave of induction at 4 hours. We investigated AKT-GSK3β signaling and found both AKT and GSK3β are hyper-phosphorylated 30 minutes after irradiation and this effect is maintained through 4 hours. In bystander cells, a similar response was seen with a delay of 30 minutes. We proposed a network model where the observed decrease in phosphorylation of β-catenin protein after GSK3β dependent inactivation can trigger target gene expression at later times after radiation exposure Conclusions These results are the first to show that the radiation induced bystander signal induces a widespread gene expression response at 30 minutes after treatment and these changes are accompanied by modification of signaling proteins in the PI3K-AKT-GSK3β pathway.

The issue of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the concentration of oxidising species in aquatic environments is crucial for a wide range of biological and environmental tasks. In particular, reactive chlorine species, specifically hypochlorite (ClO−), play a significant biochemical role in the operation of the immune system. There is also the challenge of determining the presence of ClO− in purified drinking water that is supplied by water treatment systems. Traditional chemical analytical methods often lack the required selectivity and sensitivity to detect oxidising compounds, and chemiluminescence-based techniques offer an alternative solution. In this study, we propose a simple and selective approach for the chemiluminescent detection of hypochlorite in aqueous media under neutral conditions. The technique is based on measuring a chemiluminescent signal generated in the presence of hypochlorite by a combined probe comprising commercially available WS2 quantum dots and luminol. The oxidation of WS2 with hypochlorite followed by a reaction with luminol results in an intense luminescent signal that enables the selective determination of hypochlorite under neutral conditions. The greatest sensitivity with this method was achieved when combining WS2 quantum dots with L-012, a highly sensitive analogue of luminol. Additionally, the use of L-012 improved the detection limit for hypochlorite to 2 × 10−6 M. Due to its selectivity in determining hypochlorite in the presence of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) under neutral conditions with high sensitivity and with a wide linear range, the proposed approach provides an attractive analytical tool for the analysis of water samples and biological liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]