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Today, there is a significant "digital divide" in the agricultural sector between developing and developed countries. Such a digital disparity has negative consequences on the international competitiveness of these countries and their ability to comply with Food Satefy Standards. We propose a theoretical model to analyze the role of smart agriculture in the ability of countries to comply with international food safety regulations, specifically the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for contaminants such as aflatoxins, pesticides,and heavy metals. Firstly, we show that reducing the digital divide will always improve international food safety and food security (availability of a global supply). However, it can lead to more intense international competition, potentially causing a perverse effect: underinvestment in good agricultural practices by more digitally advanced countries. Furthermore, the digital catch-up of less advanced countries cannot sufficiently reduce health risks in international markets unless accompanied by strengthening official food control systems. Finally, we show that such digital catch-up encourages lowering MRLs rather than relaxing them, contrary to what producers or authorities might hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacking predictability of enforcement hinders the deterrent function of competition law. This article shows that academic analyses of optimal competition rules do not always treat this factor adequately, paying instead excessive attention to the problem of error. Sometimes, predictability is completely ignored as a relevant factor. At other times, it is taken into account but its effects are framed in a way that undermines their significance. This article further discusses three possible reasons why a part of competition law and economics scholarship engages in such mistreatment of predictability. First, it may be a result of writing convenience. Secondly, the role of predictability in selecting the optimal competition rule may simply be misunderstood. Thirdly, the role of predictability may be belittled intentionally in order to advocate rules benefiting the interests of competition practitioners and/or defendants. This article also briefly explores how problematic each reason is and what solutions might be available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many firms vie to attain a strategic bottleneck position in their industry, as it promises superior value appropriation over an extended period. Using a mixed-methods approach, we investigated the power dynamics between bottleneck and challenger segments in the airline ticket distribution sector. Our study of the bottleneck formed by the global distribution system (GDS) firms reveals the mechanisms that these firms employed to maintain power, as well as the mechanisms that airlines in the challenger segment used to attain power. These mechanisms strongly influenced the momentum of power shifts as the industry evolved towards greater modularization; we show how they worked recursively in a process of power distribution dynamics during that evolution. In addition, these mechanisms explain the dynamics at work between the incumbent and challenger segments, with airlines increasing the pressure to modularize and the GDS firms resisting that pressure. Our findings contribute to the literature on industry architectural change and industry evolution by providing a comprehensive understanding of the power dynamics that affect when and how strategic bottlenecks dissolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The battery in electric vehicles is a strategic component in the value chain. • The transition to electric vehicles in Europe is developing unevenly among countries. • Capital ownership and technological leadership are key factors of transition. • The concentration of the industry in fewer countries and car groups is increasing. This work inquires as to the impacts of the transition from combustion to electric vehicles in accordance with the Core/Semi-Periphery/Periphery configuration of the European automotive industry. We propose a double objective: i) to propose from a C-SP-P framework a methodology by which to analyze the reconfiguration of the European automotive sector in the transition to electric vehicles; and ii) to apply that proposal to an examination of the sector for the 2017–2022 period. Our findings reveal that this transition has been driving a reconfiguration where only Germany's automotive sector has maintained and consolidated its core position. Other economies such as France, Italy, the UK, and even Spain have seen their positions weakened (albeit for different reasons). The emergence of Hungary and Poland as hubs in battery production is not seen as sufficient to drive significant improvement in those countries' positions, given the weakness they exhibit in other dimensions analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, there is a significant “digital divide” in the agricultural sector between developing and developed countries. Such a digital disparity has negative consequences on the international competitiveness of these countries and their ability to comply with Food Satefy Standards. We propose a theoretical model to analyze the role of smart agriculture in the ability of countries to comply with international food safety regulations, specifically the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for contaminants such as aflatoxins, pesticides,and heavy metals. Firstly, we show that reducing the digital divide will always improve international food safety and food security (availability of a global supply). However, it can lead to more intense international competition, potentially causing a perverse effect: underinvestment in good agricultural practices by more digitally advanced countries. Furthermore, the digital catch-up of less advanced countries cannot sufficiently reduce health risks in international markets unless accompanied by strengthening official food control systems. Finally, we show that such digital catch-up encourages lowering MRLs rather than relaxing them, contrary to what producers or authorities might hope.

This paper estimates the effect of religious labor market concentration on clergy wages. Using data on the state-level Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) from the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), and data on individual clergy wages from the Census/American Community Survey (ACS), I estimate the effect of monopsony in the market for religion on clergy wages for the years 1980 to 2020. Ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates suggest the elasticity of individual clergy wages to the state-level HHI ranges between -0.05 and -0.17. These results are robust to the inclusion of controls for individual clergy characteristics, state-level religious tradition adherent shares, state-level labor market concentration, state- and year-fixed effects, and religious group-specific time trends. Application of the Oster (2019) test for selection on unobservables suggests that OLS understates the negative effect of concentration on clergy wages. The OLS results are supported by an instrumental variables (IV) specification exploiting a Bartik-style instrument interacting historic concentration with national concentration growth. The IV estimates suggest elasticities between -0.11 and -0.19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the Role of ownership structure on the Effect of investment strategy on future performance. The research focuses on ownership that compares foreign and domestic ownership structures. The research sample is a non-financial company in ASEAN countries. Multiple regression was performed to test the hypothesis using a financial dataset from 795 firm years of observation of non-financial companies in ASEAN. Our results show that foreign and domestic owners negatively affect the relationship between investment strategy and the future performance. The study’s results indicate that foreign and domestic ownership have no significant difference as a supporting factor for implementing the investment strategy in improving the company’s future performance. Our findings confirm the IO theory about implementing an investment strategy that affects future performance even though it impacts decreasing financial performance because companies need more time to see the impact of an investment strategy.

The present investigation elaborates on the level of game theory application for the applied and theoretical analyses of climate change and development studies. This editorial shows that the common good character of global climate alongside the increasing internalization of environmental externalities through national regulations and international environmental treaties jointly result in the increasing congruence between the context of climate change problems and the game theoretical method. Furthermore, the adoption of the Paris Accord by the overwhelming majority of developing countries as well as the disproportionate vulnerability of the Global South have led to an increasing shift in focus with regard to international development cooperation, from poverty alleviation and economic growth to green growth and circular economy solutions, within developing countries. The underutilization of game theory in the context of development studies is not satisfactory. This paper underlines the importance of implementing an impetus to researchers for scholarly discussions and applications of game theory in a discourse on the following topics: 1. economic growth; 2. climate change mitigation and adaptation; and 3. a broader socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the Role of ownership structure on the Effect of investment strategy on future performance. The research focuses on ownership that compares foreign and domestic ownership structures. The research sample is a non-financial company in ASEAN countries. Multiple regression was performed to test the hypothesis using a financial dataset from 795 firm years of observation of non-financial companies in ASEAN. Our results show that foreign and domestic owners negatively affect the relationship between investment strategy and the future performance. The study’s results indicate that foreign and domestic ownership have no significant difference as a supporting factor for implementing the investment strategy in improving the company’s future performance. Our findings confirm the IO theory about implementing an investment strategy that affects future performance even though it impacts decreasing financial performance because companies need more time to see the impact of an investment strategy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private sector innovation is critical to mitigating and adapting to climate change. This paper studies innovation in solar energy technology, a key source of clean energy that has experienced rapid price declines over the past decade. To understand the causes and effects of innovation, I estimate a dynamic structural model of competition among solar panel manufacturers. The model captures important features of the industry, including the role of government subsidies for solar adoption, and I employ a unique measure of technological progress that is observable and verifiable. The results produce two main insights. First, ignoring innovation by firms can generate biased estimates of the effects of government policy. Second, decentralized government intervention in a global market generates spillovers; a subsidy in one country causes international firms to innovate more, leading to lower prices and increased adoption elsewhere. This spillover underscores the need for international coordination by governments and the private sector to address climate change. This paper was accepted by Erica Plambeck, Special Section of Management Science on Business and Climate Change. Funding: The author acknowledges support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Fellowship Assistance Agreement FP-91769401-0] and Harvard [Joseph Crump Fellowship]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4662. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the effect of foodborne outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2008 in the peanut butter industry across the United States. The objective of this study was to estimate the demand and pricing conduct in the peanut butter industry under the salmonella outbreaks. The study applied a random coefficients multinomial logit demand for differentiated peanut butter brands. With own and cross-price elasticities and cost parameters corresponding to those products' attributes, the study analyzes the effect of a foodborne outbreak on consumers' behavior and manufacturers' pricing performance. Furthermore, this study used the demand estimates to measure the market power of peanut butter brands. Consumers react negatively to price in all cities, but the other taste parameter estimates for calorie, fat, sugar, and protein had a wide distribution, depending on consumers’ demographics. For pricing conduct, the cities indicated higher Lerner indices when the city shifted the pricing conduct.

The Kyrgyz model of export, for example of agricultural products, often demonstrates its organizational weakness which is not stimulating the economy of the country as a whole. This article shows the example of the Japanese general trading companies which successfully developed their own model of optimized outer trade in the context of Chandler’s industrial organization theory.

This paper explored the potentiality of social networks analysis to discuss the industrial organization of Formula One since the 2000 season. We tested three major hypotheses related to the centrality of championship teams, their selectiveness when observing drivers’ moves, and the role of certain explicative attributes. There are oligopolistic elements in Formula One, with champions adopting high values of betweenness centrality, sending and receiving drivers from some other teams and opting to exchange drivers and resources from other teams with not-so-competitive scuderias. Formula One teams that win the Constructors’ Championship tend to assume central roles in the network of drivers’ moves. Despite their centrality, these winning teams are very selective regarding the origin of the drivers they want to contract. There are more chances of contractual ties between teams which are not significantly close in terms of ranks or budgets.

Does the proof-of-work consensus protocol serve its intended purpose of supporting decentralized cryptocurrency mining? To address this question, we develop a game-theoretical model in which miners first invest in hardware to improve the efficiency of their operations and then compete for mining rewards in a rent-seeking game. We show that centralization grows with heterogeneity in mining costs, but hardware capacity constraints prevent the most efficient miners from monopolizing the mining process. Investment leads to a more decentralized network unless larger miners have a significant comparative advantage in acquiring new hardware. Our model generates empirically supported implications: (i) mining centralization is countercyclical with respect to mining reward, and (ii) a change in mining reward leads to a less-than-proportional change in hash rates. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science: Blockchains and Crypto Economics. Supplemental Material: The data file is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4840. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmodern organizations strive to cultivate open innovation systems to foster product innovation and commercialization. Cultural dynamics can be a massive obstacle in flourishing the inbound and outbound open innovation in many organizations. However, little is known about the effect of different types of culture on the open innovation dimensions. This research aimed to investigate the role of cultural subtleties in nurturing inbound and outbound open innovation in the organizations. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from a random sample of 231 managers from the automotive industry. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses using Smart PLS. The results indicated that hierarchy culture, associated with formal rules and regulations, negatively affects the inbound and outbound open innovation. The Market culture has a positive relationship with inbound and outbound open innovation while adhocracy culture could positively impact the inbound open innovation only. On the other hand, clan culture has a negative effect on the outbound open innovation. We concluded that the organizational culture focused on internal integrations is more suitable for outbound open innovation, and the type of organizational culture focused on external differentiation is more likely to support inbound open innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: These studies are motivated by three reasons: (1) the Competitive Intelligence (CI) approach is a critical factor in increasing the organization’s ability to monitor and strengthen competitive advantage; (2) too little research has been done on the use of new management theories in the CI approach and (3) there is no research devoted to computer-assisted CI. Purpose of the article: This study proposes a comprehensive framework for extending the CI’s potential in the organization’s activities and its computer-assisted support. The purpose of this article is to develop a new CI construction theory and propose a holistic, conceptual CI model, as well as carry out its initial verification. Research methods: The comprehensive CI model is based on the following theories: (1) Resource-Based View (RBV), Industrial Organization (IO) and Business Model Canvas, which were used for CI design, (2) theories for measuring and validating CI implementation, i.e.: Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM), Industrial Critical Success Factors (ICSF) and (3) theories for integrated computer-assisted CI. The validation of the proposed comprehensive CI model was based on data on the opinions of SUV class users. Main findings: The results obtained during the validation of the CI model show great importance for a comprehensive look at the topic of computer-assisted CI. This contribution is significant because in the literature there are no such studies and conclusions obtained from them. The results obtained and conclusions should be useful for all organizations that need to analyze competitiveness using a comprehensive CI model.

This paper uses both a geometrical and mathematical analysis to explain monopolistic third-degree price discrimination, and it also shows how price discrimination affects society. A frequent policy question in the literature on price discrimination is whether to allow third-degree price discrimination or enforce uniform pricing. A key feature to understanding this issue in the context of imperfectly competitive markets is the impact of price discrimination on output. The article shows that a monopoly facing downward-sloping linear demands and constant marginal costs will obtain higher profits under price discrimination than under a single-price strategy, but price discrimination lowers welfare if the total output does not change. When price discrimination causes total output to increase, then this practice will have a beneficial effect on overall welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to examine the moderating effect of the ownership structure on the relationship strategi investasi and the comprehensive firm performance in ASEAN. Using data from financial reports and sustainability report. Samples are 34 nonfinancial companies in ASEAN 2007 until 2019. The sample testing method is unbalanced panel data regression to test hypothesis. Th results shows Foreign and domestic ownership moderate the relationship between strategi investasi and productivity and kinerja keuangan. This research also proves that foreign and domestic ownership cannot form the relationship between strategi investasi and kinerja lingkungan. This study gives additional evidence as confirmation of the theory of Industrial Organization about the implementation of the corporate strategy is influenced by external factors, namely the role of foreign ownership in improving corporate performance. This study gives new insight to the company about the importance of considering the strategi investasi based R&D and the role of foreign and domestic ownership to increase productivity, kinerja keuangan and kinerja lingkungan.

This paper analyzes the plans and layouts of Chinese ceramic workshops from the Tang to Ming periods (seventh to seventeenth century AD) to understand how ceramic production was organized and how organization developed over time. Through the comparative examination of 254 workshops from 96 workshop sites, two workshop types have been defined based on the spatial arrangement of their production facilities. This paper argues that each workshop type reflects a different degree of labor specialization, and despite some regional differences, the organization of ceramic production developed in a consistent way across China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a model for research and development (R&D) investment in food innovations based on new plant engineering techniques (NPETs) and traditional hybridization methods. The framework combines uncertain and costly food innovation with consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for the new food. The framework is applied with elicited WTP of French and US consumers for new improved apples. NPETs may be socially beneficial under full information and when the probability of success under NPETs is relatively high. Otherwise, the traditional hybridization is socially optimal. A probable collapse of conventional apples raises the social desirability of new apples generated by NPETs and traditional hybridization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of a vertical merger in a standard setting with a single upstream supplier of a critical input and two downstream customers that compete with each other. Initially, the upstream supplier first announces prices, then the two downstream customers announce their retail prices. We show that this pre-merger timing does not survive a vertical merger. The merged firm may choose to be either a first mover or a second mover in the post-merger pricing game with its unintegrated rival. Our results suggest that a vertical merger is unlikely to lead to a significant upstream price increase unless the downstream firm involved in the merger is relatively large. In such a case, an upstream price increase is to be expected. For vertical mergers involving a large downstream firm, in most simulations the merged firm reduces its downstream price. Its rival often increases its price. In all simulations, the rival is caught in a price squeeze. This calls into question the rival's long-term viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Global Sport Management is the property of the Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present investigation elaborates on the level of game theory application for the applied and theoretical analyses of climate change and development studies. This editorial shows that the common good character of global climate alongside the increasing internalization of environmental externalities through national regulations and international environmental treaties jointly result in the increasing congruence between the context of climate change problems and the game theoretical method. Furthermore, the adoption of the Paris Accord by the overwhelming majority of developing countries as well as the disproportionate vulnerability of the Global South have led to an increasing shift in focus with regard to international development cooperation, from poverty alleviation and economic growth to green growth and circular economy solutions, within developing countries. The underutilization of game theory in the context of development studies is not satisfactory. This paper underlines the importance of implementing an impetus to researchers for scholarly discussions and applications of game theory in a discourse on the following topics: 1. economic growth; 2. climate change mitigation and adaptation; and 3. a broader socioeconomic development.