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BackgroundPre-transplant donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody (HLA-DSA) is a recognized risk factor for acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) and allograft failure. However, the clinical relevance of pre-transplant crossmatch (XM)-negative HLA-DSA remains unclear.MethodsWe investigated the effect of XM-negative HLA-DSA on post-transplant clinical outcomes using data from the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY). This study included 2019 living donor kidney transplant recipients from 40 transplant centers in South Korea: 237 with HLA-DSA and 1782 without HLA-DSA.ResultsABMR developed more frequently in patients with HLA-DSA than in those without (5.5% vs. 1.5%, p

Abstract The early mortality rate in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis is more than twice that in young patients, requiring more specialized healthcare. We investigated whether the number of professional dialysis specialists affected early mortality in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis. This multicenter retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 1860 patients aged ≥ 70 years who started hemodialysis between January 2010 and December 2017. Study regions included Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, Daejeon/Chungcheong-do, Daegu/Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Busan/Ulsan/Gyeongsangnam-do. The number of patients undergoing hemodialysis per dialysis specialist was calculated using registered data from each hemodialysis center. Early mortality was defined as death within 6 months of hemodialysis initiation. Gangwon-do (28.3%) and Seoul (14.5%) showed the highest and lowest early mortality rate, respectively. Similarly, Gangwon-do (64.6) and Seoul (43.9) had the highest and lowest number of patients per dialysis specialist, respectively. Relatively consistent results were observed for the regional rankings of early mortality rate and number of patients per dialysis specialist. Multivariate Cox regression analysis—adjusted for previously known significant risk factors—revealed that the number of patients per dialysis specialist was an independent risk factor for early mortality (hazard ratio: 1.031, p

Background In this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with glyphosate surfactant herbicide (GSH) poisoning. Methods This study was performed between 2008 and 2021 and included 184 patients categorized into the AKI (n = 82) and non-AKI (n = 102) groups. The incidence, clinical characteristics, and severity of AKI were compared between the groups based on the Risk of renal dysfunction, Injury to the kidney, Failure or Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) classification. Results The incidence of AKI was 44.5%, of which 25.0%, 6.5%, and 13.0% of patients were classified into the Risk, Injury, and Failure categories, respectively. Patients in the AKI group were older (63.3 ± 16.2 years vs. 57.4 ± 17.5 years, p = 0.02) than those in the non-AKI group. The length of hospitalization was longer (10.7 ± 12.1 days vs. 6.5 ± 8.1 days, p = 0.004) and hypotensive episodes occurred more frequently in the AKI group (45.1% vs. 8.8%, p < 0.001). Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities on admission were more frequently observed in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group (80.5% vs. 47.1%, p < 0.001). Patients in the AKI group had poorer renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of admission, 62.2 ± 22.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 88.9 ± 26.1 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.001) on admission. The mortality rate was higher in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group (18.3% vs. 1.0%, p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that hypotension and ECG abnormalities upon admission were significant predictors of AKI in patients with GSH poisoning. Conclusion The presence of hypotension on admission may be a useful predictor of AKI in patients with GSH intoxication.

Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) is an important risk factor associated with health outcomes. However, the relationship between PA and kidney function decline in older adults remains unclear. We examined the influence of PA on kidney function decline and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Methods Adults aged ≥ 65 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 who had available health checkup data from 2009 to 2010 were included. The cohort was followed annually through December 2015 for anthropometric, sociodemographic, and medical information including outcomes and biennially for laboratory information from the health checkup. We divided these patients into three groups according to self-reported PA (Inactive group: no leisure-time PA, Active group: vigorous activity for at least 80 min/week or a sum of moderate-intensity activity and walking for at least 300 min/week, Low-active group: level of PA between the definitions of the other two groups). Associations between the intensity of PA and death, cardiovascular death, and ≥ 50% eGFR decline were investigated. Results Among 102,353 subjects, 32,984 (32.23%), 54,267 (53.02%), and 15,102 (14.75%) were classified into the inactive, low-active, and active groups, respectively. The active group was younger, contained a higher proportion of men, and had higher frequencies of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, drinking, and smoking than the other groups. The active group had significantly lower incidence rates of mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and kidney function decline than the other groups (all p

Background Urinary microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been reported to correlate with the histologic lesions of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). We investigated whether urinary or circulating miR-21 could serve as a biomarker for detecting the renal progression of IgAN. Methods Forty patients with biopsy-proven IgAN were enrolled in this study. Serum and urinary sediment miRs were extracted, and the expression of miR-21 was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Renal progression was defined as end-stage renal disease, a sustained doubling of serum creatinine, or a 50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. Results Six patients experienced renal progression during the follow-up period. The baseline eGFR was lower in the progression group (49±11 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 90±23 mL/min/1.73 m2, p

Patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney, are known to experience renal scarring; this results in the worsening of renal function. Reflux nephropathy is a cause of chronic kidney disease, and VUR has also been observed in dialysis patients. VUR is a major underlying precursor condition of urinary tract infection (UTI) and is sometimes accompanied by hydronephrosis. However, there are no guidelines for the management of UTI due to VUR-associated hydronephrosis in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Herein, we report a case of UTI caused by VUR-associated hydronephrosis in a dialysis patient treated with percutaneous nephrostomy.

Background Evidence of the ethical appropriateness and clinical benefits of shared decision-making (SDM) are accumulating. This study aimed to not only identify physicians’ perspectives on SDM, and practices related to end-of-life care in particular, but also to gauge the effect of SDM education on physicians in Korea. Methods A 14-item questionnaire survey using a modified Delphi process was delivered to nephrologists and internal medicine trainees at 17 university hospitals. Results A total of 309 physicians completed the survey. Although respondents reported that 69.9% of their practical decisions were made using SDM, 59.9% reported that it is not being applied appropriately. Only 12.3% of respondents had received education on SDM as part of their training. The main obstacles to appropriate SDM were identified as lack of time (46.0%), educational materials and tools (29.4%), and education on SDM (24.3%). Although only a few respondents had received training on SDM, the proportion of those who thought they were using SDM appropriately in actual practice was high; the proportion of those who chose lack of time and education as factors that hindered the proper application of SDM was low. Conclusion The majority of respondents believed that SDM was not being implemented properly in Korea, despite its use in actual practice. To improve the effectiveness of SDM in the Korean medical system, appropriate training programs and supplemental policies that guarantee sufficient application time are required.

Teaching Point: Radiologists need to be familiar with that ovarian vein thrombosis can occur as a complication of urinary tract infection. Ovarian vein thrombosis is a rare disease in which a majority of cases occur during the postpartum period. There are few case reports for ovarian vein thrombosis associated with urinary tract infection in non-postpartum women. We report a case of ovarian vein thrombosis incidentally diagnosed on computed tomography in a patient with symptoms of urinary tract infection.

Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical utility of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) in patient with non-obstrcutive acute pyelonephritis (APN). Methods From 2007 to 2013, 537 APN patients who underwent a CE-CT scan within 24 hours after hospital admission were enrolled. We divided these patients into greater (50% or greater involvment, n = 143) and lesser (less than 50% involvement, n = 394) groups based on renal parenchymal involvement in CE-CT examination. We compared clinical characteristics between two groups and analyzed the clinical value of CE-CT scan as a reliable marker for predicting clinical severity and disease course in patient with non-obstructive APN. Results The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 70.6 ± 25.5 mL/min/1.73m2. Compared with patients in lesser group, the patients in greater group had lower serum albumin levels (3.5 ± 0.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.6, P < 0.01) and longer hosptal stay (10.1 ± 4.7 vs 8.8 ± 4.5, P < 0.05). In addition, acute kidney injury (AKI) (23.1% vs 11.4%, P < 0.005) and bacteremia (36.4% vs 26.8%, P = 0.02) were frequently developed in greater group, respectively. The overall incidence of AKI was 14.8% based on RIFLE criteria. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis for predciting AKI, age, presence of diabetes mellitus and the presence of renal parenchymal involvement of greater than 50% in CE-CT were significant predictors of AKI. Conclusions The CE-CT scan could be useful to predict the clinical severity and course in non-obstructive APN patients with preserved renal function.

Background : : Abnormal chest radiographs are frequently encountered in patients with scrub typhus. This study aimed to investigate whether chest radiography on admission is significant as a predictive factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with scrub typhus. Methods : : From 2010 to 2016, 467 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus in our hospital. We divided the patients into two groups: normal chest radiograph (NCR) and abnormal chest radiograph (AbNCR), based on chest radiography findings. The incidence, clinical characteristics, and severity of AKI were compared between AKI and non-AKI groups according to the RIFLE classification. Results : : Of the 467 patients, 96 (20.6%) constituted the AbNCR group. Compared with NCR patients, AbNCR patients were older (71 ± 11 vs. 62 ± 13 years, P < 0.001) and had higher total leukocyte counts (9.43 × 103/mL vs. 6.98 × 103/mL, P < 0.001). The AbNCR group had significantly longer duration of hospital stay (8.9 ± 5.5 vs. 6.3 ± 2.8 days, P < 0.001) and higher incidence of AKI (46.9% vs. 15.1%, P < 0.001). The common abnormal chest radiographic findings were pulmonary abnormalities, such as pulmonary congestion and pleural effusion. The overall AKI incidence was 21.6%, of which 12.4%, 7.9%, and 1.3% cases were classified as risk, injury, and failure, respectively. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis for association with AKI, old age, presence of chronic kidney disease or hypertension, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and chest radiographic abnormalities on admission were significant predictors of AKI. Conclusion : : Chest radiographic abnormalities on admission were independently associated with AKI in patients with scrub typhus.

The colonization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci before and after solid organ transplantation is associated with an increased risk of its infection. The prevalence of these bacterial colonies in renal transplant recipients are as high as that in intensive care unit patients. However, it is unclear whether donors with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci colonization can be considered in renal transplantation. Herein, we report a case wherein a kidney was transplanted from a deceased donor with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci colonies in urine and rectal swab. After transplant, the recipient had no vancomycin-resistant Enterococci infection and maintained relatively good renal function.

Background/Aims This study was performed to determine whether adding coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) to metformin (MET) has a beneficial effect as a treatment for sirolimus (SRL)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods DM was induced in rats by daily treatment with SRL (0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 28 days, and animals were treated with CoQ10 (20 mg/kg, oral) and MET (250 mg/kg, oral) alone or in combination for the latter 14 days of SRL treatment. The effects of CoQ10 and MET on SRL-induced DM were assessed with the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and by determining plasma insulin concentration and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) index. We also evaluated the effect of CoQ10 on pancreatic islet size, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondria morphology. Results IPGTT revealed overt DM in SRL-treated rats. The addition of CoQ10 to MET further improved hyperglycemia, decreased HOMA-R index, and increased plasma insulin concentration compared with the SRL group than MET alone therapy. While SRL treatment induced smaller islets with decreased insulin staining intensity, the combination of CoQ10 and MET significantly improved insulin staining intensity, which was accompanied by a reduction in oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, co-treatment of CoQ10 and MET significantly increased the levels of antiperoxidative enzymes in the pancreas islet cells compared with MET. At the subcellular level, addition of CoQ10 to MET improved the average mitochondrial area and insulin granule number. Conclusions Addition of CoQ10 to MET has a beneficial effect on SRL-induced DM compared to MET alone.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of hypoalbuminemia (HA) in patients with scrub typhus complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI).MethodsFrom 2009 to 2018, 611 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus. We divided the patients into two groups [normoalbuminemia (NA) vs. HA] based on the serum albumin level of 3.0 g/dL and compared the incidence, clinical characteristics, and severity of AKI based on the RIFLE classification between the two groups.ResultsOf the total 611 patients, 78 (12.8%) were categorized into the HA group. Compared to patients in the NA group, patients in the HA group were older (73 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 14 years, PConclusionSerum albumin level is helpful to predict the development and severity of scrub typhus-associated AKI.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and clinical characteristics of intravenous (IV) or inhaled (IH) colistin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) using the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage Renal Disease criteria. Methods: From 2010 to 2014, 160 patients were treated with IV or IH colistin. Of these, we included 126 patients who received colistin for > 72 hours for the treatment of pneumonia and compared the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients in the IV (n = 107) and IH (n = 19) groups. Results: The patients included 104 men and 22 women, with a mean age of 69 years (range, 24–91 years). The mortality rate was 45%, and AKI occurred in 75 (60%) patients. At the end of therapy, the bacteriologic cure rate was 66%. There were no differences in the clinical characteristics between the IV and IH groups except for age. In comparison with patients in the IV group, the patients in the IH group were older (74 ± 8 vs. 68 ± 12 years, P = 0.026). The incidence of AKI was not different between the 2 groups (62 vs. 47%, P = not significant), and there was no difference in the severity of AKI according to the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage Renal Disease criteria. Of the 83 patients with AKI, 6 and 1 patients underwent renal replacement therapy, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of AKI in patients with colistin therapy is 60% in our center. It seems that IH colistin therapy could not be better in safety than IV colistin therapy.

Background: Paraquat (PQ) concentration–time data have been used to predict prognosis for 3 decades. The aim of this study was to find a more accurate method to predict the probability of survival. Methods: This study included 788 patients with PQ poisoning who were diagnosed using plasma PQ concentration between January 2005 and August 2012. We divided these patients into 2 groups (survivors vs. nonsurvivors), compared their clinical characteristics, and analyzed the predictors of survival. Results: The mean age of the included patients was 57 years (range, 14–95 years). When we compared clinical characteristics between survivors (n = 149, 19%) and nonsurvivors (n = 639, 81%), survivors were younger (47 ± 14 years vs. 59 ± 16 years) and had lower plasma PQ concentrations (1.44 ± 8.77 μg/mL vs. 80.33 ± 123.15 μg/mL) than nonsurvivors. On admission, serum creatinine was lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors (0.95 ± 0.91 mg/dL vs. 1.88 ± 1.27 mg/dL). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age and logarithmically converted serum creatinine [ln(Cr)], [ln(time)], and [ln(PQ)] were assessed as prognostic factors to predict survival in PQ poisoning. The predicted probability of survival using significant prognostic factors was exp (logit)/[1 + exp(logit)], where logit = –1.347 + [0.212 × sex (male = 1, female = 0)] + (0.032 × age) + [1.551 × ln(Cr)] + [0.391 × ln(hours since ingestion)] + [1.076 × ln(plasma PQ μg/mL)]. With this equation, the sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 98.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Age, ln(Cr), ln(time), and ln(PQ) were important prognostic factors in PQ poisoning, and our equation can be helpful to predict the survival in acute PQ poisoning patients.

Purpose To describe the chest radiographic findings of acute paraquat poisoning. Materials and Methods 691 patients visited the emergency department of our hospital between January 2006 and October 2012 for paraquat poisoning. Of these 691, we identified 56 patients whose initial chest radiographs were normal but who developed radiographic abnormalities within one week. We evaluated their radiographic findings and the differences in imaging features based on mortality. Results The most common finding was diffuse consolidation (29/56, 52%), followed by consolidation with linear and nodular opacities (18/56, 32%), and combined consolidation and pneumomediastinum (7/56, 13%). Pleural effusion was noted in 17 patients (30%). The two survivors (4%) showed peripheral consolidations, while the 54 patients (96%) who died demonstrated bilateral (42/54, 78%) or unilateral (12/54, 22%) diffuse consolidations. Conclusion Rapidly progressing diffuse pulmonary consolidation was observed within one week on follow-up radiographs after paraquat ingestion in the deceased, but the survivors demonstrated peripheral consolidation.

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important cause of reversible acute kidney injury and pathologically characterized by inflammatory infiltrate in the renal interstitium. Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) is a medicinal plant member of the Solanaceae family. Although S. nigrum has been traditionally used to treat various ailments such as pain, inflammation, and fever, it has also been reported to have a toxic effect, resulting in anticholinergic symptoms. However, there have been no reports of AIN caused by S. nigrum. Here, we report the first case of biopsy-confirmed AIN after ingestion of S. nigrum. The patient was successfully treated using corticosteroid therapy.

The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical significance of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with scrub typhus.From 2014 to 2015, 145 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus. Of these, we enrolled 138 patients who were followed up until renal recovery or for at least 3 months. We measured serum and urine NGAL and KIM-1 levels and evaluated prognostic factors affecting scrub typhus-associated AKI.Of the 138 patients, 25 had scrub typhus-associated AKI. The incidence of AKI was 18.1%; of which 11.6%, 4.3%, and 2.2% were classified as risk, injury, and failure, respectively, according to RIFLE criteria. Compared with patients in the non-AKI group, patients in the AKI group were older and showed higher total leukocyte counts and hypoalbuminemia or one or more comorbidities such as hypertension (72% vs 33%, p

Rothia muciliaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) is a facultative, Gram-positive coccus that is considered to be part of the normal flora of the mouth and respiratory tract. There are sporadic reports of the organism causing endocarditis in patients with heart valve abnormalities, as well as meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia associated with intravenous drug abuse. However, it is an unusual pathogen in cases of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis. Although R. mucilaginosa is generally susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, rifampicin, and glycopeptides, there are no guidelines for the treatment of PD-associated peritonitis. Herein, we report a case of PD-associated peritonitis due to R. mucilaginosa that was resolved with intraperitoneal antibiotic treatment.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of fibroinflammatory tissue around the abdominal aorta and ureteral entrapment in most cases. Idiopathic RPF is frequently reported in association with autoimmune diseases; however, there have been few reports of idiopathic RPF associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Here, we report a case of idiopathic RPF with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient with a single functioning kidney, which was successfully treated by corticosteroid therapy and transient intraureteral stent insertion with a double-J catheter.

Sphingomonas paucimobilis is an aerobic Gram-negative bacillus found in soil and water. Knowledge regarding the role of this infectious agent is limited because it is rarely isolated from human material. Furthermore, it is an unusual pathogen in cases of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis. The clinical courses and outcomes of peritonitis caused by S. paucimobilis are variable. Whereas some patients were cured with appropriate antibiotic therapy, others required catheter removal. Cases of PD-associated peritonitis caused by S. paucimobilis have been reported worldwide, and there was a case report of coinfection with S. paucimobilis and Chryseobacterium indologenes in Korea. However, there has been no case caused by S. paucimobilis as a single pathogen. We report a case of PD-associated peritonitis due to S. paucimobilis in which the patient recovered after catheter removal.

Paraquat concentration-time data have been used to predict the clinical outcome following ingestion. However, these studies have included only small populations, although paraquat poisoning has a very high mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and reliable model to predict survival according to the time interval post-ingestion in patients with acute paraquat poisoning. Data were retrospectively collected for patients who were admitted with paraquat poisoning to Soonchunhyang University Choenan Hospital between January 2005 and December 2012. Plasma paraquat levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. To validate the model we developed, we used external data from 788 subjects admitted to the Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea, between January 2007 and December 2012. Two thousand one hundred thirty six patients were included in this study. The overall survival rate was 44% (939/2136). The probability of survival for any specified time and concentration could be predicted as (exp(logit))/(1+exp(logit)), where logit = 1.3544+[-3.4688 × log10(plasma paraquat μg/M[Formula: see text])]+[-2.3169 × log10(hours since ingestion)]. The external validation study showed that our model was highly accurate for the prediction of survival (C statics 0.964; 95% CI [0.952-0.975]). We have developed a model that is effective for predicting survival after paraquat intoxication.

Endovascular repair with covered stents has been widely used to treat subclavian and axillary artery injuries and has produced promising early results. The possibility of a thromboembolism occurring in cerebral arteries during an endo-vascular procedure should be a cause for concern. In the case of endovascular management of arterial traumas, a prompt and sufficient period for check-up of the patient's neurological signs is needed, even if it requires postponing elective in-tervention for the patient's safety. We report a rare case of liver transplantation immediately after endovascular repair of an iatrogenic subclavian arterial injury to describe the risk of continuing planned surgery without neurologic assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited data available on the validity of the RIFLE classification for AKI in patients with scrub typhus. We investigated the incidence and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus associated AKI using the RIFLE criteria. From 2010 to 2012, 238 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus. Of these, we included 223 patients who were followed up until renal recovery or for at least three months. We evaluated the incidence, clinical characteristics, and severity of AKI based on the RIFLE classification. Of the 223 patients, 47 (21%) had scrub typhus-associated AKI. The incidence of AKI was 21.1%; of which, 10.7%, 9.4% and 1% were classified as Risk, Injury and Failure, respectively. In comparison with patients in the non-AKI group, the patients in the AKI group were older (70 ± 9 vs 61 ± 14 year, P = 0.01) and had one or more comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (77% vs 22%, p = 0.01). In the AKI group, forty-four patients had AKI prior to admission, and three patients experienced AKI during their hospitalization. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, age and comorbidity were significant predictors of AKI. All patients recovered baseline renal function without renal replacement therapy following antibiotics therapy and supportive care. The incidence of AKI in patient with scrub typhus is 21%. Age and co-morbidity are significant predictors of AKI in scrub typhus. In cases of scrub typhus-associated AKI, anti-rickettsia agent and supportive care are very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  A highly resolved turbulent channel flow direct numerical simulation with Re τ = 200 has been used to investigate the ability of 12-sensor hot-wire probes to accurately measure velocity and velocity gradient based turbulence statistics. Various virtual sensor separations have been tested in order to study the effects of spatial resolution on the measurements. First, the effective cooling velocity has been determined for each sensor for (1) an idealized probe where the influence of the velocity component tangential to the sensors and flow blockage by the presence of the prongs and the finite lengths of and thermal cross-talk between the sensors are neglected and, (2) for a real probe, the characteristics of which have been determined experimentally. Then, simulating the response of the virtual probes for these two cases to obtain the effective velocities cooling the sensors, velocity and vorticity component statistics have been calculated by assuming the velocity gradients to be constant over the probe sensing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pediatric ICU and operating room, a central venous catheter (CVC) provides accurate hemodynamic information and serves as a reliable route for the administration of vasoactive drugs, fluids and allogeneic blood products. The placement of CVC is associated with a complication rate of 0.4% to 20%, including hemothorax, pneumothorax, thrombosis, infection and cardiac tamponade. We describe a case of CVC being misplaced in the innominate vein after penetrating the subclavian vein during anesthesia induction for arterial switch operation. Our report discusses the mechanisms by which this mishap took place, and reviews the proper positions of the head, arm, thorax and safe depth of venipuncture for the placement of a CVC in neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to analyze low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and their relationship with mortality in order to identify the appropriate lipid profile for older Korean hemodialysis patients. Methods We enrolled a total of 2,732 incident hemodialysis patients aged > 70 years from a retrospective cohort of the Korean Society of Geriatric Nephrology from 2010 Jan to 2017 Dec, which included 17 academic hospitals in South Korea. Of these patients, 1,709 were statin-naïve, and 1,014 were analyzed after excluding those with missing LDL-C level data. We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to select risk factors from 20 clinical variables among the LDL-C groups. Results The mean age of the entire patient population was 78 years, with no significant differences in age between quartiles Q1 to Q4. However, the proportion of males decreased as the quartiles progressed towards Q4 (p