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Trade turnover of food products between Poland and its neighbouring countries on the external eastern border of the European Union (Ukraine, Belarus and Russia) is an important element of the international trade exchange of Poland. The registered trade turnover had an impact on the Polish economy, whereas, from the point of view of development of areas located within the border impact zone, the unregistered trade that is part of cross-border shopping was of great importance. The aim of the paper is to examine the dynamics and trends of changes in terms of the share of cross-border shopping in the total trade turnover of food products with the above-mentioned countries over the period 2013-2018. A case study analysis conducted in all three countries showed that there was a steady increase in the share of unregistered trade in the total trade volume throughout the entire research period. (original abstract)

Longitudinal inhomogeneity of tracks inscribed in a YAG crystal and the statistics of nonlinear transmittance of the writing beam is studied under conditions of direct femtosecond laser writing in non-thermal mode. Nonlinear transmittance fluctuations inherent in the laser writing were discovered, and their correlation with track inhomogeneity is established. A model of femtosecond laser writing in crystals is built that includes three modes of plastic deformation in the laser impact zone. The modification threshold of the femtosecond direct laser writing is identified with reaching yield stress.

Disperse and chemical composition and morphometric-mineralogical peculiarities of dust from Trypilska thermal power plant (TPP) fly ash were investigated. Analytical data are analyzed regarding the content of suspended particles from the air within the influence zone of TPP (10 km). As a research material we used dust picked up from the air and leaves of Amaranthus. According to the study results, it was found that suspended particles undifferentiated by composition are mainly finely divided (less than 10 μm) fractions of silicates (aluminosilicates), sulfur crystals (sulphides, sulfates), zirconium oxides with copper, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, single phos-phorus inclusions and fluoride. The shape of the dust particles is predominantly conglomerate-like with the adherence of fine particles of different shapes from a perfectly spherical to a fragile with sharp edges. The content of silicon dioxide in the chemical composition of the dust reaches 70-20%. The presence of zirconium and "reactive silica" in the content of the researched dust confirms its mainly man-made genesis. After all, "reactive silica" (Si–) can only be formed as a result of high-temperature processing of quartz particles. Quartz aerosol particles formed during combustion of coal, actively interact with gases, acids, heavy metals with the formation of "quartz microcontain-ers", carrying toxic substances. Getting into the human body, particles of quartz bring on its surface compounds that are strong toxins, carcinogens and mutagens. Acute fragments of quartz crystals cause mechanical damage to the tissues of the body. The dust fly ash from Trypillya TPP represents a significant environmental hazard for the population and vegetation of the 10-km zone. Inhalation of the dust by a person causes the development of respiratory diseases, namely: fibrosis, granulomas, silicosis. Deposition of the ash dust on the surface of the leaves leads to the drying of the plant because the biologically active silicon in the dust leads to the formation of calcium silicate mi-crostalagmites in the tissues of leaves that overlap the stomata.

The fires encountered in the buildings and facilities of industrial areas make up quite a small proportion of all fire cases. However, in terms of the heat release rate, size of the burned area, damage, and impact zone, such fires have a large impact as compared to other fire cases. All fires have risk in terms of propagation. However, since fires in industrial structures and plants have rather high levels, qualitatively and quantitatively, compared to residential fires and other types of fires, it should be regarded as necessary to research them extensively. In this study, fires that have broken out in various places around Turkey, such as in factories, cold storage plants, and manufacturing facilities, were investigated. We aimed to determine the level of risk of the occurrence of these fires in the environment. A large amount of detailed information gathered about these fires was analyzed. This information includes data about the causes of the fires, deformation data of various materials, data on technical problems, data on financial damage levels, and data on fire patterns. We found 40 of these fire cases in total, and the case data were used to calculate the risk scores with the Geographic Information System (GIS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) methods. For each fire case, places sensitive to damage and losses were assessed according to six main criteria. Buffer analysis maps were generated for the 40 fire cases, and the cases were ordered based on their overall risk scores. In this ordering, fire case number 21 was found in the riskiest region, and fire cases 32, 17, and 31 were found in the low-risk region. Fire case number 21 occurred in a factory used for manufacturing fabric. This factory works with high volumes of acrylic, polyester, and other raw materials. In addition, there are some structures in very close proximity. It was observed that fire cases could be well differentiated depending on the selected criteria in the model applied.

The work presents the results of studying the content of potentially toxic elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd) in bottom sediments sampled at monitoring stations in the natural-anthropogenic systems of the Lower Don adjacent to the impact zone of the Novocherkassk Power Plant. The relationship between the content of metals in bottom sediments and their sorption properties is largely determined by the conditions of formation and the type of bottom sediments. Evaluation of the potentially toxic element content in sediments indicated that in particle size fractions (≤ 0.001 mm) could accumulate more than 15 times the levels of Cr and Zn and more than 6 times the levels of Cu, Cd and Ni in comparison to the particle size fractions that are 1.0 mm. Local zones of polyelemental pollution of bottom sediments with respect to Cu, Zn, Pb Cd and Cr were determined. These zones are confined to the geochemical sorption barriers of small watercourses of the power plant.

Comprehensive understanding of bruise damage caused by apple-to-apple impacts is beneficial to design a low-impact fruit capturing mechanism for mass (shake-and-catch) harvesting, as well as to design other fruit handling devices. This study quantified the bruising severity in ‘Jazz’ apples induced by different levels of impact upon various fruit surface locations. Impact experiments were carried out to analyze bruising patterns in three zones in a fruit surface, i.e., middle/cheek-to-top/stem, middle-to-middle and middle-to-bottom/calyx. Moving fruit and stationary fruit were impacted using a pendulum-type test device, and an equivalent drop height of fruit was calculated to provide a more practical measure for designing a catching surface. In each impact zone, seven different levels of impacts were applied respectively at seven different locations on the fruit surface. Those locations were evenly distributed along the circumferential direction in each of the three zones, and moving fruit was replaced after each impact test. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) standard was then used to estimate percentages of fruit in the Extra Fancy Class 1 (no bruising), Extra Fancy (a bruising area diameter ≤ 12.7 mm) and Fresh Market (a bruising area diameter ≤ 19 mm) grades. Results showed that fruit bruising severity increased in a non-linear manner with increasing drop height. It was also found that there existed significant differences in fruit bruising severity between stationary and moving fruit under different fruit-to-fruit impact zones. The bottom zone showed the least bruising sensitivity, followed by the middle zone which was statistically similar to the same in the top zone. The results suggested that the free drop height need to be

espanolSe describe el metodo de movimiento de particulas semi-implicito (MPS), el cual es uno de los modelos Lagrangianos mas representativos usados en la simulacion de fluidos. Ademas, se especifican las ventajas y desventajas de las versiones del metodo MPS: una basada en la densidad de particulas, otra en la divergencia de la velocidad y la debilmente compresible. Adicionalmente, para demostrar la capacidad del metodo, estas versiones se aplican en el problema clasico de rompimiento de presa en dos dimensiones. De estos resultados, se comparan las distribuciones del campo de presiones en varias etapas de la simulacion y el historico de la presion de impacto en la pared del contenedor por la colision con el fluido EnglishThe Semi-Implicit Particle Movement (MPS) method, which is one of the most representative models of the Lagrangian models used in fluid simulation, is described in this work. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages of the MPS method are described: from the version based on the particle number density, the velocity divergence and the weakly compressible versions. Furthermore, to demonstrate the method capabilities, these versions are compared on the basis of the classical two dimensional dam-breaking problem. From these results, the differences on the pressure field distribution on several time steps and the pressure time histories on the wall impact zone are analyzed.

Air quality pollution problem is still one of the crucial points for citizens in Europe for already receiving increasing attention, particularly because of the major European cities 10 and more years. Although the EU's long-term goal is to achieve levels of air quality that do not impact and risks to human health and the environment, many of member states still didn`t reach stated goals. Additionally, to gaseous pollutants, recently specific type of pollution, - odour, seems to become more important. Usually in order to determine pollution levels, national, municipal and private monitoring equipment is used. For this research municipal monitoring site in Riga (Latvia), at Milgravja Street 10, controlling gaseous pollutants (SO2, O3, BTX, PM10) and airborne particulate matter, and private monitoring results from Riga, Milgravja Street 16, where odour pollution was obtained, are analysed. Distance between both stations are just 500 m. Measurements at municipal monitoring site is obtained by DOAS and gravimetric sampling, while at Milgravja 16 by photoionization method or so-called “electronic nose”. Monitoring results in municipal station show that in 2017 the average benzene concentration was 4,87 ug/m3, toluene – 8,89 ug /m3 and xylene – 5,07 ug/m3, while the odour pollution level does not exceed 5 odour units. In general estimation of pollution averaged annually do not show and explain variability of pollution levels. It`s well known that high BTX and odour pollution episodes occur in shorter periods, thus short term limit values would be useful in order to characterize short term effects on human health and well-being.

The question often asked is, does population dynamics in Sundarbans Impact Zone (SIZ) matters to degradation of Sundarbans Reserve Forest in Bangladesh? This study aims to examine the link whether population factors contribute to degradation of Sundarbans or not. Population size of SIZ increased by around 56% in 2011 compared with 1974 (from 1377763 in 1974 to 2155889 in 2011). Annual population growth rate in SIZ districts decreased dramatically, but sheer number of population increased significantly which had contributed to increase the overall population size. During 2001 and 2011, population growth rate of SIZ area was negative, yet the forest land decreased which could be explained by the impact of climate change. Hence, not only population factors but also other mediating factors are interplaying to the depletion of resources from Sundarbans. Rigorous study on demographic determinants of SIZ is required while formulation policies and programs at micro and macro level.

Chute aerators introduce a large air discharge through air supply ducts to prevent cavitation erosion on spillways. There is not much information on the microcosmic air bubble characteristics near the chute bottom. This study was focused on examining the bottom air-water flow properties by performing a series of model tests that eliminated the upper aeration and illustrated the potential for bubble variation processes on the chute bottom. In comparison with the strong air detrainment in the impact zone, the bottom air bubble frequency decreased slightly. Observations showed that range of probability of the bubble chord length tended to decrease sharply in the impact zone and by a lesser extent in the equilibrium zone. A distinct mechanism to control the bubble size distribution, depending on bubble diameter, was proposed. For bubbles larger than about 1&ndash, 2 mm, the bubble size distribution followed a&mdash, 5/3 power-law scaling with diameter. Using the relationship between the local dissipation rate and bubble size, the bottom dissipation rate was found to increase along the chute bottom, and the corresponding Hinze scale showed a good agreement with the observations.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd In a railway system, a conflict occurs when two trains require the same part of the infrastructure at the same time. Currently, such conflicts are typically resolved manually by experienced dispatchers. However, it is impossible for them to fully anticipate the impact of their actions on the entire network. This paper proposes a conflict prevention strategy which focuses only on the relevant part of the network and traffic and, consequently, proposes a solution for that part only. The proposed strategy first looks for possible rerouting options by using an optimization model. If no solution is found, a solution based on delaying one of the trains is required. This retiming/reordering heuristic uses information from an offline calculation, for determining related conflicts that frequently occur. In this way, a so-called dynamic impact zone is created online for each conflict. When deciding which train to delay, the potential conflicts and the incurred delays of all trains in this dynamic impact zone are taken into account. The performance of this new Conflict Prevention Strategy is compared to a common dispatching strategy, other heuristics, and an exact method. Extensive experiments on a large part of the Belgian railway network show that by considering this dynamic impact zone the total delay can be decreased by at least 67% compared to the basic First Come, First Served decision rule. Moreover, the dynamic impact zone has a reasonable size and scales well to large networks as only the relevant conflicts and their expected consequences are considered. This makes our Dynamic Impact Zone heuristic very fast. The computation time for returning a resolution to a conflict with the proposed conflict prevention strategy is, for 95% of the conflicts, less than two seconds, and at most 26 s, including the creation of the dynamic impact zone of the conflict. ispartof: Transportation Research Part B vol:111 issue:111 pages:39-59 status: published

Distribution of technogenic radionuclides discharged by the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC, Zheleznogorsk) in the period from 1958 to 1992 has been studied in floodplain landscapes of the Yenisey river. After shutting down the direct-flow reactors the radioactive contamination of the Yenisey river became dozen times lower. Performed landscape and radiometric studies revealed factors responsible for radionuclide differentiation and the character of radionuclide distribution within two landscape segments of the Yenisey river floodplain. The first segment characterized the impact zone from 16 km to 20 downstream the discharge, the second one was studied in the remote zone as far as 2000 km down the river. Artificial radionuclide contamination was most intensive in the 60-ies of the past century when it reached the Kara Sea. Traces of that contamination were registered in soils of both sites at the depth of 20–50 cm.

The article analyzes laser micro polishing of 1.2083 steel samples produced applying selective laser sintering (SLS) method. The study has evaluated the distribution of the shape, size and temperature of the laser beam treated area in the surface layer of sintered and laser polished samples. Experimental tests have shown the impact of the technical parameters of laser micro polishing on the width and hardness of the impact zone of the treated sample. The microstructure analysis of laser treated and untreated areas of the material has been made. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas selektyviuoju lazerinio sukepinimo (SLS) būdu pagamintų plieno 1.2083 bandinių mikroapdirbimas lazerio pluoštu. Tyrimo metu įvertinta sukepintų ir lazeriu apdorotų bandinių poveikio zonos forma ir dydis bei temperatūros pasiskirstymas paviršiniame sluoksnyje. Eksperimentinių bandymų metu nustatyta lazerinio mikroapdirbimo technologinių parametrų įtaka apdoroto bandinio poveikio zonos pločiui ir kietumui. Buvo atlikta bandinių lazerio pluoštu paveiktų ir neapdorotų medžiagos zonų mikrostruktūros analizė. Reikšminiai žodžiai: selektyviojo lazerinio sukepinimo technologija; mikroapdirbimas lazeriu; skaitinis modeliavimas; mechaninės savybės; mikrostruktūros analizė.

The lower reach of the Yellow River is defined as the zone from Huayuankou to Lijin with an administrative area of about 4.43x10⁴ km² and population of about 2.5x10⁷, including 15 cities and 83 counties The area irrigated by the diverted water from the Yellow River within this zone is about 1.93 x10⁴ km². This area is not only related to the Yellow River, but also to Huahe and Haihe basins as the drained water from the irrigated area is the inflow of these two rivers, and could be regarded as the impact zone of the lower reach from the view of water diversion. Water shortage has affected this area since 1990s, and drying up has occurred several times in the main channel of the Yellow River due to over exploitation and climate change. The objective of the study is to identify the spatial and temporal change of water use in the lower reach over the last 50 years, and the causes of these changes.

This paper presents two modelling strategies for the simulation of low velocity impact induced damage onset and evolution in composite plates. Both the strategies use a global–local technique to refine the mesh in the impact zone in order to increase the accuracy in predicting the impact phenomena without affecting the computational cost. Cohesive elements are used to simulate the inter-lamina damage behaviour (delaminations) and Hashin’s failure criteria are adopted to predict the intra-lamina failure mechanisms. The two modelling strategies differ in terms of input parameters for the inter-lamina and intra-lamina damage evolution laws and in terms of modelling solutions in the impacted area. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results on composite plates subjected to different impact energies, according to the ASTM D7136 requirements, have been used to assess the peculiarities and the fields of application for the two proposed modelling strategies. Both the strategies have been tested by adopting the finite element code ABAQUS®. The different approaches to set the parameters of cohesive elements’ constitutive laws and Hashin’s criteria and the different choices made in quantifying the dependence of failure criteria on the finite elements’ average size have been taken into account.

In the southeastern Serbia, in the area of the municipality Bor, there are three flotation tailing dumps: FTD Bor, FTD RTH (the ore body H) and FTD Veliki Krivelj. The Flotation Tailing Dump Bor is abandoned, partly reclamated. The other two are active flotation tailing dumps. All three flotation tailing dumps are serious polluters of air, water and soil. The affected zones by dust from these tailing dumps threat large areas in a direction of dominant wind from the northwest direction. The affected areas by the impact zone of dust from: the Bor Flotation Tailing Dump amount to 18,361,074 m2, flotation tailing dump of the ore body H, 3,713,408 m2 and Flotation Tailings Dump Veliki Krivelj, 16,077,805 m2. The most effective measure against dust rising from dry areas by the wind is the use of reclamation with the phases of technical, agrotechnical and biological reclamation.

International audience; The efficiency of the discrete element method for studying the fracture of heterogeneous media has been demonstrated, but it is limited by the size of the computational model. A coupling between the discrete element and the finite element methods is proposed to handle the simulation of impacts on large structures. The structure is split into sub-domains in each of which the method of analysis is adapted to optimise the modelling of the structure behaviour under impact. The DEM takes naturally into account the discontinuities and is used to model the media in the impact zone. The remaining structure is modelled by the FEM. Proposed combined DE/FE algorithm is implemented in the EUROPLEXUS fast dynamics software and parallelised with MPI formalism. The efficiency of the EUROPLEXUS multi-domain MPI parallel version is tested.; La modélisation des structures par éléments discrets est bien adaptée aux problèmes dynamiques mettant en jeu de la fragmentation mais elle est difficile à mettre en œuvre sur des structures de grande taille. Couplée à une méthode aux éléments finis, cette méthode devient performante pour simuler le comportement des ouvrages en béton armé soumis à des impacts autant à l'échelle locale de l'impact qu'au niveau global de la structure. Dans un formalisme multi-domaine, les éléments discrets sont utilises dans la zone localisée de fort endommagement alors que les éléments finis sont employés pour le reste de la structure. L'algorithme combinant éléments discrets et éléments finis est implanté dans le code de dynamique rapide EUROPLEXUS et parallélisé à l'aide du formalisme MPI.

Examples of visible damage (cracks on the facade walls) on the shallow founded older buildings in Belgrade are not rare. Usually, this is a consequence of unequal settlement resulting from the unexpected moistening of soil under foundation. Moistening usually occurs locally and differential settlement is inevitable in such conditions. This paper presents the research results, which indicate that besides the size of impact zone of moisture change in the soil in horizontal direction and calculated settlement values, total change of soil volume under foundations should be analyzed.

The radiation low-inertial method was developed for temperature measurment in the impact contact zone, using the pyrometer based on the non-cooled photoresistor and flexible fibre-optical cable. The pyrometer is attached to the "pneumatic gun" testing rig, which provides the collision of steel balls having the diameters up to 3 x 10-3 m and other hard particles with the specimen surface at the velocities up to 300 m/sec. The impact angles vary continiously from 0 to 90°. This method allows to measure the temperatures in the impact zone of the materials with low and high electroconductivity and is advantageous in comparison with methode using thermocouples of different types. The experimental data are obtained for some technically pure metals and structural steels at various impact energies and angles. They show the experimental possibilities of this method and have their own scientific value.

A sudden 30% increase in cosmic-ray intensity lasting approximately 12 minutes was observed at an atmospheric depth equal to 80 g/cm/sup 2/ by a Neher integrating ionization chamber flown from Bismarck, North Dakota on October 16, 1958. A similar measurement made simultaneously at Invercargill, New Zealand observed no increase. These observations are not in accord with the simple solar impact zone theory. (auth)