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The global challenge of large-scale climate change mitigation requires action also in the building and construction sector. From a life cycle perspective, and considering the mitigation timeframe, the issue of reducing embodied GHG emissions is gaining attention. Effective ways to reduce embodied GHG emissions have been proposed by the use of fast-growing, bio-based materials, due to carbon sequestered in the biomass. Another promising, yet largely under-explored option is to harness the environmental potentials and low embodied GHG emissions of earth-based materials for building construction. Earth construction dates back from 10,000 to 8000 BC and has been derived in many vernacular construction techniques. More recently, some earthen techniques have been modified, using stabilizers, mainly cement and lime, to increase strength and water stability. The objective of this article is to compare existing literature performed on the LCAs applied to various earthen construction techniques and seek for key factors. Transports as well as binder stabilizations are very influent on the results. Climate, nature of local soil, and geographical context are very influent on functionalities of buildings, mix design and transports, themselves influencing environmental impacts. According to design choices and local context, earthen construction is not always better than concrete. This means that no universal solution can be recommended with the LCA of an earthen wall. The solution has to be adapted to the local context. All references comparing walls material to conventional materials at the building scale, find better environmental performances of earthen walls compared to fired brick walls. However, a full comparison between earthen construction and conventional materials should account for the use phase: combining LCA models with thermal and durability models is a key research issue. Finally, it certainly would be useful to seek for solutions with best environmental performances in a local context, accounting for the nature of soil, the building's functional requirements as well as geographical and cultural specificities. Such an approach would ensure to lower environmental impacts but represents a drastic change in current construction practices. Whereas today building materials are standardized in order to fit with construction working practices, this paradigm shift would require to adapt construction working practices to the local material and context. As earthen construction is today, in many countries of the world, a re-emerging technique, and new professional practices are yet to be established, it seems possible to make this paradigm shift happen. Certainly, in the current context of the need to substantially reduce building-related GHG emissions, there is still strong potential in earth construction techniques for both research and building practice.

International audience; An overview of green assets of equine sectors in Europe is carried out by the French Institute for Horse and Riding, the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, and the European Horse Network. Given the absence of central database on this topic and regarding the Green Deal challenges, the aim is to gather and share knowledge and data on environmental impacts of equines at the European level. Through an initial bibliographical review, five major green assets have been identified: land use, grazing, domestic biodiversity, tourism and equine work. A data collection tool was created to gather information on these five themes. It consists of 58 indicators (qualitative and quantitative) aimed to be filled in by state agencies or national federations. The tool was improved in 2020 after initial tests (France FR, Sweden SW, Poland PL, Croatia CR, and Belgium BE) and then presented to five new countries: the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Slovenia SL and Germany GE (some of which are still under study).Main results show that: 1-Most countries report the presence of equines in suburban areas (in SW, 75% of equines are in these areas). In all the countries surveyed, sensitive areas are grazed by semi-wild local equine breeds. 2-It has been generally difficult for countries to inform the area grazed or valued by equines, but some gave estimates: 329,600 ha in SW and more than 750,000 ha in GER. 3-In majority, FR, BE, GE and SW have saddle equines, intended for sport or leisure, whereas PL, CR and SL have draft equines for meat market. 4-Equestrian tourism is a practice whose dynamism is stable in PL, and is increasing in FR, GE, and SW. 5-The herds of working equines are low in all countries but FR, GE and SW show an increasing interest in these activities, unlike PL, CR and SL. This tool provides first insights for a global view of green assets of European equine sectors in their different contexts, it allows further exchanges of knowledge, creates a network between various European bodies, and serves as a support for lobbying activities, in order to better involve equines into ecological transition of agriculture.

Concrete from deconstruction can have a second life in the form of recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs). They unfortunately have poor properties (high porosity and water absorption coefficient (WAC)) with respect to natural aggregates. Accelerated carbonation was implemented to improve the RCA properties and to increase their use by storing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the cement matrix and thereby reduce their environmental impact. This paper aims to perform a parametric study of a process for accelerated carbonation of RCAs to store the largest possible amount of CO2 and improve their properties. This study highlights the fact that each of these parameters affects CO2 storage, with an optimum water content for the maximum CO2 uptake depending on the nature and the source of the RCAs. This optimum is related to the RCA water absorption coefficient by a linear relationship. The results show that accelerated carbonation reduces the water absorption coefficient by as much as 67%. Finally, carbonation also decreases porosity, as observed by mercury intrusion porosimetry, by filling the capillary pores.

CETRA 2020, 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure - Online, Pula, CROATIE, 20-/05/2021 - 21/05/2021; Energy consumed by road vehicles has a high impact on climate changes; indeed this energy use accounts for 23% of total energy-related Green House Gases (GHG) emissions of 2014 global GHG emissions. GHG emissions are growing constantly year after year, in spite of global objectives (COP) and researches on vehicle efficiency and modal shift. The contribution of the infrastructure to lower this energy is less studied, since it is often seen as immuable or too costly. This paper aims to demonstrate that simple and low-cost solutions exist for that purpose. Particularly a methodology has been developed, based on an optimization of the speed layout over an itinerary in order to improve the eco-driving potential of a given road infrastructure. The key point of this work is that inconsistency often exists between vehicle dynamics, road longitudinal profile and changes in regulation speeds. These changes in speed are defining the speed-sectioning of a route, and an optimization of this speed-sectioning can be easily carried out while displacing or modifying speed signs. The objective of this study is to build an optimized speed sectioning which minimizes the fuel consumption for realistic traffic and various driver behaviours, while maintaining the required safety levels. A progressive optimization loop has been worked out with a Python script including an embedded microscopic road traffic simulator. As a result an optimized speed-sectioning is leading to a gain of 227 ml for 60 minutes of simulated flow of 100 veh/h/lane, for a modification of a single speed changing point. The overall benefits are reduced energy consumption, air pollution and noise which otherwise would have been produced by braking. This work brings an effective optimization tool for road managers and its practical application is passive and inexpensive. This methodology is suitable for rural and urbanized territories and easily adaptable to any type of traffic in various countries. In perspectives, the optimization process could be extended to a full road route and to a wide range of different speed-sectioning layouts.

The principles of agroecology and those of irrigated agriculture are often considered to be contradictory, although science and innovation have made numerous efforts in technological improvements to limit the impact of irrigated agriculture on the environment. In particular, drip irrigation is often presented as a "green" solution because of its good theoretical performance. The development of drip irrigation has thus been promoted and encouraged by many public policies, particularly in the Southern Mediterranean. However, these optimistic efficiencies are often obtained in experimental conditions, and performances in real field conditions may substantially differ. The main challenges of this technology are the improvement of performances and its resulting food productivity while reducing its environmental impacts, in particular on water and nitrogen resources. Studies focusing on agroecology as a potential solution to overcome these issues are rare, especially in the arid and semi-arid irrigated areas of the Southern Mediterranean.The aim of this thesis is to analyze the agroecological performance of drip-fed market gardening in Central Tunisia (Merguellil plain). To this end, several complementary approaches are used, including surveys and observation of technical management routes (TMRs), their modelling using a crop model dedicated to fertigation scheduling (Optirrig model) and their assessment in both qualitative and quantitative manners. The study showed the existence of a wide diversity of TMRs within the panel of farmers studied. Although farmers do not design their technical management routes with an agroecological perspective, they often combine heterogeneous practices from this point of view, including environmentally virtuous practices. When the focus is on fertigation practices, the results show great potential for water and nitrogen savings combined with high yield gain potentials. Finally, the joint improvement of both irrigation management and cropping systems (through agroecological practices) would improve the performance of these market gardening systems, according to the environmental and economic components of sustainability. This thesis opens the way to broad prospects for improving the current performances of drip-irrigated agriculture, in order to combine environmental protection and agricultural production and initiate the agroecological transition of these systems.; Les principes de l'agroécologie et ceux de l'agriculture irriguée sont souvent considérés comme contradictoires, bien que la science et l'innovation aient fait de nombreux efforts d'améliorations technologiques pour limiter l'impact de l'agriculture irriguée sur l'environnement. En particulier, l'irrigation goutte à goutte est souvent présentée comme une solution " verte " en raison de ses bonnes performances théoriques. Le développement du goutte-à-goutte a ainsi été promu et encouragé par de nombreuses politiques publiques, notamment au Sud de la Méditerranée. Cependant, ces efficiences optimistes sont souvent obtenues en conditions expérimentales, et les performances en conditions réelles de terrain peuvent être sensiblement différentes. Les principaux enjeux de cette technologie sont l'amélioration des performances et de la productivité tout en réduisant ses impacts environnementaux, notamment sur les ressources en eau et en azote. Les études portant sur l'agroécologie comme potentielle solution pour faire face à ces enjeux sont rares, en particulier dans les zones irriguées arides et semi-arides du sud de la Méditerranée.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser les performances agroécologiques du maraîchage en goutte-à-goutte en Tunisie centrale (plaine du Merguellil). Pour cela, plusieurs approches complémentaires sont utilisées, notamment des enquêtes terrain sur les itinéraires techniques, leur modélisation à l'aide d'un modèle de culture dédié à la fertigation (Optirrig) et leur évaluation de manière qualitative et quantitative. L'étude a montré l'existence d'une grande diversité de d'itinéraires techniques au sein du panel d'agriculteurs étudiés. Bien que les agriculteurs ne les conçoivent pas dans une perspective agroécologique, ils combinent souvent des pratiques hétérogènes dans ce sens, y compris des pratiques vertueuses sur le plan environnemental. En ce qui concerne la fertirrigation, les résultats montrent un fort potentiel d'économie d'eau et d'azote combiné à des possibilités de gain de rendement élevés. Enfin, l'amélioration conjointe du pilotage de l'irrigation et des systèmes de culture (par des pratiques agroécologiques) pourrait permettre d'améliorer les performances de ces systèmes maraîchers, selon les composantes environnementales et économiques de la durabilité. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à de larges perspectives d'amélioration des performances actuelles de l'agriculture irriguée au goutte-à-goutte, afin de combiner protection de l'environnement et production agricole et d'amorcer la transition agroécologique de ces systèmes.

CETRA 2020, 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure - Online, Pula, CROATIE, 20-/05/2021 - 21/05/2021; In a context of climate change, lowering road vehicles consumption is a key point to meet CO2 reduction requirements. In addition to car technological advances, eco-driving is part of the solution but the road infrastructure should ensure its development. In a previous study, a gain of 5% in the spent energy was estimated on specific route by slightly moving some speed signs, but under the assumptions that drivers practice eco-driving and the traffic is free-flow. This paper deepens and widens these first results. The base of this research is to provide a simulation model to study the impact of traffic and speed-sectioning on the environment. Inside this model, the impact of different approach speeds to a speed-sectioning is assessed. The simulation is conducted within the Trafficware Synchro environment where parameters according to road infrastructure, vehicle and driver are based on real traffic data. Moving a speed limitation sign can contribute to a reduction of fuel consumption up to 8% depending on driver structure. This new methodology improves the accuracy of our first results and detects adverse effects as the possible emergence of congestion due to the modification of speed sectioning. In perspective this methodology represents a significant argument in road managers strategy. In addition it also represents an orienting point to investigate different action scenarios and a first step to a global optimization policy in managing road infrastructure.

Despite the ecological and sanitary awareness, worldwide consumption of pesticides is increasing. As these chemical products represent several adverse effects on human health and environment, measures should be taken in order to limit their impacts. Biocontrol products are proposed as an alternative solution of the synthetic products. In fact, these “biopesticides” are presumed to be less harmful and relatively less persistent. However, this a priori must be examined and strict risk assessment of those new substances should be considered.The development of biocontrol solutions proceeds first of all through the proposed protocols to study their activity and their environmental fate and impact. Currently, half-life (DT50) is used in order to evaluate the environmental fate of synthetic pesticides. However, DT50 approach gives only information about pesticides' persistence in the environment, but no indications concerning the formation of degradation products or its impact on biodiversity are provided. Furthermore, biocontrol products are complex (bio)chemical mixes. The DT50 is not applicable for such complex products. Therefore, novel analytical approaches should be considered in order to overcome these difficulties.A novel approach based on meta-metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry; the “Environmental Metabolic Footprinting” (EMF), was recently introduced. It affords a novel universal and integrative proxy; the “resilience time”, dedicated to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides in environmental matrices (e.g. soil, sediment). Nonetheless, the development of such Mass Spectrometry-based untargeted meta-metabolomics approach needs to be in-depth studied. Several tasks should be addressed: 1) performant extraction protocols and GC/LC-(HR)MS-based analytical methods should be set up, 2) suitable data processing and chemometric tools should be developed to deal with the complexity of the generated datasets, 3) the impact of xenometabolome complexity on MS-based analyses should be assessed, and 4) the study of the volatile residues should be considered and thus needs new analytical methodologies to be developed.The work was carried out following 3 main axes. The first axis addressed 1) the development of extraction protocols and LC-HRMS methods to analyze both pesticides xenometabolites and soil endometabolites, and 2) the development of a novel chemometric approach to assess the extraction performance. Novel extraction protocols have been proven optimal for the EMF, and the chemometric approach was thus validated. The second axis assessed the impact of xenometabolome complexity on the determination of environmental biomarkers. Ion suppression was revealed and thus a pragmatic strategy has been developed to overcome its influence. The third axis aimed to set-up a novel methodology in order to analyze the volatile residues of complex pesticides. HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were coupled to chemometrics in order to perform kinetics studies and to follow the transformation of the volatile residues. The chemometric workflow proved its reliability to explain pesticide’s transformation and novel xenometabolites and by-products were identified.In conclusion, significant advances were carried to the EMF. It has been consolidated for laboratory and field applications that must be investigated in order to improve the proxy and to validate it as a reliable approach for pesticides risk evaluation.; Malgré la prise de conscience écologique et sanitaire, la consommation mondiale de pesticides est en augmentation. Étant donné que ces produits chimiques présentent de nombreux effets néfastes sur la santé humaine et l'environnement, des mesures doivent être prises afin de limiter leurs effets. Les produits de biocontrôle sont proposés comme une solution alternative aux produits synthétiques. En effet, ces « biopesticides » sont présumés être moins nocifs et relativement moins persistants. Toutefois, cet a priori doit être examiné et une évaluation stricte des risques de ces nouvelles substances doit être envisagée.Le développement de solutions de biocontrôle passe d'abord par les protocoles proposés pour étudier leur activité, leur devenir et leur impact environnemental. Actuellement, le temps de demi-vie (t½) est utilisé pour évaluer le devenir environnemental des pesticides synthétiques. Cependant, l'approche t½ ne donne que des informations sur la persistance des pesticides dans l'environnement, mais aucune indication concernant la formation de produits de dégradation ou son impact sur la biodiversité n'est apportée. De plus, les produits de biocontrôle sont des mélanges (bio)chimiques complexes. La t½ n'est pas applicable pour ces produits complexes. Par conséquent, de nouvelles approches analytiques doivent être envisagées afin de surmonter ces difficultés.Une nouvelle approche basée sur la méta-métabolomique et la Spectrométrie de Masse; « Empreinte Métabolique Environnementale » (EMF), a été récemment introduite. Elle offre un nouveau proxy universel et intégratif; le « temps de résilience », dédié à l'évaluation du devenir environnemental et de l'impact des (bio)pesticides complexes dans des matrices environnementales (ex. sol, sédiments). Néanmoins, le développement d'une telle approche de méta-métabolomique non ciblée basée sur la Spectrométrie de Masse doit être étudié en profondeur. Plusieurs tâches doivent alors être abordées: 1) les protocoles d'extraction performants et les méthodes analytiques basées sur la GC/LC-(HR)MS doivent être mis en place, 2) le traitement de données et les outils chimiométriques appropriés doivent être développés pour maitriser la complexité des ensembles des données générées, 3) l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur les analyses basées sur la MS doit être évalué, et 4) l'étude des résidus volatiles doit être envisagée et nécessite donc le développement de nouvelles méthodologies analytiques.Le travail a été mené sur 3 axes principaux. Le premier axe portait sur 1) le développement de protocoles d'extraction et des méthodes LC-HRMS pour analyser à la fois les xénométabolites des pesticides et les endométabolites du sol, et 2) le développement d'une nouvelle approche chimiométrique pour évaluer les performances d'extraction. De nouveaux protocoles d'extraction se sont avérés optimaux pour l'EMF, et l'approche chimiométrique a donc été validée. Le deuxième axe a évalué l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur la détermination des biomarqueurs environnementaux. La suppression d'ion a été révélée et une stratégie pragmatique a donc été élaborée pour surmonter son influence. Le troisième axe visait à mettre en place une nouvelle méthodologie pour analyser les résidus volatils de pesticides complexes. Des analyses HS-SPME-GC-MS ont été couplées à la chimiométrie afin de réaliser des études cinétiques et de suivre la transformation des résidus volatils. Le workflow chimiométrique a prouvé sa fiabilité pour expliquer la transformation du pesticide et de nouveaux xénométabolites et sous-produits ont été identifiés.En conclusion, une avancée significative a été apportée à l’EMF. Elle a été consolidée pour les applications en laboratoire et sur le terrain qui doivent être étudiées afin d'améliorer le proxy et de le valider comme une approche fiable pour l'évaluation des risques des pesticides.

Despite the ecological and sanitary awareness, worldwide consumption of pesticides is increasing. As these chemical products represent several adverse effects on human health and environment, measures should be taken in order to limit their impacts. Biocontrol products are proposed as an alternative solution of the synthetic products. In fact, these “biopesticides” are presumed to be less harmful and relatively less persistent. However, this a priori must be examined and strict risk assessment of those new substances should be considered.The development of biocontrol solutions proceeds first of all through the proposed protocols to study their activity and their environmental fate and impact. Currently, half-life (DT50) is used in order to evaluate the environmental fate of synthetic pesticides. However, DT50 approach gives only information about pesticides' persistence in the environment, but no indications concerning the formation of degradation products or its impact on biodiversity are provided. Furthermore, biocontrol products are complex (bio)chemical mixes. The DT50 is not applicable for such complex products. Therefore, novel analytical approaches should be considered in order to overcome these difficulties.A novel approach based on meta-metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry; the “Environmental Metabolic Footprinting” (EMF), was recently introduced. It affords a novel universal and integrative proxy; the “resilience time”, dedicated to assess the environmental fate and impact of complex (bio)pesticides in environmental matrices (e.g. soil, sediment). Nonetheless, the development of such Mass Spectrometry-based untargeted meta-metabolomics approach needs to be in-depth studied. Several tasks should be addressed: 1) performant extraction protocols and GC/LC-(HR)MS-based analytical methods should be set up, 2) suitable data processing and chemometric tools should be developed to deal with the complexity of the generated datasets, 3) the impact of xenometabolome complexity on MS-based analyses should be assessed, and 4) the study of the volatile residues should be considered and thus needs new analytical methodologies to be developed.The work was carried out following 3 main axes. The first axis addressed 1) the development of extraction protocols and LC-HRMS methods to analyze both pesticides xenometabolites and soil endometabolites, and 2) the development of a novel chemometric approach to assess the extraction performance. Novel extraction protocols have been proven optimal for the EMF, and the chemometric approach was thus validated. The second axis assessed the impact of xenometabolome complexity on the determination of environmental biomarkers. Ion suppression was revealed and thus a pragmatic strategy has been developed to overcome its influence. The third axis aimed to set-up a novel methodology in order to analyze the volatile residues of complex pesticides. HS-SPME-GC-MS analyses were coupled to chemometrics in order to perform kinetics studies and to follow the transformation of the volatile residues. The chemometric workflow proved its reliability to explain pesticide’s transformation and novel xenometabolites and by-products were identified.In conclusion, significant advances were carried to the EMF. It has been consolidated for laboratory and field applications that must be investigated in order to improve the proxy and to validate it as a reliable approach for pesticides risk evaluation., Malgré la prise de conscience écologique et sanitaire, la consommation mondiale de pesticides est en augmentation. Étant donné que ces produits chimiques présentent de nombreux effets néfastes sur la santé humaine et l'environnement, des mesures doivent être prises afin de limiter leurs effets. Les produits de biocontrôle sont proposés comme une solution alternative aux produits synthétiques. En effet, ces « biopesticides » sont présumés être moins nocifs et relativement moins persistants. Toutefois, cet a priori doit être examiné et une évaluation stricte des risques de ces nouvelles substances doit être envisagée.Le développement de solutions de biocontrôle passe d'abord par les protocoles proposés pour étudier leur activité, leur devenir et leur impact environnemental. Actuellement, le temps de demi-vie (t½) est utilisé pour évaluer le devenir environnemental des pesticides synthétiques. Cependant, l'approche t½ ne donne que des informations sur la persistance des pesticides dans l'environnement, mais aucune indication concernant la formation de produits de dégradation ou son impact sur la biodiversité n'est apportée. De plus, les produits de biocontrôle sont des mélanges (bio)chimiques complexes. La t½ n'est pas applicable pour ces produits complexes. Par conséquent, de nouvelles approches analytiques doivent être envisagées afin de surmonter ces difficultés.Une nouvelle approche basée sur la méta-métabolomique et la Spectrométrie de Masse; « Empreinte Métabolique Environnementale » (EMF), a été récemment introduite. Elle offre un nouveau proxy universel et intégratif; le « temps de résilience », dédié à l'évaluation du devenir environnemental et de l'impact des (bio)pesticides complexes dans des matrices environnementales (ex. sol, sédiments). Néanmoins, le développement d'une telle approche de méta-métabolomique non ciblée basée sur la Spectrométrie de Masse doit être étudié en profondeur. Plusieurs tâches doivent alors être abordées: 1) les protocoles d'extraction performants et les méthodes analytiques basées sur la GC/LC-(HR)MS doivent être mis en place, 2) le traitement de données et les outils chimiométriques appropriés doivent être développés pour maitriser la complexité des ensembles des données générées, 3) l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur les analyses basées sur la MS doit être évalué, et 4) l'étude des résidus volatiles doit être envisagée et nécessite donc le développement de nouvelles méthodologies analytiques.Le travail a été mené sur 3 axes principaux. Le premier axe portait sur 1) le développement de protocoles d'extraction et des méthodes LC-HRMS pour analyser à la fois les xénométabolites des pesticides et les endométabolites du sol, et 2) le développement d'une nouvelle approche chimiométrique pour évaluer les performances d'extraction. De nouveaux protocoles d'extraction se sont avérés optimaux pour l'EMF, et l'approche chimiométrique a donc été validée. Le deuxième axe a évalué l'impact de la complexité du xénométabolome sur la détermination des biomarqueurs environnementaux. La suppression d'ion a été révélée et une stratégie pragmatique a donc été élaborée pour surmonter son influence. Le troisième axe visait à mettre en place une nouvelle méthodologie pour analyser les résidus volatils de pesticides complexes. Des analyses HS-SPME-GC-MS ont été couplées à la chimiométrie afin de réaliser des études cinétiques et de suivre la transformation des résidus volatils. Le workflow chimiométrique a prouvé sa fiabilité pour expliquer la transformation du pesticide et de nouveaux xénométabolites et sous-produits ont été identifiés.En conclusion, une avancée significative a été apportée à l’EMF. Elle a été consolidée pour les applications en laboratoire et sur le terrain qui doivent être étudiées afin d'améliorer le proxy et de le valider comme une approche fiable pour l'évaluation des risques des pesticides.

Although emission models have been designed using vehicle data over driving cycles of a few minutes, they are often applied at large scale to estimate total emission (inventories). In between, there is a range of scales in use in traffic and environmental studies (road sections, sub-areas, etc.). Coupling a traffic microsimulation with COPERT emission factors at different scales reveals scaling biases. We compare network fuel consumption (FC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions resulting from emission calculations based on different spatial decompositions. The results show that for an area of Paris covering 3 km2, the differences due to the aggregation scale for emissions range from 5 to 17% depending on the pollutant, spatial partitioning and traffic conditions. These discrepancies can be reduced using a distance-weighted mean speed, which is not a scale-consistent definition of mean travel speed. They can almost be cancelled by using a correction term derived analytically in this paper, thus consistency can be guaranteed between emissions assessed at different scales. Finally, a case study shows that it is possible to evaluate FC and NOx emissions on a large-scale network from a sample of traffic data (probes), and obtain the corrective term to be applied to remove scaling bias. The most critical step is the accurate estimation of the total travel distance. The gaps were successfully reduced to a maximum of 8% in congestion for a penetration rate of about 20%.

In the context of climate change, the diet is a key driver of environmental impacts. Previous research emphasized the environmental benefit to increase fisheries and aquaculture products (FAPs) consumption in European diets. However, increasing the share of FAPs could lead to a transfer of environmental damage from earth to sea. It is thus important to evaluate the environmental impacts of FAPs considering marine eco-systems and global scale. We constructed an original database to map the origin of FAPs, and we matched it with environmental indicators. The exploration of the database investigates the environmental impact of FAPs in regards of French consumption. We found some heterogeneity across species, meaning that the pattern of consumption across the FAPs does influence the environmental footprint. Furthermore, the choice of methods of production largely affects the global impact. Thus, relevant public policy could decrease the environmental impact of FAPs despite a standstill level of consumption.; Dans le contexte du changement climatique, l’impact environnemental de l’alimentation joue un rôle central. Les avantages environnementaux lié à l’augmentation de la consommation de produits de la pêche et de l’aquaculture (FAP) dans les régimes alimentaires européens ont été mis en avant dans de précédents travaux. Néanmoins, augmenter la part des FAP dans le régime alimentaire pourrait entraîner un transfert des dommages environnementaux de la terre à la mer. Il est donc important d’évaluer, en complémentarité des impacts environnementaux globaux, les impacts environnementaux spécifiques des FAP liés aux écosystèmes aquatiques. Nous avons construit une base de données originale pour cartographier l’origine des FAP, et nous l’avons couplée à des indicateurs environnementaux. Cela nous permet d’évaluer l’impact environnemental de la consommation de FAP en France au regard de plusieurs indicateurs environnementaux. Nous avons trouvé une certaine hétérogénéité entre les espèces, ce qui signifie que la structure de la consommation de FAP, c’est–à–dire la répartition de la consommation entre espèces, influence l’empreinte environnementale. En outre, le choix des méthodes de production affecte largement l’impact mondial. Ainsi, les politiques publiques pertinentes pourraient réduire l’impact environnemental des FAP tout en maintenant le niveau de consommation.

International audience; The objective of this study was to calculate the environmental impact of raising pigs fed diets with 192, 182, 172, or 162 g kg−1 crude protein (CP) from 15 to 30 kg live weight, using a life cycle assessment (LCA) based on either predicted or observed performance and excretion data. The predicted data were calculated for two animal profiles: one with feed intake and weight gain data being representative of the national Brazilian average (yp-AVG), and the other being representative of the specific experimental farm conditions (yp-SPC). Performance and excretion of pigs were either measured (yobs) or predicted (yp) for each CP scenario by using InraPorc® model and LCA impacts were calculated from these data. The yp and yobs data of performance, nutrient excretion, and LCA were then compared using a Bayesian paired approach. Whatever the calculation methods, the decrease in dietary CP reduced the environmental impacts per kilogram of weight gain on acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and land occupation. Predicted data from yp-SPC did not differ from yobs data except for nitrogen excretion and AP and EP impacts. Predicted data from yp-AVG differed from yobs for all criteria except for body weight gain, phosphorus excreted, and cumulative energy demand, mainly because of the lower feed conversion ratio for average data. It was concluded that the use of predicted data calculated from specific farm indicators could better explain the environmental impact of pig farming in Brazil compared with the use of national average indicators.; L’objectif de cette étude était de calculer l’impact environnemental de l’élevage de porcelets recevant des aliments contenant 192, 182, 172 ou 162 g kg−1 de matières azotées totales (CP — « crude protein ») entre 15 et 30 kg de poids vif, à l’aide de l’une analyse du cycle de vie (LCA — « life cycle assessment ») réalisée soit à partir de données prédites ou de données observées. Les données prédites ont été calculées pour deux profils animaux : l’un avec les données de consommation et de gain de poids représentatives de la moyenne nationale (yp-AVG) et l’autre représentatif des conditions expérimentales (yp-SPC). Les performances et l’excrétion des porcelets ont été mesurés (yobs) et simulés (yp) pour chaque scénario de CP en utilisant le modèle InraPorc® et l’impact environnemental a été calculé par ACV à partir de ces données. Les données yp et yobs de performance, d’excrétion et de LCA ont été comparées en utilisant une approche bayésienne. Quelle que soit la méthode de calcul, la réduction de la teneur en CP diminuait les impacts acidification (AP — « acidification potential »), eutrophisation (EP — « eutrophication potential ») et utilisation de surface. Les données prédites par yp-SPC ne différaient pas des celles prédites par yobs, mis-à-part pour l’azote excrété et les impacts AP et EP. Les données prédites par yp-AVG différaient de celles prédites par yobs pour toutes les variables mis-à-par pour le gain de poids, le phosphore excrété et l’impact demande en énergie, vraisemblablement en raison du plus faible indice de consommation. Ces résultats indiquent que l’utilisation de données prédites à partir d’indicateurs spécifiques à une exploitation ou à une zone de production permettrait de mieux évaluer l’impact environnemental de l’élevage de porcs au Brésil, par rapport à l’utilisation d’indicateurs nationaux moyens.

Traditional Iberian pig production is characterized by outdoor systems that produce animals fed with natural resources. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental impacts of such systems through Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental impacts were analysed per kilogram of live weight at farm gate. Iberian pig production in montanera had the lowest impacts for climate change (CC), acidification (AC), eutrophication (EU) and cumulative energy demand (CED), being 3.4 kg CO2 eq, 0.091 molc H+ eq, 0.046 kg PO43&minus, eq, and 20.7 MJ, respectively, due to the strict use of natural resources (acorns and grass) during the fattening period. As Iberian farms had a greater dependence on compound feed in cebo campo, environmental impacts on CC, AC, EU and CED were 22, 17, 95 and 28% higher, respectively, than with montanera. For land occupation (LO), however, cebo campo had a lower impact (31.6 m2&middot, year) than montanera (43.0 m2&middot, year) system. Traditional Iberian pig production systems have environmental impacts higher than conventional systems studied in literature but are similar to other traditional systems. Based on the present assessment, it is necessary to account for the contribution of emissions resulting from the consumption of natural resources to avoid the underestimation of environmental impacts.

International audience; Temperate pasture species constitute a source of protein for dairy cattle. On the other hand, from an environmental perspective, their high N content can increase N excretion and nitrogenous gas emissions by livestock. This work explores the effect of energy supplementation on N use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogenous gas emissions from the excreta of dairy cows grazing a pasture of oat and ryegrass. The study was divided into two experiments: an evaluation of NUE in grazing dairy cows, and an evaluation of N-NH3 and N-N2O volatilizations from dairy cow excreta. In the first experiment, 12 lactating Holstein × Jersey F1 cows were allocated to a double 3 × 3 Latin square (three experimental periods of 17 days each) and subjected to three treatments: cows without supplementation (WS), cows supplemented at 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) per day, and cows supplemented at 3.6 kg DM of ground corn (GC) per day. In the second experiment, samples of excreta were collected from the cows distributed among the treatments. Aliquots of dung and urine of each treatment plus one blank (control – no excreta) were allotted to a randomized block design to evaluate N-NH3 and N-N2O volatilization. Measurements were performed until day 25 for N-NH3 and until day 94 for N-N2O. Dietary N content in the supplemented cows was reduced by 20% (P < 0.001) compared with WS cows, regardless of the supplement. Corn silage cows had lower N intake (P < 0.001) than WS and GC cows (366 v. 426 g/day, respectively). Ground corn supplementation allowed cows to partition more N towards milk protein compared with the average milk protein of WS cows or those supplemented with corn silage (117 v. 108 g/day, respectively; P < 0.01). Thus, even though they were in different forms, both supplements were able to increase (P < 0.01) NUE from 27% in WS cows to 32% in supplemented cows. Supplementation was also effective in reducing N excretion (761 v. 694 g/kg of Nintake; P < 0.001), N-NH3 emission (478 v. 374 g/kg of Nmilk; P < 0.01) and N-N2O emission (11 v. 8 g/kg of Nmilk; P < 0.001). Corn silage and ground corn can be strategically used as feed supplements to improve NUE, and they have the potential to mitigate N-NH3 and N-N2O emissions from the excreta of dairy cows grazing high-protein pastures.

International audience; This paper aims at presenting a consistent Life Cycle assessment of the environmental impact of an industrialmilk protein fractionation process at the level of unit processes (gate to gate approach), focusing on the effectivecontribution of both the production and the cleaning steps. The precise assessment of the impact of cleaningstages could indeed constitute key issues for the optimisation and management of food plants. The results showthat the production phase accounts for approximately two-thirds of the environmental impact of the entire foodmanufacturing process, and the cleaning phase for more than 30% of the total impact. The latter is, however,underestimated due to methodological drawbacks and partly unavailable data. Among both the production andthe cleaning stages the most impacting unit processes are the membrane and the thermal operations mainly dueto the single-use of cleaning solutions and several temperature changes. Hence, for reduction of the overallenvironmental impact of the milk protein fractionation process it is advisable to primarily focus on improvementand optimisation of the microfiltration operation and secondly, on the thermal units.

A virtual experiment to investigate effects of feeding practices and animal health status on the technical, economic and environmental performances of a pig-fattening unit. 9. Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilization in Farm Animals (Modnut)

The selection of animals for improved production traits has been, for a long time, the major driver of pig breeding.More recently, because of the increasing concern with environment, new selection criteria have been explored, such as nitrogen (N) excretion which is related to both feed efficiency and environmental impact. However, many studies indicate that life cycle assessment (LCA) provides much better indicators of environmental impacts. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate, using a modelling approach, the relationships between production traits and LCA impacts of individual growing pigs. The LCA considered the process of pig fattening, including production and transport of feed ingredients and complete feeds, the raising of pigs, and manure management. Impacts were calculated at farm gate and the functional unit was one kg of body weight gain over fattening. Performances of pigs were simulated for two feeding programs, 2-phases and precision feeding, using InraPorc population model (2,000 pigs per scenario) and considering between-animal variability. The LCA calculations were performed for each pig according to its own performance and N excretion. The CORR procedure (SAS version 9.2) was used to investigate the correlations between LCA impacts and performance and excretion traits. The results indicated that N excretion was positively correlated with feed conversion ratio (FCR; r=+0.94), climate change (CC; r=+0.94), acidification potential (AC; r=+0.96), and eutrophication potential (EU; r=+0.96), whatever the feeding program. Surprisingly, FCR appeared the best indicator of LCA impacts with a very high and positive correlation (r>+0.99) with CC, AC, and EU for both feeding programs. Despite the lower CC, AC, and EU of pig production in a precision feeding program (3, 16 and 11% lower than the 2-phases, respectively), the correlation within each outcome were very similar. It was concluded that the use of FCR as a selection criterion in pig breeding is the most effective way to associate improved performance and low environmental impact of pig fattening.

The Port of Santos has been undergoing continuous expansion of its activities. The article aims to analyse globally the contexts related to the policy and actions of maritime and coastal protection against oil spills, as a contribution to the proposal of an integrated risk management tool for oil spills in the coastal zone related to port activities. The methodology includes a bibliographic review and synthesis of the current state of knowledge, inventory of port activities, quantitative and qualitative methods of risk assessment, identification of factors that determine it, evaluation of its paradigms (Danger-Exposure-Vulnerability) and risk quantification. The study permitted the characterization of the temporal evolution and the spatial distribution of accidents involving oil spills, to identify critical success factors on a risk management tool for oil spills and to evaluate the risk of these kinds of spillage in the coastal zone of Port of Santos/SP. O Porto de Santos vem sofrendo expansão das atividades, impactando a gestão urbana e ambiental do município de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. O artigo analisa globalmente os contextos referentes à política e ações de proteção marítima e costeira contra derramamentos de hidrocarbonetos (oil spill) e derivados (HD), como subs ídio à proposição de uma ferramenta integrada de gestão de riscos de derramamento de HD na zona costeira. A metodologia contempla a revisão e síntese do estado atual do conhecimento, inventariação das atividades portuárias, uso de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos para avaliação do risco, identifica ção dos fatores que o determinam, avaliação dos paradigmas do risco (Perigo-Exposição-Vulnerabilidade) e quantificação do risco. O estudo permitiu caracterizar a evolução temporal e a distribuição espacial de acidentes envolvendo derramamentos de HD, identificar fatores críticos de sucesso de uma ferramenta para gestão de riscos de derramamento de HD e avaliar o risco de derramamento de HD na zona costeira do Porto de Santos/SP, tendo obtido uma classificação global de risco médio. Une forte expansion des activités est en cour au Port de Santos, ce qui impacte la gestion urbaine de la municipalité. L'article analyse globalement les contextes liés à la politique et aux actions de protection maritime et côtière contre les marées noires et leurs dérivés, en tant que contribution à la proposition d'un outil de gestion intégrée des risques de marée noire dans la zone côtière. La méthodologie comprend la révision et la synthèse de l'état actuel des connaissances, l'inventaire des activités portuaires, l'utilisation de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives d'évaluation des risques, l'identification des facteurs qui leur d éterminent, l'évaluation des paradigmes de risque (Danger-Exposition-Vulnérabilité) et la quantification du risque. L étude a permis de caractériser l évolution temporelle et la répartition spatiale des accidents impliquant des déversements HD, de déterminer les facteurs de succès critiques d un outil de gestion des risques liés aux déversements HD et d évaluer le risque de déversement HD dans la zone côtière du port de Santos/SP, ayant obtenu une évaluation du risque moyen global. El Puerto de Santos viene sufriendo una expansión de las actividades, con impacto en la gestión urbana y ambiental del municipio de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. El artículo analiza globalmente los contextos referentes a la política y acciones de protección marítima y costera, contra derrames de hidrocarburos (oil spill) y derivados (HD), como subsidio a la propuesta de una herramienta integrada de gestión de riesgos de derramamiento de HD en la zona costera. La metodología contempla la revisión y síntesis del estado actual del conocimiento; inventario de las actividades portuarias; uso de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para evaluación del riesgoe identificación de los factores que lo determinan; evaluación de los paradigmas del riesgo (Peligro-Exposición-Vulnerabilidad); y, cuantificación del riesgo. El estudio permitió caracterizar la evolución temporal y la distribución espacial de accidentes involucrando derrames de HD; identificar factores críticos de éxito de una herramienta para gestión de riesgos de derramamiento de HD; y, evaluar el riesgo de derramamiento de HD en la zona costera del Puerto de Santos, obteniendo una clasificación global de riesgo medio.

TAP 2019, 23rd International Transport and Air Pollution Conference, Thessalonique, GRECE, 15-/05/2019 - 17/05/2019; Effects of road traffic on climate change and health are now well established. As mobility needs are constantly increasing, policy decision-makers are looking for solutions to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions in large cities. Various traffic management measures can be considered. One of the possible strategies is based on changing users' departure time. Indeed, spreading users over time can potentially calm traffic, reduce peak congestion and related emissions. This initial analysis showed that changing the departure time can lead to improved network performance and reduced modestly related emissions. The proposed approach is based on MFD simulation, which allows a large number of simulations to be performed in a reasonable time.

EGU'19, European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienne, AUTRICHE, 07-/04/2019 - 12/04/2019; The rapid growth of urban areas, jointly with the effects of climate change, is the major challenge to face the transition towards sustainable cities. Climate change leads to substantial modifications of the water cycle in cities, increasing the frequency of intense precipitation, drought and heat wave events. The replacement of natural surfaces by dark and impervious ones is the main cause of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) phenomenon. UHIs are microclimates characterized by significant temperature differences between inner cities and the surrounding rural areas. Part of a solution to tackle this issue is the re-naturalization of cities through the installation of Blue Green Solutions (BGS), such as green roofs, favoring the evapotranspiration (ET) process and thus reducing the air temperature. To benefit BGS implementation, it is crucial to understand the thermo-hydric processes that govern them. For this purpose, the ET process of a 1 ha green roof implemented in front of the Ecole de Ponts ParisTech (France) called Blue Green Wave (BGW) was studied to determine its possible cooling effect to mitigate UHIs. Therefore, three methods were tested and compared to estimate ET: (i) the water balance during dry periods through the difference on the soil moisture content measured via a wireless sensors network, (ii) the absolute humidity measured by a dynamic transpiration chamber, and (iii) a scintillometer to assess the sensible heat flux, which allows to deduce the latent heat flux by computing the energy balance. The wireless sensors demonstrated to assess correctly ET trends over long time periods, while the dynamic chamber allows to identify more precisely the ET behavior during shorter periods of measurement due to a better resolution. Indeed, ET computed via the water budget appeared significantly high compared to the values estimated by the dynamic chamber, and without showing an obvious daily pattern. In addition, ET trends estimated by both scintillometer and transpiration chamber methods were very close, but the corresponding values suffered from a significant difference. The divergence in ET flux computed by the three methods can be caused by: (1) errors in the sensible heat flux estimated by the scintillometer, leading overestimations of the latent heat flux; (2) noisy data of soil water content, induced by the rainfall events and the local soil characteristics where the sensors are implemented, and (3) modifications of the atmospheric conditions within the transpiration chamber. More generally, ET appeared higher in spring season and during the first days of summer, when high temperatures were reached and soil water content was enough to support ET without inducing a deficit for plants. Conversely, despite significant temperatures at the end of summer, ET rate was lower due to the lack of water content in the soil. This suggests that during summer, when the UHI intensity is stronger and the cooling effects of the green roofs are needed, the ET potential could not be sufficient. To go further in the space-time characterization of ET flux, additional experiments and multi-fractal analysis will be carried out soon.

Several actors of or related to the European space industry, such as ArianeGroup and the European Space Agency (ESA), have identified life cycle assessment (according to ISO14040/44) as the most appropriate methodology to measure and minimise their environmental impact. Nevertheless, space systems deal with a strong particularity which adds new aspects considering the scope of the LCA framework. Space missions are the only human activity that crosses all segments of the atmosphere and stays “out” of the natural environment and ecosystems. Regarding space systems with a holistic approach, environmental impacts could occur not only in the conventional ecosphere but also in the outer space (i.e. the orbital environment).Consequently, the current scope of LCA studies should be broadened to take into account the on-orbit lifetime as well as the end-of-life disposal of the spacecraft. Yet, it is becoming a crucial point of the space mission design due to the future increase of the orbital population composed in a major part by space debris. In this way, LCA studies of space missions could indicate trade-offs not only between typical impact categories (toxicity and climate change for example) but also with regard to impacts generated in the orbital environment with a particular focus on space debris related impacts.Hence, the priority has been given to the integration of a new impact category called orbital space use in the life cycle impact assessment framework. To address the environmental burdens comprehensively in this new category, impact pathways linking elementary flows to environmental mechanisms (midpoint) and damages (endpoint) are developed within the Area-of-Protection ‘Natural resources’. Space debris is identified as the main stressor of the orbital environment. Thus, ‘characterisation factors’ are defined and calculated at midpoint level to assess the potential impact of a space mission on the orbital environment. The methodology is applied to a case study to prove its applicability: the potential impact of a theoretical space mission is addressed through the comparison of three disposal scenarios. Also, a first attempt regarding the characterisation of the endpoint damage is provided taking into account the economic externalities caused by space debris. Finally, remaining methodological challenges and perspectives for future work are provided.; L’analyse de cycle de vie environnementale (ACV), d’après l’ISO 14040/44, a été identifiée par l’agence spatiale Européenne, ArianeGroup et plusieurs acteurs de l’industrie spatiale européenne comme la méthodologie la mieux adaptée pour réaliser l’évaluation environnementale des missions spatiales. Cependant, le secteur spatial est un domaine d’activité dont la particularité est de s’étendre au-delà des limites de l’environnement terrestre. Ainsi, s’il est possible d’évaluer les impacts sur l’environnement classique via la méthodologie ACV, les impacts générés sur l’environnement orbital ne sont aujourd’hui pas considérés dans son cadre de référence.Par conséquent, il s’agit ici d’étendre le champ des études ACV dans le domaine du spatial afin de caractériser les étapes du cycle de vie ayant lieu en orbite, c’est-à-dire la phase d’usage pendant la mission spatiale et la phase de fin de vie (ou Post-Mission Disposal). L’anticipation de cette dernière est devenue une étape cruciale dans la conception des missions spatiales du fait des règlementations visant à limiter la prolifération des débris spatiaux. En effet, seulement 6% de la population en orbite autour de la Terre sont des satellites actifs, le reste étant considéré comme des débris, résultat des missions et activités spatiales passées. Etant donné cet enjeu de durabilité majeur pour l'industrie spatiale, les études environnementales se doivent de mettre en évidence les transferts de pollution potentiels non seulement entre les impacts environnementaux classiques tels que Changement Climatique ou la Toxicité mais aussi ceux relatifs à l’environnement orbital, au premier rang desquels figurent les débris spatiaux.Afin de caractériser cet impact sur l’environnement orbital, nous proposons de définir une nouvelle catégorie d’impact en ACV dénommée ‘Orbital Space Use’. La conformité avec le cadre de référence de l’ACV est assurée au travers de la construction de chaines de cause-à-effet (ou impact pathways) reliant les flux élémentaires du système d’étude aux mécanismes environnementaux (indicateur midpoint) et au dommage final (indicateur endpoint) au sein de l’Aire de Protection ‘Ressources Naturelles’. En effet, les orbites proches de la Terre qui supportent les activités spatiales sont considérées à ce titre comme une ressource pouvant être impactée par des ‘stresseurs’. Les débris spatiaux sont aujourd’hui identifiés comme les principaux ‘stresseurs’ vis-à-vis de l’accès et de la pleine utilisation de la ressource orbitale. Ainsi, le développement d’un modèle de caractérisation a été entrepris. Il permet d’évaluer l’impact potentiel d’une mission spatiale sur la population des débris déjà présente en orbite. Les facteurs de caractérisation obtenus sont appliqués à un cas d’étude comparant trois scénarios de fin de vie différents dans le but de prouver l’applicabilité du modèle. En outre, une première approche s’intéressant à la quantification des externalités économiques négatives engendrées par la prolifération des débris est développée. Elle constitue une étape préliminaire en vue d’un développement d’une catégorie de dommage dite ‘endpoint’. Enfin, les challenges méthodologiques restants et les potentiels développements complémentaires sont abordés.

espanolLa implementacion de proyectos modernizantes en me-dio de sociedades rurales, paralelamente a los grandes beneficios en materia de crecimiento regional y nacional, genera amenazas en la sostenibilidad socioecologica lo-cal. Tal es el caso, de la descarga de lodos generada por la represa del Bajo Anchicaya en el Pacifico Colombiano en el ano 2001. La valoracion economica del impacto ambiental, esta dada a atender los impactos pasados, presentes y futuros, en casos como el descrito donde los bienes y servicios ambientales asi como, las rela-ciones de intercambio sobrevinientes, no estan guiadas bajo las logicas del mercado; sin embargo, el presente articulo intenta dar cuenta de la direccion y los alcances de tales efectos, a partir de una tasacion crematistica y compensatoria reclamada judicialmente por las comu-nidades afectadas bajo restricciones de informacion y dinamicas economicas levemente mercantilizadas. A la postre, se pudo establecer la baja operatividad de los metodos de valoracion tipo preferencias declaradas, que simulan condiciones de mercado, en favor de estra-tegias alternas como la transferencia de beneficios que si bien no resultan infalibles, a falta de sistemas de con-tabilidad ambiental, tratan de respetar la complejidad espacial, temporal y socioecologica de territorios como la costa pacifica colombiana. EnglishThe implementation of modernizing projects in the midst of rural societies, in parallel with the great benefits in terms of regional and national growth, generates threats to local socio-ecological sustainability. Such is the case of the dis-charge of sludge generated by the Bajo Anchicaya dam in the Colombian Pacific in 2001. The economic assessment of the environmental impact is given to address the past, present and future impacts in cases such as the one described above where environmental goods and services as well as supervening exchange relationships are not guided by the logic of the market. However, this article attempts to account for the direction and scope of such effects, based on a pricing chrematistics and compensatory assessment claimed by court litigation by the affected communities under information restrictions and slightly commercialized economic dynamics. At the end, it was possible to esta-blish the operability of the assessment methods, type of stated preferences, which simulate market conditions in favor of alternative strategies such as the transfer of benefits that while not infallible, with the lack of envi-ronmental accountancy, try to respect the spatial, time and socio-ecological complexity of territories such as the Pacific Coast. francaisLa mise en œuvre de projets de modernisation au sein des societes rurales, parallelement aux grands benefices en termes de croissance regio-nale et nationale, produit des menaces pour la durabilite socio-ecologique locale. C’est le cas des rejets de boues generes par le barrage de Bajo Anchicaya dans le Pacifique colombien en 2001. L’evaluation economique de l’impact environne-mental est donnee pour prendre en compte les impacts passes, presents et futurs, dans des cas comme celui decrit ou les biens et services envi-ronnementaux ainsi que les relations d’echange survivantes ne sont pas guides par les logiques du marche ; neanmoins, le present article tente de rendre compte de la direction et des portees de ces effets, a partir d’une evaluation chrematistique et compensatoire demandee judiciairement par les communautes affectees sous des restric-tions d’information et une dynamique economique legerement marchandisee. En fin de compte, il a ete possible d’etablir la faible operabilite des me-thodes d’evaluation de type preference declaree, qui simulent les conditions du marche, en faveur de strategies alternatives telles que le transfert de benefices qui, bien que non infaillibles, en l’absen-ce de systemes de comptabilite environnementale, cherchent a respecter la complexite, spatiale, tem-porelle et socio-ecologique des territoires comme la cote pacifique colombienne.

To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https:/doi.org/10.1017/S175173111600286X; This review summarizes the results from the INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) divergent selection experiment on residual feed intake (RFI) in growing Large White pigs during nine generations of selection. It discusses the remaining challenges and perspectives for the improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs. The impacts on growing pigs raised under standard conditions and in alternative situations such as heat stress, inflammatory challenges or lactation have been studied. After nine generations of selection, the divergent selection for RFI led to highly significant ( P

Over the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants.; Au cours des dix dernières années, les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne ont été encouragés à collecter des données sur le volume et la qualité de tous les effluents d'eaux urbaines ayant un impact environnemental significatif sur les milieux aquatiques récepteurs. Les méthodes de surveillance de ces flux nécessitent des améliorations, en particulier pour les déversoirs d’orage, structures complexes responsables en grande partie de la dégradation de la qualité des milieux récepteurs. Le DSM-flux (Dispositif pour la surveillance et maîtrise des flux d'eaux et polluants des réseaux d'eaux pluviales et unitaires) est un nouveau dispositif préfabriqué et pré-étalonné qui garantit les conditions hydrauliques appropriées permettant de mesurer les débits et volumes déversés ainsi que les concentrations et masses de polluants qui y sont transportés. Dans cette thèse, une relation permettant de mesurer le débit au passage du DSM-flux a été construite grâce à une étude expérimentale sur modèle physique réduit, puis validée pour plusieurs configurations d'écoulement à l'amont du dispositif. Quelles que soient les conditions hydrauliques en amont, les incertitudes relatives sont inférieures à 15% et 2% pour les débits et les volumes étudiés, respectivement, ce qui reste équivalent, voire mieux, par rapport aux incertitudes des méthodes actuelles les plus fiables. La méthode de mesure a été validée in situ sur un dispositif à grande échelle construit sur le terrain et fonctionnant en conditions réelles, ce qui montre la robustesse de la méthode. De plus, grâce à sa conception originale, le DSM-flux favorise l'interception d'une fraction des polluants particulaires. L’hydrodynamique de ce dispositif de mesure a été analysée ainsi que les conditions qui engendrent la décantation des polluants particulaires. En fonction des conditions d'écoulement, ce dispositif peut retenir 50% de la masse totale des matières solides fines en suspension transitant par le dispositif, mais pour des écoulements à débits élevés, cette efficacité est significativement réduite. Sa capacité de rétention a été aussi observée sur le terrain et une méthodologie a été élaborée pour quantifier son efficacité de rétention lors d'études futures. Mise à part sa performance hydraulique, du point de vue opérationnel, le dispositif présente d’autres avantages par rapport à d’autres dispositifs existants : (i) il est pré-étalonné et peut être installé à l’aval de déversoirs d’orage déjà existants, (ii) il peut s’insérer directement au sein du canal de décharge (installation d’un regard de visite équipé d’un DSM), (iii) sa performance hydraulique est indépendante des conditions de l’écoulement à l’amont et (iv) il s’agit d’un dispositif intégré de mesure de débits et de leur qualité simultanément, en plus d’intercepter une partie de polluants particulaires.

Over the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants.; Au cours des dix dernières années, les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne ont été encouragés à collecter des données sur le volume et la qualité de tous les effluents d'eaux urbaines ayant un impact environnemental significatif sur les milieux aquatiques récepteurs. Les méthodes de surveillance de ces flux nécessitent des améliorations, en particulier pour les déversoirs d’orage, structures complexes responsables en grande partie de la dégradation de la qualité des milieux récepteurs. Le DSM-flux (Dispositif pour la surveillance et maîtrise des flux d'eaux et polluants des réseaux d'eaux pluviales et unitaires) est un nouveau dispositif préfabriqué et pré-étalonné qui garantit les conditions hydrauliques appropriées permettant de mesurer les débits et volumes déversés ainsi que les concentrations et masses de polluants qui y sont transportés. Dans cette thèse, une relation permettant de mesurer le débit au passage du DSM-flux a été construite grâce à une étude expérimentale sur modèle physique réduit, puis validée pour plusieurs configurations d'écoulement à l'amont du dispositif. Quelles que soient les conditions hydrauliques en amont, les incertitudes relatives sont inférieures à 15% et 2% pour les débits et les volumes étudiés, respectivement, ce qui reste équivalent, voire mieux, par rapport aux incertitudes des méthodes actuelles les plus fiables. La méthode de mesure a été validée in situ sur un dispositif à grande échelle construit sur le terrain et fonctionnant en conditions réelles, ce qui montre la robustesse de la méthode. De plus, grâce à sa conception originale, le DSM-flux favorise l'interception d'une fraction des polluants particulaires. L’hydrodynamique de ce dispositif de mesure a été analysée ainsi que les conditions qui engendrent la décantation des polluants particulaires. En fonction des conditions d'écoulement, ce dispositif peut retenir 50% de la masse totale des matières solides fines en suspension transitant par le dispositif, mais pour des écoulements à débits élevés, cette efficacité est significativement réduite. Sa capacité de rétention a été aussi observée sur le terrain et une méthodologie a été élaborée pour quantifier son efficacité de rétention lors d'études futures. Mise à part sa performance hydraulique, du point de vue opérationnel, le dispositif présente d’autres avantages par rapport à d’autres dispositifs existants : (i) il est pré-étalonné et peut être installé à l’aval de déversoirs d’orage déjà existants, (ii) il peut s’insérer directement au sein du canal de décharge (installation d’un regard de visite équipé d’un DSM), (iii) sa performance hydraulique est indépendante des conditions de l’écoulement à l’amont et (iv) il s’agit d’un dispositif intégré de mesure de débits et de leur qualité simultanément, en plus d’intercepter une partie de polluants particulaires.

Real time control (RTC) is considered as a cost-efficient solution for combined sewer overflow (CSO) reduction as it optimises the available capacity of sewer networks. RTC helps to prevent the need for construction of additional retention volumes, increases the network adaptability to changes in water management policies, and above all alleviates the environmental impact of CSOs. Following increasing interest in water quality-based RTC (QBR), this thesis demonstrates a simple and nothing-to-lose QBR strategy to reduce the amount of CSO loads during storm events. The performance of the QBR strategy, based on Mass-Volume (MV) curves prediction, is evaluated by comparison to a typical hydraulics-based RTC (HBR) strategy. A proof-of-concept study is first performed on a small catchment of 205 ha to test the new QBR concept using 31 storm events during a two-year period. Compared to HBR, QBR delivers CSO load reduction for more than one third of the events, with reduction values from 3 to 43 %. The QBR strategy is then implemented on the Louis Fargue catchment (7700 ha) in Bordeaux, France and similarly compared with the HBR strategy. By implementing QBR on 19 storm events over 15 months, its performance is consistent, bringing valuable benefits over HBR, with 17 out of 19 events having load reduction varying between 6 and 28.8 %. The thesis further evaluates the impact of MV curve prediction uncertainty (due to model prediction uncertainty) on the performance of the QBR strategy, using a representative storm event. The resulting range of uncertainty is limited. Besides, results of the sensitivity study show that the choice of the QBR or HBR strategy should take into account the current tank volumes and their locations within the catchment., La gestion en temps réel (GTR) est considérée comme une solution économiquement efficace pour réduire les déversements par temps de pluie car elle optimise la capacité disponible des réseaux d'assainissement. La GTR permet d'éviter la construction de volumes de rétention supplémentaires, d'augmenter l'adaptabilité du réseau aux changements de politiques de gestion de l'eau et surtout d'atténuer l'impact environnemental des déversoirs d'orage. À la suite de l'intérêt croissant pour la GTR fondée sur la qualité de l'eau (QBR), cette thèse démontre une stratégie simple et efficace pour les charges polluantes déversées par temps de pluie. La performance de la stratégie QBR, basée sur la prédiction des courbes masse-volume (MV), est évaluée par comparaison avec une stratégie typique de GTR à base hydraulique (HBR). Une étude de validation de principe est d'abord réalisée sur un petit bassin versant de 205 ha pour tester le nouveau concept de QBR en utilisant 31 événements pluvieux sur une période de deux ans. Par rapport à HBR, QBR offre une réduction des charges déversées pour plus d'un tiers des événements, avec des réductions de 3 à 43 %. La stratégie QBR est ensuite mise en oeuvre sur le bassin versant de Louis Fargue (7700 ha) à Bordeaux, France et comparée à nouveau à la stratégie HBR. En implémentant QBR sur 19 événements pluvieux sur 15 mois, ses performances sont constantes et apportent des avantages précieux par rapport à HBR, 17 des 19 événements ayant une réduction de charge variant entre 6 et 28.8 %. La thèse évalue en outre l'impact de l'incertitude de prédiction de la courbe MV (due à l'incertitude de prédiction du modèle) sur la performance de la stratégie QBR, en utilisant un événement pluvieux représentatif. La marge d'incertitude qui en résulte est faible. En outre, l'étude de sensibilité montre que le choix de la stratégie QBR ou HBR doit tenir compte des dimensions réelles des bassins et de leur emplacement sur le bassin versant.

International audience; In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non‐petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.

International audience; Dairy systems are a source of pollutant emissions, such as greenhouse gases (GHG) and NH3 that are associated with impacts on the environment. Gas emissions in barns are related mainly to diet intake and chemical composition, N excretion and manure management. A reduction in dietary N is known to be an effective way to reduce N excretion and the resulting NH3 emissions. However, most studies consider manure in liquid form with frequent removal from the barn. In deep litter systems, several processes can occur during the accumulation of solid manure that result in variable gas emissions. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of the interaction between dietary CP (low or high) and manure management (liquid or solid) on gas emissions (NH3, N2O, CH4) at the barn level. Dietary treatments provided either low (LowN; 12% CP) or high (HighN; 18% CP) degradable protein to modify the amount of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excreted. The cows were housed for two 8-week periods in two mechanically ventilated rooms equipped to manage manure either in liquid (LM; slurry) or solid form (SM; deep litter). In the LM treatment, N balance was measured for 4 days. As expected, animals fed the LowN diet ingested 35% less N and excreted 65% less N in their urine, with no reduction in faecal N excretion and N secretion in milk. On the LowN diet, excretion of urea-N and NH3-N emissions were reduced regardless of the manure management. On the HighN diet, urinary urea-N excretion was three times as high, while NH3-N emissions were 3.0 and 4.5 times as high in LM and SM, respectively. Manure management strongly influenced CH4-C emissions, which were 30% higher in SM than in LM, due to the accumulation of litter. Moreover, gas emissions from solid manure increased over the accumulation period, except for NH3 on the LowN diet. Finally, our results suggest that methods used for national inventories would become more accurate by considering the variability in TAN excretion, which is the primary factor that influences NH3 emissions.

The objective was to evaluate the impact of producing piglets fed diets with different crude protein (CP) levels through life cycle assessment and experimental data. In Trial I (performance), 28 crossbred barrow piglets, with an initial average weight of 15.3 ± 1.15 kg were divided into a randomized block design with four treatments, seven replications and one animal per experimental unit. In Trial II (nitrogen and phosphorus balance), 20 crossbred barrow piglets with an average weight of 21.4 ± 1.62 kg were divided in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replications and one animal per experimental unit. Four experimental feeds were evaluated: HighCP, CP18, CP17 and LowCP, with 19, 18, 17 and 16 % of CP, meeting the requirements of digestible amino acids through industrial amino acid (IAA) addition. From Trial I and II data, the environmental impact was calculated for global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, cumulative energy demand, terrestrial ecotoxicity and land occupation (LO). Total nitrogen excretion decreased by 0.226 g d−1 for each 1 g of reduction on daily nitrogen intake. However, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) among experimental treatments for all impact categories. For LO, there was a reduction (p = 0.078) of impact with CP reduction, which was 8 % lower with the LowCP diet, in comparison with HighCP. Dietary CP reduction for piglets from 15 to 30 kg, through IAA supplementation, reduced the environmental impact under LO, considering soybean meal from southern Brazil and observed individual data of performance and excretion.

Environmental assessment of pig production systems using local breeds remains poorly documented in the literature. So far, studies did not account for specificities of outdoor rearing which is quite common in such systems. The present study aimed at evaluating the environmental impacts of pig production systems using local breeds in Europe, while accounting for emissions associated to consumption of grass and mitigation of impacts through soil-C sequestration. Environmental impacts were estimated for 48 farms using local pig breeds: 25 in France (Gascon breed), eight in Italy (Mora Romagnola breed) and 15 in Slovenia (Krskopolje breed). Assessment was performed with and without accounting for pasture-intake emissions and potential soil-C sequestration. The data were obtained from on-farm surveys. Systems with Gascon pigs had the lowest impacts per kg of live weight for global warming and cumulative energy demand, due to lower impacts of feeds. Acidification potential was higher for Krskopolje pigs due to high dietary crude protein content and high AP of feeds, while eutrophication potential was higher for Gascon pigs due to higher phosphorus content of feeds (28% higher than the mean of the other farms). When impacts were expressed per ha of land use, pig production in Gascon farms had the lowest impacts due to more available area per pig, except for eutrophication. Low contribution of soil-C sequestration to climate change mitigation was observed (4.7% on average). However, it may have a substantial contribution for the most extensive pig systems using large land surfaces. Emissions resulting from grazing had a rather low contribution to Global Warming Potential (4%) and Eutrophication (3%), but a substantial one to Acidification impact (9% on average). In the frame of our study, the contribution of emissions related to grazing is moderate because commercial feed supply for outdoor pigs was higher than in extensive systems studied in literature. This study highlighted that main hotspots include feed composition and supply and the origin of feed ingredients. It also suggests that future assessments of extensive pig systems relying on pig foraging on grasslands or rangelands should account for soil-C sequestration and emissions associated to grazing and foraging.

The dataset concerns the environmental impacts of water consumption and land use caused by 1 kg of food item supplied to two Mediterranean countries: France and Tunisia. The dataset takes into account the food items available in France and Tunisia (identified in two national dietary surveys) and their origin. Water consumption and land use surfaces were extracted from existing databases and from national data for animal feed description. Up-to-date available evaluation methods were used to assess the associated impacts. The origin of ingredients was considered to compute impacts on all countries of the world. These data were used in Perignon et al., 2019.[1][br/] [br/] [1] M. Perignon, C. Sinfort, J. El Ati, P. Traissac, S. Drogue, N. Darmon, M.-J. Amiot (2019), the Medina Study Group How to meet nutritional recommendations and reduce diet environmental impact in the Mediterranean region? An optimization study to identify more sustainable diets in Tunisia Global Food Security, 23, pp. 227-235, 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.07.006

International audience; Immunocastration, a technique to replace surgical castration of piglets, consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which transiently suppress testicular functions and avoid boar taint. It is a method to ensure both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively. While all aspects of sustainability have been studied separately, however, a contemporary global overview of different aspects is missing. In immunocastrates, performance results are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After second vaccination, immunocastrates switch from a boar- to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with environmental and economic benefits against increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both synergic and conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products.