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The influence of habitual physical activity (PA) on the circulating levels of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) remains unclear. The purpose of the current study was to clarify the effects of sedentary time, light-intensity PA (LPA), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on the serum SPARC in a general middle-aged population. The current study is a cross-sectional study of 4,000 men and 6,040 women (40–69 years). Sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA were objectively measured by an accelerometer. The serum SPARC concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using an isotemporal substitution model, cross-sectional associations of replacing sedentary time with either LPA or MVPA on serum SPARC levels were analysed according to sex. Interactions with subject characteristics, such as the body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption, were also examined. In men, replacing 60 min of sedentary time with 60 min of MVPA was significantly associated with 23 ng/mL lower serum SPARC levels (confidence interval: −43, −2) after adjusting for confounders, including the BMI (P = 0.028). A significant interaction between replacing sedentary behaviour with LPA and the BMI on SPARC was detected in women (P = 0.029), although the stratified associations for each BMI level (<25 or ≥25 kg/m2) did not reach significance. The current study suggests that replacing sedentary time with MVPA is associated with reduced serum SPARC levels in middle-aged men, but not in women. In addition, a potential interaction between LPA and the BMI on SPARC was also found in women. Highlights An isotemporal substitution analysis showed that replacing sedentary behaviour with moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) is associated with decreased serum SPARC levels in men. Such an inverse association between replacing sedentary behaviour with MVPA and the SPARC levels was not observed in women. A potential interaction between replacing sedentary behaviour with light-intensity PA and the body mass index on the serum SPARC levels was also found in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Nitric oxide is a key molecule not only in the cardiovascular system, but also in the metabolic-endocrine system. The purpose of this study was to examine possible associations of the NOS3 T-786C polymorphism (rs2070744) with serum lipid levels on the basis of lifestyle factors for tailoring prevention of dyslipidemia. Methods For this cross-sectional study, a total of 2226 subjects aged 35 to 69 years (1084 men and 1142 women) were selected from Japanese participants in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study. They were recruited in eight areas throughout Japan between February 2004 and November 2008. Results In a stratified analysis by leisure-time physical activity, the likelihood of hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglyceride levels ≥ 150 mg/dL) among subjects with the C allele was significantly lower than those without it in the active group (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.84 in the fasting group), but not in the sedentary group. A gene-environment interaction between the T-786C polymorphism and leisure-time physical activity for hypertriglyceridemia was significant (P = 0.007 in the fasting group). Additionally, serum triglyceride levels (mean ± SD) across leisure-time physical activity classes decreased significantly only in the TC + CC genotype group (111 ± 60 mg/dL for sedentary, 95 ± 48 mg/dL for moderately active, 88 ± 44 mg/dL for very active, P for trend = 0.008 in the fasting group), but not in the TT genotype group. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol levels had no significant association with the polymorphism. Conclusions This study suggests that the NOS3 T-786C polymorphism modifies the effect of leisure-time physical activity on serum triglyceride levels.

Context The effects of intensity-specific physical activity (PA) and its interaction with other lifestyle factors on serum adiponectin are currently unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of replacing sedentary time with either light-intensity PA (LPA) or moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and to examine interactions with smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, and menopausal status in a general population. Design/Setting Cross-sectional study of 4013 men and 6050 women (40 to 69 years of age). Main Outcome Measures The associations of replacing sedentary time with LPA or MVPA on total and HMW adiponectin were analyzed using an isotemporal substitution model. Results In men, reallocating 60 minutes of sedentary time to 60 minutes of LPA was associated with 9% and 13% higher total and HMW adiponectin levels even after adjusting for confounders, although such associations were not observed for MVPA. A similar pattern of results was also seen in women. The effect of replacing sedentary time with LPA on adiponectin was clearer in middle/high coffee consumers than in low coffee consumers among women. Although increasing the effect of replacing sedentary time with MVPA on adiponectin was clearer in former/current smokers than in never smokers among men, the replacement effect for MVPA on total adiponectin was clearer in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women. Conclusions Replacing sedentary time with LPA resulted in increased levels of total and HMW adiponectin. The replacement effects for LPA or MVPA were found to be multiply modified by smoking, coffee consumption, and menopausal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulated evidence suggests a weak positive relationship between psychosocial stress and body mass index (BMI), but little is known about stress coping strategies and BMI. Objective: We aimed to examine if perceived stress and coping strategies are related to BMI, with any of their mutual interactions on BMI. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,063 men and 6,982 women aged 40-69 years. A self-administered questionnaire ascertained perceived stress and 5 items of coping strategies (emotion expression, emotional support seeking, positive reappraisal, problem solving, and disengagement). Analyses were performed by gender with adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors. Results: No significant associations were detected between perceived stress and BMI in either men (Ptrend = 0.09) or women (Ptrend = 0.58). In men, however, ‘disengagement’ showed an inverse association with BMI (Ptrend < 0.001), and ‘positive reappraisal’ and ‘problem solving’ revealed a positive association with BMI (Ptrend = 0.04 and 0.007, respectively) even after controlling for perceived stress. A possible interaction between perceived stress and ‘disengagement’ on BMI was found in men (Pinteraction = 0.027); the inverse association between ‘disengagement’ and BMI was more evident in higher levels of stress (β = −0.13, Ptrend = 0.21 in low; β = −0.22, Ptrend = 0.01 in medium; and β = −0.24, Ptrend = 0.06 in high). In men, ‘disengagement’ was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidential interval 0.67-0.95), and “positive reappraisal” was positively associated with it (1.25, 1.02-1.54). Conclusions: Coping strategies may have an important role in developing overweight/obesity, particularly in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) may play a role in the prevention of colon cancer through exercise, while SPARC is considered as a promoter of insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of replacing sedentary time with either light-intensity PA (LPA) or moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on serum SPARC in a general population. Methods The study subjects were 4000 men and 6040 women (40 to 69 years) who participated in baseline surveys of a population-based cohort study. Sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA were objectively measured by an accelerometer. The serum SPARC concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using an isotemporal substitution model, cross-sectional associations of replacing sedentary time with either LPA or MVPA on serum SPARC levels were analyzed according to sex. Adjustment was made for potential confounding factors. Results In men, replacing 60 min of sedentary time with 60 min of MVPA was associated with 23 ng/mL (confidence interval -43, -2) lower serum SPARC levels even after adjusting for confounders, including the BMI (P = 0.028), while no such association was observed for LPA. Furthermore, no such significant replacement effects were observed in women. Conclusions The current study showed that replacing sedentary time with MVPA results in reduced serum SPARC concentrations in men. Key messages Effect of habitual PA to decrease circulating SPARC is PA intensity-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The effects of intensity-specific physical activity (PA) and its interaction with other lifestyle factors on serum adiponectin are currently unclear., Objective: To investigate the effects of replacing sedentary time with either light-intensity PA (LPA) or moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and to examine interactions with smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, and menopausal status in a general population., Design/setting: Cross-sectional study of 4013 men and 6050 women (40 to 69 years of age)., Main Outcome Measures: The associations of replacing sedentary time with LPA or MVPA on total and HMW adiponectin were analyzed using an isotemporal substitution model., Results: In men, reallocating 60 minutes of sedentary time to 60 minutes of LPA was associated with 9% and 13% higher total and HMW adiponectin levels even after adjusting for confounders, although such associations were not observed for MVPA. A similar pattern of results was also seen in women. The effect of replacing sedentary time with LPA on adiponectin was clearer in middle/high coffee consumers than in low coffee consumers among women. Although increasing the effect of replacing sedentary time with MVPA on adiponectin was clearer in former/current smokers than in never smokers among men, the replacement effect for MVPA on total adiponectin was clearer in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women., Conclusions: Replacing sedentary time with LPA resulted in increased levels of total and HMW adiponectin. The replacement effects for LPA or MVPA were found to be multiply modified by smoking, coffee consumption, and menopausal status.

Background: Although specific foods and nutrients have been examined as potential determinants of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations, the relationship between dietary patterns and GGT remains unknown. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine relationships between dietary patterns and GGT concentrations, and the effects of lifestyle factors on GGT., Methods: Relationships between dietary patterns and GGT were analyzed in 9803 Japanese individuals (3723 men and 6080 women age 40-69 years) without a history of liver diseases or elevated serum aminotransferase. We examined major dietary patterns by factor analysis of 46 items determined from a validated, short food frequency questionnaire., Results: We defined dietary patterns as healthy, Western, seafood, bread, and dessert. The healthy pattern was inversely related to GGT in men (odds ratio [OR] for highest vs lowest quartile, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.92; P < 0.01 for trend) and women (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-1.0; P = 0.05 for trend), whereas the seafood pattern was positively related to GGT in men (OR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.61; P = 0.03 for trend) and women (OR 1.21; 95% CI, 0.98-1.49; P = 0.05 for trend). Male-specific inverse associations with GGT were found for bread and dessert patterns (OR 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50-0.80 and OR 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.68, respectively; P < 0.01 for both trends). Seafood or bread patterns and alcohol consumption significantly interacted with GGT in men (P = 0.03 and <0.01 for interaction, respectively) and between the dessert pattern and body mass index or smoking habit in women (P = 0.03 and <0.01, respectively, for interaction)., Conclusions: Dietary patterns may be important determinants of GGT, and their possible clinical implications warrant further investigation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical significance of breast lesions initially detected at contrast-enhanced breast MRI and to consider how to manage those lesions in accordance with the imaging findings and the indication for MRI., Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 4260 consecutive breast MRI examinations was performed to identify MRI-detected enhancing lesions. In 4260 studies, 554 MRI-detected lesions were found in 417 patients, and 134 (24%) of the lesions were malignant. Pathologic confirmation was obtained for 319 (58%) lesions. Results of the subsequent imaging workup, biopsy, surgery, and imaging follow-up were reviewed., Results: The median size of the lesions was 89 mm (malignant, 15.45 mm; benign, 7.48 mm). Irregular shape, irregular or spiculated margins, and heterogeneous or rim enhancement were seen significantly more often in malignant mass lesions (p < 0.001). Malignant lesions were more likely to exhibit rapid enhancement (p < 0.001). Benign lesions were more likely to have persistent kinetics (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between malignant (58/87, 67%) and benign lesions (128/287, 45%) with respect to sonographic detection at second-look ultrasound examinations. Malignant lesions were most often detected in patients with metastatic axillary lymph nodes with an unknown primary tumor (8/8, 100%), followed by patients with positive or close margins in recent breast cancer surgery (45/76, 59%), and patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer (44/115, 38%)., Conclusion: Management of MRI-detected lesions should be based on both MRI findings and the patient's indication for MRI.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well known as a strong risk factor for both end stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. To clarify the association of polymorphisms in the PPAR genes (PPARD, PPARG, and PPARGC1A) with the risk of CKD in Japanese, we examined this association among the Japanese subjects using the cross-sectional data of J-MICC (Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort) Study. The subjects for this analysis were 3,285 men and women, aged 35-69 years, selected from J-MICC Study participants; genotyping was conducted by multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based Invader assay. The prevalence of CKD was determined for CKD stages 3-5 (defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). Participants with CKD accounted for 17.3% of the study population. When those with PPARD T-842C T/T were defined as reference, those with PPARD T-842C T/C and C/C demonstrated the OR for CKD of 1.26 (95%CI 1.04-1.53) and 1.31 (95%CI 0.83-2.06), respectively. There were no significant associations between the polymorphisms in other PPAR genes and the risk of CKD. The present study found a significantly increased risk of CKD in those with the C allele of PPARD T-842C, which may suggest the possibility of personalized risk estimation of this life-limiting disease in the near future.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate contrastenhanced computed tomography findings related to obstructive shock due to ascending aortic dissection (AAD)., Methods: The computed tomography findings in 9 AAD patients with shock, 11 AAD patients without shock, and 18 control subjects were evaluated for (1) pericardial effusion, (2) diameter of the inferior vena cava, (3) periportal hypodensity, (4) retrograde reflux of contrast material, (5) aortic and visceral enhancement, and (6) other factors (peripancreatic edema, bowel thickening/dilatation)., Results: Patients with shock showed the highest ratio of pericardial effusion, periportal hypodensity, and retrograde reflux of contrast material; largest inferior vena cava diameter; stronger aortic enhancement in both the arterial and portal phases; lowered splenic and pancreatic enhancement in the arterial phase; and stronger visceral (especially adrenal) enhancement, except for the renal medulla in the portal phase., Conclusions: Computed tomography findings related to obstructive shock due to AAD reflected impaired diastolic filling, decreased cardiac output, and flow redistribution in visceral organs.

Background: Dietary pattern may influence the risks of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome through its effects on inflammation. We evaluated the association between dietary pattern and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in a Japanese population., Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, we used baseline data from 3905 men and 5640 women (age 40-69 years) who participated in a population-based cohort study between November 2005 and December 2007. Participants with possible inflammation-related diseases, current analgesic use, high hs-CRP levels (≥3000 ng/mL) or extreme dietary energy intake were excluded. We used 46 items from a validated short food frequency questionnaire and examined major dietary patterns by factor analysis., Results: We identified 5 dietary patterns: healthy (high in vegetables and fruit), Western (high in meat and fried foods), seafood (high in shellfish, squid, fish, etc.), bread (high in bread and low in rice), and dessert (high in confections and fruit). After adjustment for age, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, and body mass index, hs-CRP levels in men were inversely associated with the healthy, bread, and dessert patterns (P-trend: 0.01, 0.06, and <0.01, respectively) and positively associated with the seafood pattern (P-trend = 0.02). In women, hs-CRP levels were inversely associated with the healthy pattern (P-trend = 0.06) and positively associated with the Western pattern (P-trend = 0.06)., Conclusions: The healthy dietary pattern may be associated with suppressed inflammation in Japanese men and women, independently of body mass index and other factors. The sex-specific associations of hs-CRP with other dietary patterns (eg, the seafood pattern) require further study.

Background: Most diseases are thought to arise from interactions between environmental factors and the host genotype. To detect gene-environment interactions in the development of lifestyle-related diseases, and especially cancer, the Japan Multi-institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study was launched in 2005., Methods: We initiated a cross-sectional study to examine associations of genotypes with lifestyle and clinical factors, as assessed by questionnaires and medical examinations. The 4519 subjects were selected from among participants in the J-MICC Study in 10 areas throughout Japan. In total, 108 polymorphisms were chosen and genotyped using the Invader assay., Results: The study group comprised 2124 men and 2395 women with a mean age of 55.8 ± 8.9 years (range, 35-69 years) at baseline. Among the 108 polymorphisms examined, 4 were not polymorphic in our study population. Among the remaining 104 polymorphisms, most variations were common (minor allele frequency ≥0.05 for 96 polymorphisms). The allele frequencies in this population were comparable with those in the HapMap-JPT data set for 45 Japanese from Tokyo. Only 5 of 88 polymorphisms showed allele-frequency differences greater than 0.1. Of the 108 polymorphisms, 32 showed a highly significant difference in minor allele frequency among the study areas (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: This comprehensive data collection on lifestyle and clinical factors will be useful for elucidating gene-environment interactions. In addition, it is likely to be an informative reference tool, as free access to genotype data for a large Japanese population is not readily available.