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The present study offers the taxonomy, karyomorphology, and pollen-pistil interactions in the bulbous species Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. of the family Amaryllidaceae. The genus Hymenocallis is closely allied to Pancratium, however, differs from the later by filament, number and shape of ovule, and seed characteristics. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of H. littoralis are provided, alongside information on its habitat, distribution, examined specimens, and economic significance. A new somatic chromosome number of 2n = 50 is reported for H. littoralis, and this count was not found to be consistent with any of the earlier reports, offering additional insights into its chromosomal characteristics. Furthermore, the study reveals a high pollen viability of 95% in H. littoralis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sign language is a complete language with its own grammatical rules, akin to any spoken language used worldwide. It comprises two main components: static words and ideograms. Ideograms involve hand movements and contact with various parts of the body to convey meaning. Variations in sign language are evident across different countries, necessitating comprehensive documentation of each country's sign language. In Mexico, there is a lack of formal datasets for Mexican Sign Language (MSL), to solve this issue we structure a dataset of 249 words of the MSL divided into 17 sub-sets, we use background and clothes of black color to enhance the areas of interest (hands and face), for each word we use an average of 11 individuals, from every video sequence we obtain an average of 15 frames from each individual, obtaining 31442 jpg images.

This study aimed to investigate the karyotypes of five Allium species, which belong to three sections of the subgenus Melanocrommyum. Bulbs from these species were collected from natural habitats in Iran, and their somatic chromosomes were analysed. The results revealed that all examined members of subg. Melanocrommyum had a basic chromosome number of x=8 and were diploid (2n=2x=16). Chromosomal data for A. saralicum and A. shatakiense are reported here for the first time. The karyotypes exhibited a variety of chromosome types and sizes, including variations observed among different accessions of the same species. In particular, A. saralicum showed satellite chromosomes ranging in size from 2.2 to 3.71 µm, located on the short arm. Seven accessions of A. saralicum, A. stipitatum, and A. haemanthoides demonstrated the presence of 1-3 B chromosomes with centromeres located in the median or subterminal position. Notably, the number of B chromosomes varied even among different accessions of the same species. Based on various indices, the karyotypes of the species were classified into symmetric and asymmetric groups. All karyotype asymmetry methods consistently identified A. stipitatum as the species with the most asymmetric chromosomes, while A. ubipetrense was recognized as the most symmetric species. This study contributes to the karyological knowledge of the genus Allium and provides valuable data for future taxonomic research. It emphasizes the significance of chromosomal characteristics in understanding plant evolution and species diversity within the Allium genus.

Ezra Pound was preoccupied with both time and space. But he developed a spatial poetics in order to transform experiences of time into intense moments of relationality and supra-historical awareness. His earlier discovery of a "method of Luminous Detail" was further confirmed by Ernest Fenollosa's theory of the ideogram. What interested Pound was the superposition of historical and cultural meanings in the present, or, more precisely, in the textual present of the Cantos. It is not that Pound wanted to suppress time; superposition is for him simply the mode of being in the present, which is compounded into the same process of transmission, mediation, translation, and rewriting. Pound's ideograms slow down the monolinear movement of narrative to allow more complex patterns of awareness and modes of interaction to emerge among the images, facts, and details of a given Cantos sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides karyomorphological details of male and female plants of Garcinia indica, a polygamodioecious tree endemic to western Ghats of India. Whereas, the female plants are valued in commercial cultivations, but there are no distinct morphological or vegetative traits that could differentiate such plants at an early juvenile stage among a mix of male, female and bisexual trees. Karyotype preparation was done from leaf tip by Giemsa staining. In female tree we found to have two karyotypes (karyotype I and karyotype II). A comparative study showed that the number of chromosomes in the male and female trees were the same (2n = 54), but that there were substantial differences in the shape of satellites, number of satellite chromosome pair and presence of one asymmetric chromosome pair in female's ideogram. In male the satellites were mushroom-shaped, while in female the satellites were knob-shaped. Male and female karyotype I ideograms showed four pairs of satellite chromosomes, whereas female karyotype II ideogram showed five satellite chromosome pairs. Female of karyotype II differed drastically when compared with karyotypes of male and female of karyotype I. Male (41.06 m) and Female karyotype I (41.95 m) values for genome total length were found to be reasonably similar, however Female karyotype II had a greater value for total genome length (51.20 m). This chromosomal size difference between female of karyotype II and male might be responsible for failure of sexual reproduction in Garcinia indica species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale reproduced a misconception of Chinese as a monosyllabic language without complex words. In this paper, we investigate the sources of this misconception in Western thought. We also show that the misconception about Chinese was already known to be inaccurate in Saussure's time, and that he had many missed opportunities to find out. While Saussure reproduced the empirical errors of Comparatists and Neogrammarians with respect to Chinese, he moved away from the cultural prejudices and attitudes that were behind their claims. This turn, we argue, illustrates an important aspect of the Saussurean scientific revolution, which was fuelled more by fundamental conceptual changes than by empirical discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands scatter as microclimates in mountain areas of Iran. In this investigation, the chromosome number of species and populations from Azerbaijan provinces were studied. After seed germination and root fixation, meristem cells were stained and photographs were taken for cells in the metaphase stage by light microscope. Data were analyzed by Micromeasure and excel softwares. As many as 28 populations of 24 species were studied. The chromosome numbers of two species (viz. Ranunculus kotschyi) were reported for the first time. 11 populations in 9 species were reported for the first time from Iranian populations (viz. Alisma plantago-aquatica, Prunella vulgaris, Scrophularia umbrosa). The range of haploid chromosome numbers is between n=6 and n=21. Ideograms were depicted for each species.

Semantic characters such as for ‘skiing’ represent meaning rather than sound. For centuries, great minds such as Descartes, Leibniz, Francis Lodowyck, and Rev. John Wilkins have called for the creation of a writing-system comprised completely of semantic characters. Such a writing-system must possess enough characters to represent the universe; But too many characters will pose a challenge for users to learn and remember. This article argues for principles limiting the number of basic, non-derived characters (“radicals”) while maximizing the expressive power coaxed from them. I advance three primary strategies here: First, use of the arrow or other selector to derive related meanings from one radical (e.g., for ‘skier’ as opposed to (no arrow) for ‘skiing’); Second, a series of “radical-disqualifiers” requiring most concepts or notions to be derived from one or more radicals, rather than being represented by one radical. Finally, constructing radicals from smaller elements whose meanings are consistent across them (e.g., if we designate the single-shafted arrow to mean ‘change’, then it should appear with that meaning in all radicals dealing with change.). Ample visual examples illustrating these points are given, applying these principles to Egyptian, Chinese, Mayan and some modern constructed systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the karyotype and somatic chromosome numbers of five species of Murdannia Royle (Commelinaceae). The karyotype details of the two species namely M. blumei and M. lanceolata endemic to India are reported for the first time. The karyotype formula of the examined species are: M. blumei - 2n (36) = 1M+12m+5sm; M. lanceolata - 2n (20) = 2m+8sm; M. crocea subsp. ochracea - 2n (36) =7m+8sm+3st; M. spirata - 2n (40) = 9m+8sm+3st and M. triquetra - 2n (40) = 16m+4sm. Further details on karyomorphology including estimates of asymmetry indices, total form percent, ratio of mean length of short arms to long arms, intrachromosomal / interchromosomal asymmetry indices, and centromeric indices are provided. The karyomorphological parameters thus analysed suggest that M. blumei and M. lanceolata fit into the 2A category while M. crocea subsp. ochracea, M. spirata and M. triquetra belonged to the 2B category of Stebbins' classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conception of the actor as a living being who keeps his body engaged in a fictional time to create a scenic truth, is related to the real, present and above all trained body. This body, generator of signals meant to be understood by the observer, involves an inner understanding of signs and images that originate beyond its boundaries. The objective of this reflexive article is to propose a “form”2 type of Tai Chi Chuan as a limited and instinctive process, using its ideographic imagery as a guide for the creation of a “movement score”3 , a resource for the actor to scrutinize the action that this imagery engenders and the relationship it establishes with his or her body language. The methodology is premised on an initial consideration that fans out into different possible analyses, until finally culminating in a “meta-reflection”4 , based on prior knowledge and experience in both theater and Tai Chi Chuan. The above includes theoretical and practical aspects that allow dealing with the analysis of Tai Chi Chuan ideograms as images for their representation, to create a movement score from them. The didactics discovers those elements which might potentially help capture Tai Chi Chuan through its calligraphy and vice versa, adapting and reinterpreting understood aspects to the actor’s physical training, which will be evaluated and implemented in the future in the stage environment.

Karyotype characters, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and haploid ideograms of six species of Plantago L. species. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers of these species were 2n = 8 for P. ovata, 2n = 10 for P. albicans, P. amplexicaulis, P. ciliata and P. psammophilia, and 2n = 12 for P. lanceolata. The karyotype formulae were nsm (+), nsm (–) and nm. According to TF% and Syi index, and according to A and A1, P. ciliata may be considered the most symmetrical and P. lanceolata may be had the most asymmetrical karyotype. There are 63 total bands and 11unique bands resulting from RAPD; 23 total bands and 3unique bands resulting from both ISSR and 23 total bands in addition to 2 unique bands generated from SCoT markers. Perceptual mapping (Bilpot) and cluster analysis based on cytological and molecular attributes gave the same results that distinguished the studied taxa into two main groups; P. ovata and the other taxa also classified into two subgroups.

Different methods of chromosome preparation for insect are now being used across the world. Well-spread chromosomes with explicit morphology, in addition to no cell wall debris are required for karyotype investigations. Cytogenetic knowledge in Trichogramma is extremely limited. In the article, chromosome characters, karyotype and monoploid ideogram of Trichogramma embryophagum Htg. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were evaluated using a new method. Also, karyotype symmetry/asymmetry of this species was calculated for the first time as one of the Trichogramma species. Our results showed that the diploid chromosome number of the wasp was 2n = 10. The karyotype formula was 6m + 4a. The symmetry/asymmetry index value was 1.8. The new method resulted in higher quality metaphase plates spread and provided an ideal karyomorphology for this parasitoid which has small chromosomes.

Karyotype properties of of six endemic Onobrychis taxa (O. beata, O. cilicica, O. fallax, O. podperae, O. sulphurea and O. lasistanica) naturally grown in Turkey were determined using squash preparation method and similarity of these endemics with cultivated taxon (O. viciifolia) were revealed. Ploidy levels of Onobrychis taxa were diploid (2n=14) except O. lasistanica and O. viciifolia (2n=28). Basic chromosome number is x=7 and chromosomes ranged from median to sub median with regard to centromere position. While the longest total chromosome length was measured in O. cilicica (28.21 µm), the shortest total chromosome length was in O. beata (21.47 µm). O. cilicica and O. sulphurea have satellite on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the relationships among the Onobrychis taxa and they were separated into three groups. O. fallax, and O. podperae were in the first group while O. sulphurea and O. cilicica were in the second group. O. beata, O. lasistanica, and O. viciifolia were assigned to the third group.

An extensive field survey was undertaken by a group of archaeologists and entomologists to discover arthropod-like petroglyphs in the center of Iran during 2017 to 2018. A remarkable motif approximately 13 × 5 cm in size was found in the Teymareh rock art site, located in Markazi province, which has yet to be reported. The single rock art distinctly represents a hexapod organism with small antenna, a streaked narrow body and a tapering abdomen. Based on distinguishing aspects of the inspected motif and morphological information of species within the class Insecta, we identified it as a jewel beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). We propose that the buprestid drawing was derived from a historic artist who admired the aesthetic value of the jewel beetle. The jewel beetle's characters within Persian Plateau folklore are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karyotype characters, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and haploid ideograms of six species of Plantago L. species. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers of these species were 2n = 8 for P. ovata, 2n = 10 for P. albicans, P. amplexicaulis, P. ciliata and P. psammophilia, and 2n = 12 for P. lanceolata. The karyotype formulae were nsm (+), nsm (–) and nm. According to TF% and Syi index, and according to A and A1, P. ciliata may be considered the most symmetrical and P. lanceolata may be had the most asymmetrical karyotype. There are 63 total bands and 11unique bands resulting from RAPD; 23 total bands and 3unique bands resulting from both ISSR and 23 total bands in addition to 2 unique bands generated from SCoT markers. Perceptual mapping (Bilpot) and cluster analysis based on cytological and molecular attributes gave the same results that distinguished the studied taxa into two main groups; P. ovata and the other taxa also classified into two subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • 1A symmetric karyotype of P. psyllium (2n = 12) demonstrates it as a primitive species. • P. ovata belongs to 2A karyotype classification and it prone to genetic diversity. • P. ovata accumulates higher seed mass and mucilage as compared with P. psyllium. • Early maturity of P. ovata helps it to escape summer drought in dry land areas. • Mucilage content was higher in natural habitats than in experimental field trials. Abstract Plantago ovata and P. psyllium are of the most abundant and widely distributed Plantago species in the world. World-wide, it is an important and growing industrial and medicinal crop for dry land agriculture. In spite of this, basic characterization for economically important traits of these species is lacking for many accessions. In particular, there are gaps in our knowledge about accession identity and ploidy levels and the effects of agronomic practices of yield. This study is aimed at determining mitotic chromosome number, karyotype characteristics, morphological and mucilage character variation of wild accessions of Plantago species collected from a wide geographic range in Iran. Chromosome numbers were determined by a modification of conventional root tip squash method and karyotypes were digitally analysed. Morphological characters were evaluated under experimental field condition. Three replications of morphological and mucilage characters were also measured in the wild in situ natural habitats. The analysis of the karyotype indices showed that all P. ovata accessions were diploid (2n = 8) with small, homogeneous chromosomes. Likewise, P. psyllium accessions were diploid (2n = 12) and had symmetrical karyotype demonstrating P. psyllium as a primitive species. Results showed significant differences in accessions and environments with respect to seed yield, thousand grain weight, mucilage yield, mucilage content, days to flowering and plant height. P. ovata accumulated higher mucilage than P. psyllium. Mucilage content was higher in samples collected from natural habitats compared with those grown under experimental field conditions whereas mucilage yield was lower under field evaluation in natural habitats. Genotype by environment analysis revealed that the most stable accessions were G2 (P. ovata) and G6, G7 and G8 (P. psyllium) for seed yield, and G2 and G4 (P. ovata) and G8 (P. psyllium) for mucilage content, G4 (P. ovata) and all P. psyllium for grain weight. All accessions tested showed stability for mucilage yield, flowering stalk height and days to flowering. The outcome of karyotype analysis and field evaluations in this study provides information important to Plantago breeders focused on crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a semiotic analysis of visual elements characteristic for the medium of comic books applied to the first seventy-five issues of the Croatian edition of Alan Ford. After a description of the cultural and historical framework, it analyzes individual signs in comics and different elements specific for expression in comic books in Western culture with the aim of exploring which of these signs are present in Alan Ford, and to what extent. The results show that the analyzed comic book is deeply rooted in the visual and literary Western tradition, and that it contains virtually all the characteristic elements of representation in comic books. However, the paper also concludes that certain iconic elements of the vocabulary of comics – i.e. onomatopoeic neologisms – are to a certain extent specific and typical only for Alan Ford.

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyotypic characters, monoploid karyograms and ideograms of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia were investigated. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers and the karyotype formula of these taxa were 2n = 2x = 24 = 8m + 8sm + 8st for Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and 2n = 2x = 32 = 12m + 16sm + 4st for Minuartia elmalia. No satellites were observed in the karyotypes of the taxa. The intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with Mean Centromeric Asymmetry (MCA) and Coefficient of Variation of Chromosome Length (CVCL).

Ezra pound is among the most important poets of world literature in the twentieth century. His influence on English poetry, especially on T. S. Eliot was very great. His name is associated with the school of poetry called Imagism. Cathay is a volume of his translations from the Chinese which reveals the Chinese poetry. Chinese verse lends itself especially to the imagist treatment because of the visual nature of the Chinese ideogram. Ezra Pound was successful in translating the Chinese image in Cathay.

After the publication of our article, we noted one error on the figure 3. In the ideogram (figure 3) the signal of 5S rDNA loci illustrated with a striped signal over the long arm of chromosome 2 in proximal/interstitial position is not observed, probably for incompatibility with the format type of publication. Correct figure is as follows:

Charles Olson’s hugely influential essay-manifesto ‘Projective Verse’ is usually understood as proposing a close - and a necessary—link between poetry and body. Some account of Olson’s as a ‘poetics of embodiment’ or a ‘breath-poetics’ is almost ubiquitous in the extant criticism, yet what this might actually mean or imply for poetry and poetry-reading remains unclear. ‘Projective Verse’ is deeply ambivalent about print, seeing in it the ‘closed verse’ Olson looked to replace, while simultaneously idealising the typed-and-printed page as the only medium for the supposed immediacy of the poet’s breath. This essay contends that Olson’s lionisation of the typewriter is accompanied by a suppressed inscriptional register—a concern with carving and engraving—and asks what the substrate hosting this inscription might be. The aims of the piece are twofold: to demonstrate that ‘Projective Verse’ contains a logic of inscription which has gone severely underappreciated; and to argue that this logic runs up against the much better-documented logic of poetic embodiment via the breath in such a way as to deeply trouble criticism’s rather murky understanding of what that latter logic implies, both in Olson’s specific case and for poetry more generally.

La Dinomys branickii llamada guagua de cola ó “Pacarana”, es el segundo roedor más grande del mundo. Debido a factores antrópicos este roedor se encuentra en peligro de extinción. De acuerdo a su pelaje y tamaño se ha propuesto la existencia de tres subespecies: D. pacarana en Brasil, D. gigas en Colombia y D. branickii occidentalis en Ecuador y Colombia. A pesar de que se han hecho valoraciones morfológicas no existen estudios citogenéticos detallados que permitan determinar si las tres subespecies tienen el mismo cariotipo. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el cariotipo de la especie Dynomis branickii usando bandeo cromosómico R-replicativo mediante la incorporación de 5-Bromo 2´deoxi-Uridina (BrdU). Los resultados citogenéticos mostraron un número cromosómico 2n=64 y un número fundamental NF=98. El hallazgo del cariotipo se presentó en tres grupos: el A con 1 par metacéntrico y 11 pares de cromosomas submetacéntricos, el B con 5 pares metacéntricos, el C con 14 pares subtelocéntricos y el par sexual XY, donde el X es submetacéntrico y el Y subtelocéntrico. El idiograma se construyó tomando metafases localizadas en estadio III de replicación. El bandeo R-replicativo reveló el carácter inactivo del cromosoma X suplementario como se observa en otras hembras de mamíferos; de otra parte, el cromosoma Y resultó ser el más pequeño del genoma y de replicación tardía. Con este resultado se estudia por primera vez el cariotipo y el idiograma de esta especie y servirá de base para compararlo con futuros estudios de las otras subespecies estudiadas.Dinomys branickii is also called tail guagua or “Pacarana”, is the second biggest living rodent of the world. Due to man factors this rodent is actually endangered. According to hair colour and height have been proposed the existence of three subspecies: Dinomys pacarana in Brasil, Dinomys gigas in Colombia and Dinomys branickii occidentalis in Ecuador and Colombia. Eventhough morphological rating there have been made, no other cytogenetic reports exist to let know whether the three subspecies have same karyotype. The goal of this work was to make the karyotype of Dynomis branickii using R-replicative bands through the incorporation of 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The cytogenetic study showed a chromosome number 2n=64 and a fundamental number FN=98. The result of the karyotype was organized in three groups as: A group with 1 chromosome metacentric pair and 11 chromosome submetacentric pairs, B group with 5 metacentric pairs, C group with 14 chromosome subtelocentric pairs, and sexual chromosome pair XY, where X chromosome is submetacentric and Y subtelocentric. The ideogram was made with metaphase chromosomes on third stage of replication. The R-replicative banding revealed: the inactive behavior of the X chromosome like other mammalian females, and the smallest size in whole genome and late replication of the Y chromosome. This cytogenetic evidence showed the karyotype and ideogram of this specie for first time, which supports future cytogenetic knowledge of other subespecies related.

En los últimos años se ha registrado una disminución importante en el número de individuos de la tortuga marina Caretta caretta anidantes en el Caribe colombiano, situación que pone en evidencia la posibilidad de su extinción a mediano plazo. Por esto, es necesario implementar planes para su manejo y conservación. En este estudio se determinaron los requerimientos del cultivo de linfocitos de Caretta caretta para la obtención de cariotipos que permitan la identificación citogenética, el estudio inmunológico y toxicológico de individuos sin necesidad de sacrificarlos. Se muestrearon 47 individuos de C. caretta de Santa Marta, Colombia obteniendo sangre periférica con la que se realizaron ensayos de las diferentes variables hasta obtener las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo convencional de linfocitos. El cariotipo obtenido presentó 56 cromosomas: 32 macrocromosomas y 24 microcromosomas. El ideograma mostró que C. caretta tiene cuatro grupos de cromosomas: el grupo A compuesto por doce (12) pares de cromosomas de mayor tamaño. El Grupo B compuesto por cuatro (4) pares de cromosomas medianos y pequeños y el Grupo C conformado por 12 pares de microcromosomas. No se observaron cromosomas sexuales. Estos resultados están en desacuerdo con el cariotipo descrito por Kamesaki (1989), debido posiblemente a que las muestras analizadas en ese estudio fueron colectadas en el Océano Pacifico (Japón). El presente estudio es el primero realizado con tortugas del Océano Atlántico que cuenta con la descripción completa de la morfología cromosómica. Es posible, que una de las estrategias adaptativas de esta especie sea el intercambio genético con otras especies de la familia, que produce individuos híbridos viables. En este aspecto se ha descrito la hibridación de tortugas Caretta caretta con Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys kempii, esto sugiere la posibilidad que los individuos caracterizados en este estudio sean híbridos viables de C. caretta, por lo tanto, se hace necesario realizar estudios a nivel molecular.Lymphocyte culture and partial karyotype of the marine turtle Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Over the past few years an important reduction in the number of nesting marine turtle Caretta caretta individuals has been registered in the Colombian Caribbean, raising the question of a possible extinction in the medium term. A conservation plan is needed. We studied the culture requirements for C. caretta lymphocytes and preliminary karyotype analysis for cytogenetic identification, immunological study and toxicology without the need to kill individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 47 individuals in Santa Marta, Colombia and tests were made until optimal conditions were established for lymphocyte culture. The karyotype had 56 chromosomes, 32 macrochromosomes and 24 micro-chromosomes. An ideogram showed that C. caretta has four groups of chromosomes. Sexual chromosomes were not observed. These results do not coincide with the karyotype described from the Pacific (Japan). The present study is the first to include a complete description of the chromosome morphology of turtles from the Atlantic Ocean. it is possible that one of the adaptive strategies of this species is genetic interchange with other species of the family, producing viable hybrids. individuals in this study might be viable hybrids of C. caretta and further molecular studies are needed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1459-1469. Epub 2008 September 30.

The goal of this paper is to compare various designations that have been offered for the Sumerian and Akkadian elements that occur in Hittite written texts but were presumably absent from the spoken Hittite language. We suggest that the most appropriate cover term in this case is heterogram, which represents the established designation for Aramaeograms in Middle Iranian texts, whereas the other terms offered thus far are either descriptively inadequate or evoke false associations. With regard to the function of heterograms in Hittite texts, it is concluded that they were not systematically used as markers of the elevated style but sometimes could serve for the expression of semantic distinctions that had no counterpart in colloquial Hittite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic oligonucleotide probes Oligo-pTa535 and Oligo-pAs1 were previously developed by other authors based on the repetitive sequences of clones pTa535 and pAs1 available in GenBank, and have been used as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments allowing the identification of wheat and rye chromosomes. Their suitability as nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) probes turned the hybridization procedure less time consuming, easier and more affordable. Contrastingly to conventional FISH, ND-FISH does not require DNA denaturing, preserving the chromosomal morphology and being adequate for successive hybridizations on the same chromosome spread. In this study, we hybridized, for the first time, the Oligo-pTa535 and Oligo-pAs1 probes on mitotic chromosomes of hexaploid tritordeum using ND-FISH. Tritordeum (HHAABB) is the synthetic amphiploid resultant from crosses between wild barley (HH) and cultivated durum wheat (AABB). Both Oligo-pTa535 and Oligo-pAs1 hybridized on all H. chilense-origin chromosomes of tritordeum, allowing their identification and the construction of an ideogram based on their hybridization patterns and on the physical location of the 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci detected by pTa71. We are confident that this ideogram will be further useful for the identification of H. chilense-origin chromosomes in other tritordeum lines or allopolyploids involving the H-genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Botanica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two unusual characters appear in the closing lines of Ezra Pound's Canto CXII (from his 'Drafts and Fragments'), characters that may offer up the most complete example of Pound's much-discussed 'ideogrammic method'. The characters discussed in this paper belong to the Naxi dongba script, the logographic writing system of a tribe in China's south-western province of Yunnan. Pound's sources are analysed and a new theory of the origin of the two characters-from Joseph Rock's translation of a Naxi ritual text-is put forward. The two Naxi dongba characters in Canto CXII unlock the meaning of the canto within which they appear, and echo themes that run through the Cantos when taken as a whole. But we can also see Pound using both pictorial and phonetic elements of the script to create a 'cumulative ideogram', and through this comparative Poundian lens we can update our historically limited understanding of the Naxi writing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afrikaans poetry for viewers The purpose of this article is to create an awareness of the visual or socalled physiognomic aspects of poetry in Afrikaans. Several examples of Afrikaans poems with a visual presence are given. Visuality in poetry is not a new phenomenon. It is of course linked to the emergence of concrete poetry which was formally named thus by Eugen Gomringer and Decio Pignatari in 1955. A fully-fledged and complete volume of concrete or visual poetry in Afrikaans was created by Willem Boshoff during the seventies and published in 1980. The physiognomically striking Afrikaans poems can be classified and studied according to the physical size of the visual element responsible for the overall impact of the poem. Several forms of these elements and their impact on the relevant poems are discussed in this article, which is based on an exploration of more than 500 volumes of poetry, in order to get an overview on visuality in Afrikaans poetry from the beginning of this century until 1989.

This paper aims at comparing Freud's and Bion's conceptual models on dreams and dreaming. Beyond both authors' shared disposition vis-à-vis problems posed by knowledge, a critical gap opens regarding their differing clinical practices. It is hypothesized that their ideas do not belong to irreconcilable paradigms, but that there are continuities besides discontinuities more frequently highlighted between Freudian statements on psychic functioning - described in his theory on dreams - and Bion's findings in his development of both the original theory and the connections between dreaming and thinking. Firstly, Freud's and Bion's epistemological sources are examined as well as their creative use and historical environment. Then certain general theoretical and clinical issues are considered concerning their theories on dreams, the evolution of their ideas and corresponding clinical contexts. In a third section, their confluences and dissimilarities are dealt with, including clinical vignettes belonging to the authors to illustrate their interpretative modes of working. This is meant to show both an implicit theoretical-clinical complementarity and the fact that, though their routes bifurcate about the function of dreams, there remain connecting paths. Lastly, the final remarks review certain issues that have frequently been controversial between these lines of thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals about geometric drawing that,integrated by broken lines makes a succession of rigth angles that repeat themselves periodically,its origin and so on

There is as yet no framework for understanding the Syrian Crisis (herein referred to as ‘the Syrian Crisis’; the Syrian Crisis or simply ‘the Crisis’) or more generally the Arab Spring. There are many arguments that are often inconsistent. A framework can help further socio-political and economic analysis and synthesis and will facilitate the convergence of conflicting views on a solution. This article is intended to provide a systemic framework for the Syrian Crisis that can be extended to other Arab experiences. Syrians have split into three main categories vis-à-vis the Crisis: pro-government, pro-revolt and a silent middle. The contention here that, regardless of classification or intentions, events on the ground and the accompanying political manoeuvres point collectively to the conclusion that the revolt became a tool in the toolbox for Syrian realignment ideologically and geopolitically under the pretence of a just revolt. The argument advanced is that there is a plan for the realignment of Syria that uses the revolt as an entrance point and a tool in this strategy – whether the Syrians engaged in revolt know it or not. The Syrian people, the Syrian government and the rebels have borne the entire risk throughout the induced Crisis with no control over aspects of its trajectory. The complexity of the Syrian Crisis comes from two simultaneous confluences: an ideological confluence and geopolitical confluence. In his exposition of this strategy the author posits that, for the plan to succeed, it may be necessary to destroy the fabric of Syrian society by discrediting Syrian nationalism, Arab nationalism and moderate Islamism through supporting sectarianism, subnationalism, regionalism and Islamic fundamentalism to achieve the desired realignment under the banner of humanitarian intervention. The course of action adopted by the external opposition does not align with a revolution for the people of Syria. The sponsors of the plan discerned here deployed Islamist Jihadism as a universal catalytic enabler of Syria's destruction without appearing to be supporting terrorism for regime change in Syria. The losers are the Syrian people, their infrastructure, their unity and possibly their statehood, and many innocent lives. The author introduces two new analytic tools to facilitate the discussion: the ‘ideogram’ and the ‘geogram’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background With the abundance of information and analysis results being collected for genetic loci, userfriendly and flexible data visualization approaches can inform and improve the analysis and dissemination of these data. A chromosomal ideogram is an idealized graphic representation of chromosomes. Ideograms can be combined with overlaid points, lines, and/or shapes, to provide summary information from studies of various kinds, such as genome-wide association studies or phenome-wide association studies, coupled with genomic location information. To facilitate visualizing varied data in multiple ways using ideograms, we have developed a flexible software tool called PhenoGram which exists as a web-based tool and also a command-line program. Results With PhenoGram researchers can create chomosomal ideograms annotated with lines in color at specific base-pair locations, or colored base-pair to base-pair regions, with or without other annotation. PhenoGram allows for annotation of chromosomal locations and/or regions with shapes in different colors, gene identifiers, or other text. PhenoGram also allows for creation of plots showing expanded chromosomal locations, providing a way to show results for specific chromosomal regions in greater detail. We have now used PhenoGram to produce a variety of different plots, and provide these as examples herein. These plots include visualization of the genomic coverage of SNPs from a genotyping array, highlighting the chromosomal coverage of imputed SNPs, copy-number variation region coverage, as well as plots similar to the NHGRI GWA Catalog of genome-wide association results. Conclusions PhenoGram is a versatile, user-friendly software tool fostering the exploration and sharing of genomic information. Through visualization of data, researchers can both explore and share complex results, facilitating a greater understanding of these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the author attempts to widen our understanding of language and thought construction by using Chinese ideograms as a model. This allows us to understand how concrete internal objects can coalesce to form abstract internal objects, e.g. concepts, ideas, symbols, and metaphors. One can establish a pictorial language that antedates verbal language. This is the case in the dream work that we routinely study. Thus, this study delves into the physiology of the alpha function. To this end the author not only relies on psychoanalytic concepts but also on concepts from philosophy and from language itself. The author presents the ideograms not only for discussion but also for their visual impact. If we really want to understand pictorial images, they must be seen and not just discussed from a theoretical point of view. Based on this understanding the author advances a proposal for the technique used in treating patients who cannot establish mental representations for their affect. And the technical proposal is illustrated in two clinical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miłosz was an avant-garde poet who systematically realized his program of rejuvenating mid-twentieth-century Polish poetry: he chose the most appropriate methods and strategies to cure the maladies of Romantic and nationalistic discourses,whose extension seemed urgent in the post-war reality. Although finally he became very critical of avant-garde poetics, such as Ezra Pound’s, his initial, restoring impulse came from the Poundian source: the need to “make it new.” Miłosz’s poetry of the1970s developed Pound’s formal inventions, particularly the “ideogrammatic method,”generating meanings by contrasting the poem’s fragments. Although the Polish poet often commented critically on the achievements of the American avant-garde of the mid-twentieth century, in fact he admired their artistic freedom. However, he realized that he himself could not contradict the “poetics of salvation” he had been following for years. The world presented in Miłosz’s late poems is not obvious. Its most astonishing feature is the perspective from which the narrator addresses the reader: the almost mystical space, timeless and unspeakable, where the dead meet the living, has nothing to do with a picture of the world based on mimesis. Miłosz’s “second space” has a lot in common with the “real reality” designed by the surrealists, which John Ashbery evokes in his recent poems. Both poets reach a similar mystical point, where the word touches on the mystery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic cytogenetic data, such as diploid number and general chromosome morphology, are available for many reptilian species. Here we present a detailed cytogenetic examination of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) karyotype, including the creation of the first fully annotated G-band standard ideogram for any crocodilian species. The C. porosus karyotype contains macrochromosomes and has a diploid number of 34. This study presents a detailed description of each chromosome, permitting unambiguous chromosome identification. The fully annotated standardized C. porosus ideogram provides the backbone to a standard nomenclature system which can be used to accurately identify specific band locations. Seven microsatellite containing fosmid clones were fluorescently labeled and used as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes for physical localization. Chromosome locations for each of these FISH probes were successfully assigned, demonstrating the utility of the fully annotated ideogram for genome mapping. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior fusiform gyrus (BA 37) is responsible for Hanja (ideogram) alexia in stroke patients. Patients with semantic dementia (SD) have lesions in the basal temporal area. The close proximity in these two lesions and the fact that reading ideograms requires holistic processing as is necessary in recognition of objects, suggests a possibility that ideogram alexia/agraphia may occur in patients with SD. We established and carried out Hanja and Hangul (phonogram) reading/writing tasks on six SD patients and nine Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as control to see if these two patient groups show dissociation in the two sets of tests. SPM analysis was performed on the SD patients' PET images to look for any dysfunctions in the posterior fusiform gyrus. The SD patients manifested Hanja alexia/agraphia whereas Hangul reading/writing ability was relatively preserved. There were group differences between SD and AD in the Hanja tasks but not in the Hangul tasks. The SPM analysis revealed no hypometabolism in the posterior fusiform gyrus, but only in the middle and the anterior part of the temporal gyrus. Dysfunction in the middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) may have disrupted the temporal lobe connections preventing the function of the posterior fusiform gyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurelia aurita is a cosmopolitan species that is common along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. It enters lagoon-estuarine systems where it is present in high densities. The karyotype of organisms from Estero Tenechaco, Tuxpan, Veracruz is described. Specimens were collected with a spoon landing net in March 2003. Marginal tentacle tissue was subjected to cytogenetic processing, including a mitostatic treatment previous to hypotonic shock. The chromosome numbers obtained were 2n=44 and n=22, and the fundamental number was NF:88. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Validation of Ideomechanics (IDM) is manifested by removing the inconsistency of applying open system test data to closed system theories. Instead, the available open system test data can be used rightly to determine the physical parameters of the transitional functions defined by the mean values of length (free path), velocity, mass and energy. Multiscaling and size/time effects are considered. Ambiguities are mitigated when energy takes precedent in lieu of the concept of force. Determined directly from IDM is the energy density function from the velocity that can represent the magnitude of the energy sink and source. The formulation involves grouping pairs of variables of opposing poles that can be constructed as ideograms, much like yin-yang of I-Chin. The flow of Chi implicates the arrow of time and irreversibility. Mass activation/inactivation (AIA) is assumed to be related to the expansion/contraction (EXCO) of matter. Inadvertently, physical systems are identified with inhaling and exhaling of energy corresponding, respectively, to direct-absorption and self-dissipation (DASD). They are postulated to be the basic process for determining the integrity of the system. In contrast to Newtonian/Einsteinian mechanics (NEM) that uses field equations for determining the behavior of the whole everywhere for all time, IDM considers the mean behavior at any given size/time scale, however, large and small. Uncertainties are addressed by the scale transitional functions. The new paradigm can be applied to scaling shifting and to construct equivalence relations for open systems and to the use of existing test data free of ambiguities. Classical conservation laws for closed systems are reducible from the equivalence principles of open systems. The same holds for the classical kinetic molecular theory of matter that can be modified to include dissipation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of perennial wheat cultivars in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the U.S. addresses the need for alternative cropping systems that reduce soil erosion and degradation from mechanical tillage. Selection of parental lines will be especially important for breeding perennial wheat. Here we describe the karyotypes of three cultivars of bluebunch wheatgrass, Pseudoroegnaria spicata [Pursh] A. Love, and one cultivar of Snake River wheatgrass, Elymus wawawaiensis. These four cultivars are wild relatives of wheat that are adapted to the low rainfall regions of the PNW and can be crossed with bread wheat (Triticum aestivuin L.) using traditional breeding methods. Chromosome number, arm ratio, relative length and centromere index are given for Ps. spicata cultivars 'Whitmar' (ssp. inermis), 'Goldar' (ssp. spicata), and 'Anatone' (ssp. spicata), and the E. wawawaiensis cultivar 'Secar'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orthographic system of the Korean language consists of both phonogram (Hangul) and ideogram (Hanja). We report 2 patients who revealed selective impairment in reading either of orthographies after the brain damages. YJ, a 67-year-old man, showed Broca’s aphasia and severe apraxia of speech after a stroke in the left inferior parietal lobe. He demonstrated predominant difficulties in reading phonogram. KS, a 51-year-old woman, had an intracerebral hemorrhage in the left parietal lobe. She showed anomic aphasia and a selective impairment on reading ideogram. These findings support the notion that recognition of visual words is processed in different ways depending on the characteristics of orthographic systems. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency distribution of word usage in a word sequence generated by capping is estimated in terms of the number of “hits” in retrieval of web-pages, to evaluate structure of semantics proper not to a particular text but to a language. Especially we compare distribution of English sequences with Japanese ones and obtain that, for English and Japanese phonogram, frequency of word usage against rank follows power-law function with exponent 1 and, for Japanese ideogram, it follows stretched exponential (Weibull distribution) function. We also discuss that such a difference can result from difference of phonogram based- (English) and ideogram-based language (Japanese). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]