Search

A synthetic strategy was developed to perform synthesis of porphyrins containing between one and four stereogenic centers, such that their molecular weights vary only as a result of methyl groups which give the chiral forms. The self-assembly and chiral structure of the aggregates of porphyrin molecules are observed to be significantly influenced by the number of stereogenic centers.

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a powerful tool for the study of particle size distributions and interactions with high accuracy and resolution. In this work, we show how the analysis of sedimentation velocity data from the AUC can be used to characterize nanocarrier drug delivery systems used in nanomedicine. Nanocarrier size distribution and the ratio of free versus nanoparticle-encapsulated drug in a commercially available liposomal doxorubicin formulation are determined using interference and absorbance based AUC measurements and compared with results generated with conventional techniques. Additionally, the potential of AUC in measuring particle density and the detection of nanocarrier sub-populations is discussed as well. The unique capability of AUC in providing reliable data for size and composition in a single measurement and without complex sample preparation makes this characterization technique a promising tool both in nanomedicine product development and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese porphyrins have been extensively investigated as model systems for the natural enzyme cytochrome P450 and as synthetic oxidation catalysts. Here, we report single-molecule studies of the multistep reaction of manganese porphyrins with molecular oxygen at a solid/liquid interface, using a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) under environmental control. The high lateral resolution of the STM, in combination with its sensitivity to subtle differences in the electronic properties of molecules, allowed the detection of at least four distinct reaction species. Real-space and real-time imaging of reaction dynamics enabled the observation of active sites, immobile on the experimental timescale. Conversions between the different species could be tuned by the composition of the atmosphere (argon, air or oxygen) and the surface bias voltage. By means of extensive comparison of the results to those obtained by analogous solution-based chemistry, we assigned the observed species to the starting compound, reaction intermediates and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve our understanding of the interaction between olfactory receptors and odorants to develop highly selective biosensing devices. Natural nanovesicles (NVs) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ~100 nm in diameter, carrying either the human OR17-40 or the chimpanzee OR7D4 olfactory receptor (OR) tagged with the c-myc epitope at their N-terminus, are presented as model systems to quantify the interaction between odorant and olfactory receptors. The level of expression of olfactory receptors was determined at individual NVs using a novel competitive ELISA immunoassay comparing the values obtained against those from techniques involving the solubilization of cell membrane proteins and the identification of c-myc-carrying receptors. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) measurements on L1 Biacore chips indicate that cognate odorants bind to their Ors, thereby quantifying the approximate number of odorants that interact with a given olfactory receptor. The selectivity of OR17-40-carrying NVs towards helional and OR7D4-carrying NVs towards androstenone has been proven in cross-check experiments with non-specific odorant molecules (heptanal and pentadecalactone, respectively) and in control receptors.

The chiral organization of an enantiopure functional molecule on an achiral surface has been studied with the aim of understanding the influence of stereogenic centers on the self-assembly in two dimensions. A chiral tetra meso-amidophenyl-substituted porphyrin containing long hydrophobic tails at the periphery of the conjugated pi-electron system was prepared for this purpose. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the compound at the graphite-heptanol interface reveal a chiral arrangement of the molecules, with the porphyrin rows tilted by 13 degrees with respect to the normal to the graphite axes. In terms of molecular modeling, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations on systems constrained by periodic boundary conditions and on unconstrained large molecular aggregates has been applied to reach a quantitative interpretation on both the density of the layer and its orientation with respect to the graphite surface. The results show clearly that (i) the methyl groups of the stereogenic point toward the graphite surface and (ii) the porphyrin molecules self-assemble into an interdigitated structure where the alkyl chains align along one of the graphite axes and the porphyrin cores are slightly shifted with respect to one another. The direction of this shift, which defines the chirality of the monolayer, is set by the chirality of the stereogenic centers. Such an arrangement results in the formation of a dense chiral monolayer that is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding with protic solvents.

Deposition of a porphyrin onto metallic copper followed by heating leads to an unprecedented type of linking of the molecules giving a mixture of covalent multiporphyrin nanostructures at the surface.