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Dogs' comprehension of human gestures has been characterized as more human-like than that of our closest primate relatives, due to a level of flexibility and spontaneous performance on par with that of human infants. However, many of the critical experiments that have been the core evidence for an understanding of human communicative intentions in dogs have yet to be replicated. Here we test the ability of dogs to comprehend a pointing gesture while varying the salience of the gesture and the context in which it is made. We find that subjects' (N = 70) choices across two experiments are consistent with an understanding of communicative intentions. Results largely replicate previous critical controls that rule out a number of egocentric hypotheses including an attraction to human hands and novelty. We also find that dogs spontaneously follow a human gesture in a new context: choosing which direction to navigate around a barrier. The flexible and spontaneous problem solving observed in dogs' gesture comprehension is discussed in relation to its similarity to that of human infants. We conclude with important avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging aspiring pre-service teachers (PsTs) is crucial for achieving sustainable waste separation and recycling levels within the academic community. In this study, we considered three supplementary factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to elucidate the formation of actions related to engaging in waste separation and recycling intention on campus (WSRIs). An online survey, utilizing a questionnaire, was administered to over 530 PsTs in East Java, Indonesia, comprising 380 females and 152 males. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the main factors and paths influencing WSRIs. The waste separation and recycling intention of PsTs were primarily influenced by five internal subjective factors and three external factors. Among these, environmental education (EE), perceived behavioral control, and environmental knowledge (EK) displayed the most significant associations, with EE having the greatest direct effect. Conversely, attitude had minimal effect on WSRIs. Moreover, to improve waste separation and recycling practices on campus, it is recommended to integrate EK into daily life, emphasizing its importance in achieving these sustainable goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although insect-based foods (IBFs) have been recently proposed as a way to face climate crisis and starvation, they encounter aversion from Western countries, which express fear, disgust, and high risk. The contribution of psychology research to food choices highlights how decisions are made, not only through reasoned attitudes and goal-directed behavior, but also through more automatic associations (dual-system models). Methods: In this paper, we investigated people's dispositions towards IBFs by combining (a) explicit attitudes (as assessed via self-report scales), (b) automatic associations (as measured via indirect measures), and (c) intention to taste, and comparing different profiles based on (d) psychological factors, including decision-making style, food neophobia, and trust in science and scientist. A pilot sample of 175 Italian university students participated in the study. Results: The analyses of the general sample highlighted rather negative attitudes. The cluster analysis identified 4 decision-making profiles: 'the gut feeling', 'the suspicious', 'the vicarious', and 'the mind'. It revealed more favorable opinions in 'the mind' profile, characterized by a rational decision-making style and high trust in science, and very aversive reactions from 'the suspicious' profile, characterized by high food neophobia and low trust in science. Conclusions: The results underline the importance of psychological factors in interpreting people's reactions to IBF and changes in dietary habits based on the decision-making process. They suggest possible strategies to promote eco-friendly diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste significantly contributes to complex socioeconomic and environmental problems. The tourism sector is not immune to these sustainability challenges. This research examines how both negative and positive emotions build tourists' intentions to reduce food waste. The study employs two experiments and a survey to establish causality among the key constructs and test the nomological network of those constructs. Results demonstrate a causal relationship between guilt, regret and hope and how these constructs interplay to explain the impact of a tourist's perceptions of potential cost and harm from not implementing food waste-reduction practices. Additionally, four tourist categories are developed using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The results of fsQCA identify different configurations of tourists who seek to reduce food waste. This study encourages tourism operators to leverage positive emotions, such as hope, in marketing communications to encourage food waste reduction. A key contribution of this work is the examination of the variable of 'hope', and its effect in the context of food waste behaviour among tourists. This is the first study to examine how the interaction between tourists' negative (guilt and regret) and positive (hope) emotions motivates their intentions to reduce food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores how conflicting institutional logics shape the behaviors of macro- and micro-level actors in their use of a calculative practice. Thereby, this paper explains how quantification can undermine the intended purpose of a governance system based on a single number. Design/methodology/approach: The study draws upon the literature on calculative practices and institutional logics to present the case of how a single number—specifically the conversion factor for Atlantic Cod, established by macro-level actors for the purposes of governance within the Norwegian fishing industry—is interpreted and used by micro-level actors in the industry. The study is based on documents, field observations and interviews with fishers, landing facilities, and control authorities. Findings: The use of the conversion factor, while intended to protect fish stock and govern industry actions, does not always align with the institutional logics of micro-level actors. Especially during the winter season, these actors may seek to serve their interests, leading to potential system gaming. The reliance on a single number that overlooks seasonal nuances can motivate unintended behaviors, undermining the governance system's intentions. Originality/value: Integrating the literature on calculative practices with an institutional logics perspective, this study offers novel insights into the challenges of using quantification for the governance of complex industries. In particular, the paper reveals that when the logics of macro- and micro-level actors conflict in a single-number governance system, unintended outcomes arise due to a domination of the macro-level logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay I review Helmut Staubmann's book Sociology in a New Key, which seeks to reorient sociological work through a new attention to and appreciation of the aesthetic realm which has been generally neglected in the tradition of positivistic and quantitative (that is, materialist) sociology. I suggest that many of the topics covered in the book have the potential to reorient thinking about the traditional ways theory, methods, and data are taught, learned, and applied in the field. Since the author's goal is the transposition of a new key for sociological work, the realm of art that is the focus of this effort and my discussion is music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I respond to comments from Mark Bowker, Jessica Keiser, and Eliot Michaelson on my book, Talking About. The response clarifies my stance on the nature of reference, conflicting intentions, and the sense in which language may have proper functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chapter 12 of his book Material Beings (Van Inwagen, Peter. 1990. Material Beings. Ithaca: Cornell University Press) van Inwagen argues that there are no artefacts, or very few, certainly fewer than most people believe. Artisans very rarely create, at least in the sense of causing things to come into existence. The argument in Chapter 12 is a very powerful one. I do not think that it establishes van Inwagen's conclusion, but it does, I think, given its (plausible) premise, establish that if there are not far fewer material things in the world than we ordinarily believe, then there are far more. In this sense it establishes, as Russell once said, 'the truth about physical objects must be strange'. Furthermore, I argue at the end, we cannot avoid this conclusion even if we reject van Inwagen's premise. Thus the defender of our common sense ontology is caught on the horns of a dilemma. So our commonsense ontology is indefensible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prior research has identified associations between pregnancy intendedness and maternal-foetal bonding, but no studies have examined the potential mediation of pregnancy happiness on the development of the maternal–infant relationship. Methods: In 2017–2018, a clinic-based pregnancy cohort of 177 low-income and racially diverse women in a South-Central U.S. state participated in a study examining their pregnancy intentions, attitudes and behaviours. Pregnancy intentions and happiness and demographic characteristics were measured during the first trimester assessment, and maternal-foetal bonding was measured with the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI) during the second trimester. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the associations between intendedness, happiness and bonding. Results: Findings indicate positive associations between intended pregnancies and pregnancy happiness and pregnancy happiness to bonding. The direct effect from intended pregnancy to maternal-foetal bonding was not significant, providing evidence for full mediation. We did not find any associations between pregnancies that were unintended or ambivalent with pregnancy happiness or maternal-foetal bonding. Conclusions: Pregnancy happiness provides one potential explanation for the association between intended pregnancies and maternal-foetal bonding. These findings have implications for research and practice, as inquiring about mothers' pregnancy attitudes (e.g. how happy they are about their pregnancy) may be more important for maternal psychological health outcomes, such as the maternal–child relationship, than whether or not their pregnancies were intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine what pre-service teachers know about the path of water through the body, and how they intend to explain this knowledge to five-year-old preschool children. This study aims to see the opportunities young children in preschool can obtain from an explanation of the nature of science related to an everyday life activity. A questionnaire was distributed to 42 pre-service teachers participating in the study. They study part time at the university (75% studying and 25% working), and most of the students are or have been working in preschools. All the students have passed the mandatory science courses. Data were collected through a questionnaire where the students explained their knowledge using drawings, and explaining pedagogic standpoints in open-ended questions. The results concluded that four pre-service teachers could sufficiently explain the workings of three organ systems. However, only one of the four intended to mention the three systems necessary for providing a coherent explanation of the body to a five-year-old child. Even the pre-service teachers who could describe more than one system did not intend to explain what they knew to the children. A typical response from the students was that they would seek facts together with the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (DPRK) nuclear program has been a challenge to international security for three decades, the world still knows little about its nuclear intentions. A recently available dataset of Korean Central News Agency's English publications (1997–2018) provides a complete coverage of DPRK's nuclear activities in the time span. Our study employs the Louvain method of community detection in large networks to detect patterns and trends in North Korea's nuclear rhetoric. We have two findings: Pyongyang's primary objective is deterrence, although it also utilizes nuclear development to boost regime legitimacy. This secondary intention of legitimization is more prominent under Kim Jong-un than under Kim Jong-il, but still not as salient as deterrence. Our results suggest a policy approach of engagement and deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that individuals with poor mental health are less physically active than individuals with good mental health, in part due to symptoms like fatigue and cognitive difficulties. Despite the role of theory in intervention development, limited work has investigated the application of theoretical models of physical activity (PA) to individuals with poor mental health. This study tests a hypothesised model based on the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework in individuals with perceived good vs. poor mental health. A secondary data analysis was performed on a cross-sectional sample of 13,881 Canadian adults. Participants completed a survey with items examining mental health, reflective processes (e.g., attitudes), intention, regulatory processes, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Three quarters (74.8%) of participants self-rated their mental health as good, and one quarter (25.2%) rated it as poor. A moderation model was performed using multigroup path analysis. There were no between-group differences for most direct pathways. The model was partially moderated by mental health. The effects of affective attitudes on intentions (B = 0.28, p <.001) and intentions on regulations (B = 0.36, p <.001) were significantly stronger among those with poor mental health. The strongest total effect on MVPA for the poor mental health group was perceived capability (β =.17, p <.001). The M-PAC framework may be helpful for predicting PA levels among adults with poor perceived mental health. Future research should prospectively test the full M-PAC model to better inform PA intervention research among adults with poor mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Peruvian population does not meet the recommended guidelines for daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and, thus, social marketing approaches are needed in order to improve this behavior. Focus of the Article: The focus of this study was on changing intentions to engage in a recommended health behavior by experimentally testing one component of a social marketing strategy, namely the effect of messages to motivate mothers to increase the fruit consumption of their children. Research Question: What type of messages, either those communicating the advantages of engaging in the recommended behavior or those communicating the norms about the behavior, are better at increasing mothers' intentions to give 3 daily fruits to their children? Importance to the Social Marketing Field: This study identifies methodological steps that can guide future social marketing approaches to test the effect of messages in the area of behavior change. Methods: A total of 285 mothers completed an online survey with an experiment built in. Mothers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a gain-framed messages condition, a normative messages condition and a no message condition (control condition) and then answered questions about the dependent variables. Results: Results showed that exposure to messages communicating information about the advantages of engaging in the behavior increased mothers' attitudes and intentions to give 3 daily fruits to their children; however, messages communicating information about descriptive norms did not increase mothers' perceived norms or intentions. Recommendations for Research or Practice: Social marketing approaches that address low levels of fruit consumption among children can benefit from message strategies that target mothers and that focus on communicating the advantages of giving more fruits to their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of purchase intentions for utilitarian and hedonic counterfeit sporting goods among Muslim' consumers. The moderating effect of income and status consumption was also examined. Design/methodology/approach: Questionnaires were distributed among male undergraduate university students who were consumers of sports goods. A total of 360 valid and usable questionnaires were collected and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The results showed that perceived risk, personal gratification, religiosity, information susceptibility and normative susceptibility all have a positive and significant effect on negative attitudes toward counterfeit sports goods. The effect of a negative attitude toward counterfeit goods was also negative and significant for the intention to purchase utilitarian and hedonistic goods. Income was not a moderator in the relationship between negative attitudes and the intention to purchase utilitarian and hedonic goods. However, the moderating effect of status consumption on the intention to purchase both utilitarian and hedonic goods was significant. Research limitations/implications: The use of a male-only student sample potentially limits the generalization of the findings, but not the underlying relationships between the variables. Efforts to discourage or prevent the purchase of counterfeit sporting goods should highlight the risk and reduced personal gratification associated with purchasing counterfeit products, while also appealing to a person's faith-based ethics. Originality/value: This study produces a novel model explaining the purchase intentions for utilitarian and hedonic counterfeit sporting goods. This model can inform the development of anti-counterfeiting strategies in Muslim countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of teleology is challenging in many ways, but there is a particular challenge that makes matters worse, distorting the conceptual space that has set the terms of debate. And that is the tendency to think about teleology in terms of certain long‐established dichotomies. In this paper, we examine four such dichotomies prevalent in the literature on teleology, the notions that: 1) Teleological explanations are opposed to mechanistic explanations; 2) teleology must arise from processes operating either internal to an organism or external to it; 3) systems are either alive and teleological, or nonliving and not teleological; 4) humans are teleological, on account of our ability to intend, seek, prefer, etc., while other systems without these capacities are not. Here, we use our own view of goal directedness, field theory, to show for each dichotomy that there is an alternative, a view of teleology that either violates these dichotomies or demands revision of them. What this reveals is not only the dangers of dichotomous thinking, but a widespread lack of clarity about what teleology is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing popularity of cultural tourism destinations has been the subject of numerous studies for decades. These destinations significantly contribute to the tourism industry by promoting and developing tourism products, attracting many tourists. Thus, it requires a thorough understanding of mapping the tourist's revisit behavioural intention to this destination. This also requires investigating what antecedents contribute to tourists' revisit behavioural intentions. Therefore, through a bibliometric analysis, this study addresses the overview of the current scope and boundary of knowledge to map the tourists’ behavioural intentions to revisit cultural destinations. Data from 125 Scopus articles from 2003 to 2023 were analysed, and a review analysis was carried out using VosViewer and Biblioshiny software. A PRISMA approach is used to identify the research articles. The findings revealed that articles published from 2019 onwards have gradually increased in this area of research. Similarly, the author's contribution and network analysis results have been produced that revealed the antecedents of behavioural intention to revisit, such as Tourists' Destination Image, Tourists' Satisfaction, Tourists' Memorable Experience, Tourists' Motivation, and Perceived Authenticity. The study concludes that tourism managers and policymakers need to look at these aspects to develop the tourism industry while focusing on the cultural destination of the region.

Our paper examines the influence of the historical legacy regarding the impact of the border of the former Habsburg Empire, the former political membership of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and perceptions about the communist past - in understanding the current tolerance of bribery in Romania, more than 25 years after the fall of communism. We started from an existing background suggesting that in the aftermath of the fall of communism, Romania underwent significant socio-economic changes, with persisting regional disparities accentuated by historical and cultural legacies. Using representative data from the European and World Values Survey joint dataset v.2.0, other relevant sources (Public Opinion Barometer from 2000 and 2007), variable selection and analysis methods based on DK/NA value treatment, binary derivations, the LASSO pack in Stata 17.0 together with different types of regressions including OLS, binary and ordered logistic ones, cross-validations both random and based on well-established criteria (mixed-effects modeling), and collinearity removal techniques based on maximum accepted values of the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), the results highlight that respondents from certain Romanian macro-regions that experienced higher levels of membership in the PCR and positive views about communism are less likely to be tolerant of bribery. It appears that if the region of residence was part of the former Habsburg Empire, current intentions for bribery are higher. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the propensity to bribe is negatively affected by current macro elements, such as higher crime levels, material deprivation, urban connectivity or lower levels of migration abroad, and left-wing voting preferences.

Alicja Partyka,1 Zbigniew Wa&sacute;kiewicz2 1Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Intensive Care Division, Bielsko Bia&lstrok;&aogon; Hospital, Bielsko-Bia&lstrok;a, 43-316, Poland; 2Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, PolandCorrespondence: Zbigniew Wa&sacute;kiewicz, Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikolowska 72a, Katowice, 40-778, Poland, Email z.waskiewicz@awf.katowice.plAbstract: This narrative review study seeks to consolidate the existing knowledge on motivational factors that influence marathon and ultramarathon runners. The primary aim is to collect and summarize the understanding of the factors that drive both marathon and ultramarathon runners. Furthermore the review seeks to explore how variables like gender, age and experience impact motivational drivers within these running communities to highlight the intricate nature of factors, in endurance running and stress the significance of tailored training approaches and community backing to enhance participation and achievement. The study aimed to thoroughly review research papers using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. After the evaluation of 302 publications that could potentially be relevant, 61 papers were selected for inclusion in the review. The investigation uncovers unique motivating patterns within these endurance sports communities. The desire for good health, physical fitness, and social interaction drives marathon runners. Their motivations develop as they train and become more involved in the running community. On the other hand, ultramarathon runners are motivated by internal psychological variables like self-esteem and personal exploration, which are significantly shaped by the ultramarathon community’s impact on their identity and running approach. Additional research indicates that gender, age, and experience affect the motivational elements in both groups differently. Specifically, experienced ultramarathon runners prioritize personal achievements and health more than time. This review underscores the intricacy of motivating elements in endurance running, highlighting the necessity for tailored methodologies in training and communal assistance to cultivate involvement and achievement.Plain Language Summary: This organized study aims to add to what is already known about what motivates marathon and ultramarathon runners. The study aimed to use the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) structure to review research papers carefully. Following a review of 302 publications that might be relevant, 61 papers were chosen to be included in the study. The study finds unique patterns of what drives people in these endurance sports communities. People who run marathons do it because they want to be healthy, fit, and socialize. Their motivation grows as they train and get more active in the running community.Ultramarathon runners, on the other hand, are driven by things like self-esteem and personal discovery that are inside of them. The ultramarathon community dramatically affects who they are and how they run. More studies show that gender, age, and experience have different effects on what motivates each group. In particular, experienced ultramarathon runners care more about their goals and health than time. This review shows how complicated it is to find things that motivate people to do endurance running. It shows how important it is to use customized training methods and community support to encourage participation and success.Keywords: running, motivation, mental health, intentions

This study investigated the impact of consumer values and attitudes to consuming plant-based alternatives (PBAs), using the value–attitude–behavior framework. The research model and hypotheses were tested using a two-step approach to structural equation modeling on 392 responses collected from PBA consumers through a research company in Korea in November 2023. The results indicated that environmental consciousness and health consciousness significantly affected attitudes toward PBAs. Also, positive attitudes toward PBAs were critical for the formation of repurchase intentions for PBAs and PBA restaurant visit behavior. Our study contributes to both academics and PBA practitioners by showing how consumer values are associated with attitudes, PBAs repurchase intentions, and PBAs restaurant visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue against elements of Alfred Mele's picture of the nature of intentions and the triggers of intentional actions. Mele (Philosophical Studies 176:2833–2853, 2019) offers rebuttals to my (Herdova, Philosophical Studies, 173(3), 573–587, 2016; Herdova, Philosophical Explorations, 21(3):364–383, 2018) and Ann Bumpus's (2001) arguments which limit the scope of proximal intentions as triggers of intentional actions. Here I offer a response to Mele and provide further arguments in favor of my alternative understanding of intentions and the causes of intentional actions. Contra Mele, I argue for the following interrelated theses. First, intentions, including proximal intentions, have an array of functions or dispositions beyond that of triggering intentional actions. Second, states other than proximal intentions can trigger at least some types of intentional actions. Therefore, it is not the case that all intentional actions need to be triggered by proximal intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) impose burdens on individuals and communities, while their prevalence in young people has risen continually in recent years. Partner notification is an effective public health strategy which can limit STI transmission. Aims: This study aimed to explore young adults' sexual health behaviours, attitudes toward STI testing, and feelings toward visiting a sexual health clinic. It also aimed to investigate preferences for partner notification and the role of self-efficacy in people's intentions to notify a partner for STIs including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional design was applied. Participants were 400 adults aged 18–34 years (M = 23 years; SD = 4.27), recruited from the Republic of Ireland. Results: Over half of the participants reported never being tested for STIs. These young people placed less importance on undergoing regular STI testing and testing after unprotected sex than their counterparts who had been tested for STIs. Self-efficacy was significantly associated with intentions to notify partner(s) for STIs including HIV. Conclusions: As STIs are becoming increasingly prevalent in young adults, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the interventions used to break the transmission chain and how different beliefs and attitudes may affect them. Self-efficacy was a key component in PN intentions, suggesting that the belief in someone's ability or skillset to perform a sexual health behaviour is positively related to their intention to perform the behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While migration from Africa to Europe is increasing, aspiring migrants from Africa are still less likely than those from other continents to migrate to their preferred destinations. An analysis of the reasons for this is needed. This paper investigates how individual‐level traits and country income levels influence intentions and abilities to migrate from Africa to Europe, while also exploring regional differences. It does so through an approach investigating the influence of both micro‐level factors and macro‐level factors, as well as their interactions. It first analyses migration intentions in 47 African countries in the Years 2010–2015, by investigating plans to migrate to Europe. It then analyses abilities to migrate from these countries to Europe in the Years 2011–2016, by exploring the proxy of the conversion of migration plans into flows. The analysis is based on Gallup World Poll, Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, Frontex, and World Bank data and estimates. The paper finds that 1.4% of individuals in the African countries considered were planning to migrate to Europe in the Years 2010–2015, and an estimated 5.8% of these was able to migrate in 2011–2016. Migration intentions and abilities are shaped by a complex interplay of micro‐ and macro‐level factors. While some individual‐level traits have similar effects on migration intentions across country income levels, others increase the likelihood of planning to migrate to a stronger extent in countries of origin with higher income levels. Abilities to convert migration plans into actual migration, and to do so through regular channels, increase with higher country income levels. The influence of individual‐level traits and country income levels on migration intentions and abilities appears to vary across regions. Findings confirm the relevance of approaches investigating migration intentions and abilities by assessing both micro‐ and macro‐level factors, as well as their interactions. A more nuanced understanding of these interactions is crucial to inform migration policies that recognise the different needs and realities of aspiring migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed Methods Results Conclusions So What? The study addresses the global health concern of sugar overconsumption, particularly focusing on the prevalence of sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption among young people.The study tested three different health promotion campaign concepts, designed to reduce sugar‐sweetened beverage intake and promote water consumption as a healthier alternative. A total of 402 young adults (18–29) were recruited from a university campus and an online panel. Participants were randomly assigned to view one of three campaign images: one advocating for substituting sugar‐sweetened beverages with water, and two exclusively promoting water consumption. These images were assessed through an online survey, which included questions on emotional response, salience, attitudes and intentions towards various beverages.Participants exposed to the campaign emphasising the benefits of water showed a greater intention to increase water consumption and reduce both sugar‐ and non‐sugar‐sweetened beverages compared with the other groups. There were no significant differences observed for the beverage choice task across the campaigns.The findings suggest that messaging focusing on the benefits of water holds promise in encouraging healthier beverage consumption intentions among young adults. The lack of significant differences in the beverage choice task across the campaigns indicates a need for further research to explore long‐term behaviour change effects.By highlighting the benefits of water consumption, campaigns may have the potential to positively influence beverage choices and promote healthier habits. Continued research in this area can provide valuable insights for developing more impactful interventions aimed at reducing sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limited and scattered data on nursing students' behavioral intentions regarding interprofessional collaboration and the factors influencing them, there is a need for comprehensive, theory-driven research on the topic from nursing students' perspectives. Using a theoretical framework provided by the theory of planned behavior, this study aimed to evaluate the behavioral intentions of Polish nursing students regarding interprofessional collaboration, including their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Sixteen nursing students participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were collected on the MS Teams application between February and May 2022 using a thematic guide created following manuals dedicated to the theory. They were thematically analyzed by two researchers using Atlas.ti Software. The results showed that students' attitudes were mostly positive. The benefits of interprofessional collaboration included positive patient outcomes, exchange of mutual knowledge and expertise, comfort, and improved work atmosphere. The risks originating from human-dependent factors were viewed as a negative aspect. The relevant groups of people influencing their subjective norms comprised nursing community representatives, other medical professionals, patients, and members of society. Perceived behavioral control aspects covered the work organization, lack of incentives for collaboration, atmosphere and habits prevailing in the workplace, and insufficient practical experience and knowledge regarding collaboration. To conclude, although positive attitudes expressed by nursing students seem to constitute a positive predictor of their involvement in interprofessional collaboration, relevant decision-makers should address negative feelings and aspects identified during this study. Plain language summary: Given the limited and scattered data on nursing students' behavioral intentions regarding interprofessional collaboration (between representatives of different professions) and the factors influencing them, there is a need for comprehensive, theory-driven research on the topic from nursing students' perspectives. Using a theoretical framework provided by the theory of planned behavior, this study aimed to evaluate the behavioral intentions of Polish nursing students regarding interprofessional collaboration. Sixteen nursing students participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were collected on the MS Teams application between February and May 2022 using a thematic guide created following manuals dedicated to the theory. They were thematically analyzed by two researchers using Atlas.ti Software. The results showed that even though interprofessional collaboration in Poland is currently limited, positive attitudes expressed by nursing students seem to constitute a positive indication for improvement. Students also expressed some negative feelings, which should be addressed. Patients, society, and most of the healthcare community were indicated as sources of positive pressure toward the behavior. However, there was a mixed sense of pressure from some nurses and doctors. Moreover, the process may be impeded by barriers to collaboration listed by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has recognized that enhancing pre-service teachers' attitudes, efficacy, and decreasing concerns about inclusive education are essential factors in teacher preparation. However, no research has compared the relative ability of online courses to affect these factors when compared to traditional face-to-face instruction. The current study used pre–post survey methods to measure the effects of the online versus face-to-face formats of teaching inclusive education content to Canadian pre-service teachers. Moreover, we studied the relationships between these variables and the participants' intentions for inclusive teaching practices. Results showed that while the face-to-face format influenced pre-service teachers' attitudes and efficacy, it did not foster lower concerns or higher intentions. In contrast, the online course made no significant difference in any of the dependent variables. Given the well-established importance of affective as well as practical variables to effective inclusion, implications and limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women of reproductive age play a crucial role in determining maternal and child health, yet they face significant health challenges such as iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the double burden of malnutrition. The present study aimed to assess the effect of positive attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and intentions of mothers (15-49 years) on their dietary intake in two districts of India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in South-West Delhi and Gurugram, India, among mothers aged 15-49 years. A total of 337 women per district were surveyed using systematic random sampling. Data were collected on socio-economic profiles, healthy eating intentions, and dietary diversity through a semi-structured questionnaire. The dietary diversity score was calculated based on the consumption of at least five out of ten food groups in the past 24 hours. The study employed generalized linear regression models to assess the effects of positive attitude, subjective norms, intentions, and perceived behavioural control on dietary intake, adjusting for age, income, social class, and education. Results: The median age of mothers was 26 years, with a median monthly income of INR 15,000. About 15% of mothers had a dietary diversity score of less than five. All the parameters (positive attitudes, subjective norms, intentions) had positive correlation with dietary intake. There was a 0.19-point increase in the dietary diversity score per one-unit increase in the intentions of the mothers. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of perceived behavioural control, positive attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions in influencing the dietary intake of mothers. These results highlight the importance of understanding the influence of social and behavioural factors on dietary practices to design effective nutritional interventions and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study examines attitudes, concerns, self-efficacy, and intentions of secondary school teachers from Australia (n = 140) and Switzerland (n = 221) to teach in inclusive classrooms. Australian educators had more positive attitudes towards inclusion, fewer concerns and higher self-efficacy to teach inclusively when compared to their Swiss counterparts. Further, the authors found that Australian teachers had significantly more positive intentions to teach in inclusive classrooms when compared to their Swiss counterparts. Considering intentions to enact a behaviour play an important role in the actual enactment of the behaviour, (Ajzen 1991) it was important to determine if predictors of participants' intentions differed in Australia and Switzerland. Overall, Swiss teachers' intentions to teach in inclusive classrooms were more strongly influenced by the variables of attitudes, concerns and self-efficacy than those of the Australian teachers. All three variables predicted Swiss participants intention scores, while two (i.e. attitudes and self-efficacy scores) predicted Australian educators' intention scores. The researchers examine the variability of policy reforms and teacher education programmes as a potential explanation for the differences in these two countries and discuss implications of our findings for both these and other countries implementing inclusive education reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often do not accept criticism on their morality, especially when delivered by outgroup members. In two preregistered studies, we investigated whether people become more receptive to such negative feedback when feedback senders communicate their intention to help. Participants received negative feedback from ostensible others on their selfish (rather than altruistic) decisions in a donation task. We manipulated the identity of a feedback sender (ingroup vs. outgroup) and the intention that they provided for giving feedback. A sender either did not communicate any intentions, indicated the intention to help the feedback receiver improve, or communicated the intention to show moral superiority. We measured participants' self-reported responses to the feedback (Study 1, N = 44) and additionally recorded an EEG in Study 2 (N = 34). Results showed that when no intentions were communicated, participants assumed worse intentions from outgroup senders than ingroup senders (Study 1). However, group membership had no significant effect once feedback senders made their intentions explicit. Moreover, across studies, when feedback senders communicated their intention to help, participants perceived feedback as less unfair compared with when senders tried to convey their moral superiority. Complementing these results, exploratory event-related potential results of Study 2 suggested that communicating the intention to help reduced participants' attentional vigilance toward negative feedback messages on their morality (i.e., decreased P200 amplitudes). These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of communicating the intention to help when one tries to encourage others' moral growth through criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper examines the influence of the historical legacy regarding the impact of the border of the former Habsburg Empire, the former political membership of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and perceptions about the communist past - in understanding the current tolerance of bribery in Romania, more than 25 years after the fall of communism. We started from an existing background suggesting that in the aftermath of the fall of communism, Romania underwent significant socio-economic changes, with persisting regional disparities accentuated by historical and cultural legacies. Using representative data from the European and World Values Survey joint dataset v.2.0, other relevant sources (Public Opinion Barometer from 2000 and 2007), variable selection and analysis methods based on DK/NA value treatment, binary derivations, the LASSO pack in Stata 17.0 together with different types of regressions including OLS, binary and ordered logistic ones, cross-validations both random and based on wellestablished criteria (mixed-effects modeling), and collinearity removal techniques based on maximum accepted values of the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), the results highlight that respondents from certain Romanian macro-regions that experienced higher levels of membership in the PCR and positive views about communism are less likely to be tolerant of bribery. It appears that if the region of residence was part of the former Habsburg Empire, current intentions for bribery are higher. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the propensity to bribe is negatively affected by current macro elements, such as higher crime levels, material deprivation, urban connectivity or lower levels of migration abroad, and left-wing voting preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a test of the two most established reciprocity models, an intention factor model and a reference value model. We test characteristic elements of each model in a series of twelve mini-ultimatum games. Results from online experiments show major differences between actual behavior and predictions of both models: the distance of actual offers to the proposed reference value provides a poor measure for the kindness of offers, while a comparison of offers with extreme offers as suggested by the intention factor model makes offers indiscriminable in richer settings. We discuss possible combinations of both models better describing our observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research demonstrates how consumer responses to negative and positive offers are influenced by whether the administering marketing agent is an artificial intelligence (AI) or a human. In the case of a product or service offer that is worse than expected, consumers respond better when dealing with an AI agent in the form of increased purchase likelihood and satisfaction. In contrast, for an offer that is better than expected, consumers respond more positively to a human agent. The authors demonstrate that AI agents, compared with human agents, are perceived to have weaker intentions when administering offers, which accounts for this effect. That is, consumers infer that AI agents lack selfish intentions in the case of an offer that favors the agent and lack benevolent intentions in the case of an offer that favors the customer, thereby dampening the extremity of consumer responses. Moreover, the authors demonstrate a moderating effect, such that marketers may anthropomorphize AI agents to strengthen perceived intentions, providing an avenue to receive due credit from consumers when the agent provides a better offer and mitigate blame when it provides a worse offer. Potential ethical concerns with the use of AI to bypass consumer resistance to negative offers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility intentions among families in the Rangpur region of Bangladesh, considering various socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The study aims to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced fertility decisions, patterns, and how different contextual factors are relevant to explain those intentions. This study adopted a qualitative methodological approach, utilizing a non-probability purposive sampling procedure to select sixty-five rural women as participants who conceived babies during the COVID-19 pandemic and seven health care providers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and KII to explore the factors influencing intentional and unintentional childbirths during the pandemic. The findings revealed that, among the respondents, intentional childbirths were more prevalent than unintentional childbirths. The perceived causes of intentional childbirth in rural areas were pandemic-induced factors, demographic characteristics and societal practices to have a baby. The factors to unintentional childbirth were limited access to reproductive health care services and contraceptives, leading to unplanned pregnancies. Additionally, the study highlights that COVID-19 related economic and health conditions did not have a significant impact on fertility decisions in rural areas. Societal norms and attitudes towards family planning, childbearing and family size played key roles in determining birth intentions. Overall, the research emphasizes the need for targeted policies and initiatives to address the challenges of fertility planning during a health crisis.

AbstractThe relationship between attitudes and behaviour is largely defined by intentions. The stronger the intention to engage in a behaviour, the greater the likelihood that attitudes will predict that behaviour. In order to predict cohabitation behaviour, both cohabitation attitudes and intentions must be measured. However, to the best of our knowledge, there appears to be a lack of standardized instruments that measure cohabitation intentions and only a few that measure cohabitation attitudes. We therefore set out to develop and validate a Cohabitation Intentions Scale (CIS) in Ghana. The CIS was developed and validated with an existing Cohabitation Attitudes Scale (CAS). The validation process was conducted in two phases: phase I with 226 respondents and phase II with 245 respondents, both from one of the public universities in Ghana. The phase I results necessitated changes to the wording of three items in the CAS and modifications to the rating scales for both the CIS and the CAS. The final instruments contained six items each which were rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Overall, the CIS and the CAS were found to be highly reliable and valid instruments in the Ghanaian context. These findings suggest that the new CIS can be used to measure cohabitation intentions alongside the CAS which measures cohabitation attitudes, and may predict future cohabitation behaviour.

Background: Different guideline panels, and individuals, may make different decisions based in part on their preferences. Preferences for or against an intervention are viewed as a consequence of the relative importance people place on the expected or experienced health outcomes it incurs. These findings can then be considered as patient input when balancing effect estimates on benefits and harms reported by empirical evidence on the clinical effectiveness of screening programs. This systematic review update examined the relative importance placed by patients on the potential benefits and harms of mammography-based breast cancer screening to inform an update to the 2018 Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care's guideline on screening. Methods: We screened all articles from our previous review (search December 2017) and updated our searches to June 19, 2023 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We also screened grey literature, submissions by stakeholders, and reference lists. The target population was cisgender women and other adults assigned female at birth (including transgender men and nonbinary persons) aged ≥ 35 years and at average or moderately increased risk for breast cancer. Studies of patients with breast cancer were eligible for health-state utility data for relevant outcomes. We sought three types of data, directly through (i) disutilities of screening and curative treatment health states (measuring the impact of the outcome on one's health-related quality of life; utilities measured on a scale of 0 [death] to 1 [perfect health]), and (ii) other preference-based data, such as outcome trade-offs, and indirectly through (iii) the relative importance of benefits versus harms inferred from attitudes, intentions, and behaviors towards screening among patients provided with estimates of the magnitudes of benefit(s) and harms(s). For screening, we used machine learning as one of the reviewers after at least 50% of studies had been reviewed in duplicate by humans; full-text selection used independent review by two humans. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments used a single reviewer with verification. Our main analysis for utilities used data from utility-based health-related quality of life tools (e.g., EQ-5D) in patients; a disutility value of about 0.04 can be considered a minimally important value for the Canadian public. When suitable, we pooled utilities and explored heterogeneity. Disutilities were calculated for screening health states and between different treatment states. Non-utility data were grouped into categories, based on outcomes compared (e.g. for trade-off data), participant age, and our judgements of the net benefit of screening portrayed by the studies. Thereafter, we compared and contrasted findings while considering sample sizes, risk of bias, subgroup findings and data on knowledge scores, and created summary statements for each data set. Certainty assessments followed GRADE guidance for patient preferences and used consensus among at least two reviewers. Findings: Eighty-two studies (38 on utilities) were included. The estimated disutilities were 0.07 for a positive screening result (moderate certainty), 0.03–0.04 for a false positive (FP; "additional testing" resolved as negative for cancer) (low certainty), and 0.08 for untreated screen-detected cancer (moderate certainty) or (low certainty) an interval cancer. At ≤12 months, disutilities of mastectomy (vs. breast-conserving therapy), chemotherapy (vs. none) (low certainty), and radiation therapy (vs. none) (moderate certainty) were 0.02–0.03, 0.02–0.04, and little-to-none, respectively, though in each case findings were somewhat limited in their applicability. Over the longer term, there was moderate certainty for little-to-no disutility from mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery/lumpectomy with radiation and from radiation. There was moderate certainty that a majority (>50%) and possibly a large majority (>75%) of women probably accept up to six cases of overdiagnosis to prevent one breast-cancer death; there was some uncertainty because of an indication that overdiagnosis was not fully understood by participants in some cases. Low certainty evidence suggested that a large majority may accept that screening may reduce breast-cancer but not all-cause mortality, at least when presented with relatively high rates of breast-cancer mortality reductions (n = 2; 2 and 5 fewer per 1000 screened), and at least a majority accept that to prevent one breast-cancer death at least a few hundred patients will receive a FP result and 10–15 will have a FP resolved through biopsy. An upper limit for an acceptable number of FPs was not evaluated. When using data from studies assessing attitudes, intentions, and screening behaviors, across all age groups but most evident for women in their 40s, preferences reduced as the net benefit presented by study authors decreased in magnitude. In a relatively low net-benefit scenario, a majority of patients in their 40s may not weigh the benefits as greater than the harms from screening whereas for women in their 50s a large majority may prefer screening (low certainty evidence for both ages). There was moderate certainty that a large majority of women 50 years of age and 50 to 69 years of age, who have usually experienced screening, weigh the benefits as greater than the harms from screening in a high net-benefit scenario. A large majority of patients aged 70–71 years who have recently screened probably think the benefits outweigh the harms of continuing to screen. A majority of women in their mid-70s to early 80s may prefer to continue screening. Conclusions: Evidence across a range of data sources on how informed patients value the potential outcomes from breast-cancer screening will be useful during decision-making for recommendations. The evidence suggests that all of the outcomes examined have importance to women of any age, that there is at least some and possibly substantial (among those in their 40s) variability across and within age groups about the acceptable magnitude of effects across outcomes, and that provision of easily understandable information on the likelihood of the outcomes may be necessary to enable informed decision making. Although studies came from a wide range of countries, there were limited data from Canada and about whether findings applied well across an ethnographically and socioeconomically diverse population. Systematic review registration: Protocol available at Open Science Framework https://osf.io/xngsu/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of gender in the relationship between sustainability information on social media platforms and sustainable consumption intentions. The study assesses the influence of several information-related characteristics, such as usefulness, credibility, and quality, on the behavior of social media users in general and on purchase intention in particular. Information quality, usefulness, and source credibility have favorable correlations, according to data from an online survey of 285 customers. In the relationship between information acceptance and sustainable purchasing behavior, gender proved to be an essential moderator. The results give us a better understanding of the factors driving sustainable consumption intentions in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of a pattern of abstract marks as language is simultaneously obvious and undertheorized. Contemporary "asemic poetry" splits the recognition of language from its lexicality, providing an opportunity to consider this recognition directly. It reveals the necessary intervention of an "intentional function" that justifies considering markings as if they were encoded, i.e., as language. This essential moment of sign formation in written communication typically passes automatically without the need for consideration, but asemic poetry specifically allows meditation on that point of transition, allowing the role of cultural knowledge to become apparent in its identification, as well as the Romantic heritage which rejects mechanical reproduction and automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, drinking water supply infrastructures have been designed to store as much water as possible and to do so during the energy cheap hours. This approach is unsustainable today. The use of digital systems capable of modeling the behavior of infrastructures and the creation of intelligent control systems can help to make drinking water supply systems more efficient and effective, while still meeting minimum service requirements. This work proposes the development of a control system, based on multi-agent systems (MAS), capable of generating an intelligent control over a drinking water infrastructure, based on the use of local interests of the agents and with an emergent behavior coherent with the needs. To validate the proposal, a simulator based on the infrastructures of a medium-sized Spanish city of 5000 inhabitants has been built and the control has been simulated using the MAS. The results show how the system can maintain the objectives set, handling unknown situations, and facilitating the development of future physical systems based on a just-in-time paradigm that guarantees sustainability, as it allows the generation of virtualizations of the infrastructures and their behavior, thus being able to study the best option for an infrastructure to resolve a supply situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated teachers' intentions to adopt inclusive teaching practices along with factors affecting teachers' intentions to implement inclusive practices. According to the theory of planned behaviour, an individual's intention can be predicted by their attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Using convenience and snowball sampling, 1110 Hong Kong primary and secondary teachers were recruited to complete a 5‐part questionnaire for the study. The results show that teachers' intentions were moderate – that is, teachers were somewhat likely to adopt inclusive teaching practices for students with disabilities. Teachers' attitudes (beliefs and feelings), perceived support needs related to expert guidance and teacher self‐efficacy (in inclusive instructions, managing behaviour and collaboration) significantly influenced their intentions to use inclusive classroom practices for students with disabilities. The findings of this study provide clear implications to policymakers and teacher‐education providers to address teachers' needs and promote the practices of inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to understand gender differences in sustainable entrepreneurial intentions among university students through the attitude, education, and moral obligations of an individual. The data was collected from 372 students from the universities of the northern part of India. Results of the study revealed that moral obligation plays a strong predicting role in sustainable entrepreneurship intentions (SEI) in both subsamples. Even females have a stronger influence of moral obligation on the intentions than males. Also, education about sustainability has a trivial influence on the SEI in the whole sample. Surprisingly, attitude and education about sustainability do not influence the intentions about sustainable entrepreneurship among university students. The study will help the universities to amplify the role of gender in entrepreneurship intentions particularly the one supporting sustainability. The present study is among the first very few to focus on the gender differences among students toward SEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the fact this is already known over how sports spectators interpret sponsorship content, less is known about participants' sentiments toward sponsors, which are sometimes crucial to the survival of participation sporting events. Various researchers have examined at how spectators recognize or recall sponsors, but very few have explored it from the viewpoint of sport participants. This research portrays a shift in focus from spectator-based to participant-based marketing by studying the differences over how participants and spectators perceive sport sponsorship, recognizing the current knowledge gap regarding the process of sponsorship in participant-based sports. Sponsorship previous research has focused on the effectiveness of sport sponsorships utilizing variables such sponsor recognition, desire to sponsors' products and anticipated sponsorship advantages (Koronios and Dimitropoulos, 2020). The examination of sport sponsorship from the standpoint of the sport spectator is something that many of the past studies have in common. The application of past research analysing sport sponsorship from a distinct perspective: that of the sport participant, distinguishes the present study. In addition, the present study explores the distinctions in sponsorship effectiveness between spectators and participants, a topic which hasn't been addressed at before in sponsorship literature. Design/methodology/approach: This study depicts a move away from spectator-based to participant-based marketing, utilizing contemporary implicit physiological variables to measure participants' and spectators' awareness of and attitude toward sponsors, and it proposes a model of their purchase intentions toward real sponsors of a martial event. A total of 1,332 questionnaires were collected and analysed. Findings: Factors such as sport involvement, social media use, sincerity and beliefs of sponsorship were found to have a significant effect on purchase intention of spectators and participants. And crucial differences in the significance of various antecedent factors between spectators and participants were detected in the formation of positive purchase and word-of-mouth intentions. Originality/value: This paper gives prominence to contemporary methodological advances in the field of implicit social cognition and their relevance to sponsorship. This is the first sponsorship research which examines the effectiveness of sponsorship variables under the implicit–explicit variables dichotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research primarily focuses on assessing the impact of digital skills on the future career decisions of young rural laborers, a group typically at a disadvantage concerning skills and professional qualifications when compared to their urban counterparts. To conduct this study, a probit probability regression model was employed, and data was collected through a survey involving 398 young rural laborers from the Northern Midlands and Mountains region of Vietnam. The findings of this study unequivocally illustrate the multifaceted influence of specific digital skills on decisions related to self-employment. Digital operational skills and digital creative skills were found to be associated with the choice of formal, wage-earning employment, whereas digital social skills correlated with a higher likelihood of pursuing self-employment. This highlights the imperative need to establish specific and diverse policies to cater to the distinct requirements of various labor market segments. Furthermore, in light of the currently limited digital skill levels, laborers should place particular emphasis on enhancing their skill sets to ensure their ability to seek or maintain employment with competitive incomes or to prepare for entrepreneurial opportunities. It is equally important to scrutinize social safety policies designed for self-employed laborers to guarantee the sustainability of the self-employment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) such as climate-friendly mobility and eating habits hold great promise in terms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, thus, are important goals for addressing climate change from a population perspective. Yet, sociodemographic correlates and differences in PEB intentions have to be considered in designing messages and behavior change interventions. This study implemented a quota-sampling survey (N = 979, 511 women, 468 men, age M = 50.4, SD = 17.2) of the German population and found that, overall, participants exhibit strong intentions to engage in various PEBs, with the exception of cycling and adopting a vegetarian diet. Moreover, women displayed higher intentions to engage in PEBs compared to men, particularly in adopting a vegetarian diet. The relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and PEB intentions, as well as the combined effects of gender and SES, were inconsistent for different PEB intentions. We conclude that on a population level, intention-building interventions are necessary for vegetarianism and cycling, while for the other PEBs, interventions may focus on closing the intention–behavior gap. There is a need to further research the interplay of different PEBs in diverse groups and for interventional studies targeting the discrepancy in eating habits across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]