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Prior research on career interdependence has focused on how colleague exits shape employees' intraorganizational careers through the creation of job vacancies and vacancy-driven promotion. In this paper, I propose that colleague exits can shape employees' careers through the creation of valuable relational "vacancies." Focusing on employees engaged in collaborative research, and drawing on the vacancy chains literature, I argue that colleague exits create new collaboration opportunities for remaining employees that can enhance learning and facilitate competency-driven promotion. Yet, employees will benefit only when these opportunities arise as a result of their own collaborators leaving—that is, employees must lose to gain. Using longitudinal data on employees within a single research organization, I show that collaborator exits increase the likelihood of employees' competency-driven promotion in a way that noncollaborator exits do not. Furthermore, it is the exit of higher-level collaborators that is most beneficial. These findings highlight a different type of career interdependence and the role of collaborator mobility in shaping the intraorganizational careers of knowledge workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Great War, the League of Nations worked to foster international cooperation among museum curators, focusing first on professionalising the sector itself. As an affiliate of the League's International Committee of Intellectual Cooperation, the International Museums Office moved decisively to standardise curators' practice, boost the role's stature, and build professional networks that transcended national borders. This particular initiative of the oft-maligned League proved unassumingly effective from 1926, but it did so ultimately to the detriment of the most idealistic internationalism. As extreme nationalism, civil war, and then the threat of another world war overtook Europe in the 1930s, curators began turning their improved skills and prestige to assisting their own countries' war efforts, revealing the unexpected outcomes of international initiatives like the League's Museums Office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early decades of the twentieth century in colonial Assam, the standardisation of language, the expansion of regional literature and literary circles, and the challenges arising for linguistic communities led to the formation of Asam Sahitya Sabha (ASS) that intended to work for the advancement of Assamese language in the interest of the public. Implicit in its model of association was the notion of collective identity that gradually set the pace for assertions. The ASS's motivations cannot be discussed in isolation. The historical junctures of colonial India must be taken into account that had set the stage for revolutionising the literary spaces. This article has two key aims, first to discuss the events of ASS's activism during the colonial and post-independence periods and observe the relevant transitions. Second, to look at the mobilisation agendas pursued by the ASS in contemporary times and whether there are alternative inspirations. To place the key issues of the present, the insights from ASS members, who were interviewed, are included. Overall, this article looks at the associational form of the language assertion in Assam, years earlier and the roles adopted with the changing times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, persons with intellectual disabilities in Poland have been researched on and treated as not competent enough to research with. Despite its scientific merit and practical usefulness, inclusive research involving persons with intellectual disabilities as co-researchers has only recently become a subject of interest in this country. The added value of inclusive projects should be analysed from two standpoints, i.e., those of co-researchers with disabilities and co-researchers without disabilities. In this article, we discuss the latter perspective, focusing on Polish researchers without disabilities who have experience in conducting inclusive research with persons with intellectual disabilities. The key aspect of the analyses was to highlight the potential of persons with intellectual disabilities as co-researchers. As a result, we have determined several important aspects of inclusive research in the relational perspective involving co-researchers with intellectual disabilities and co-researchers without intellectual disabilities and the community perspective. The analyses identified four superordinate themes: building relationships in the research team; opportunities and constraints associated with the implementation of inclusive projects; institutional barriers; and the importance of the role of a co-researcher without intellectual disabilities. Implications for further research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Trevor Hogan's deep connection with Peter Beilharz, spanning mentorship, collaboration, and friendship. It highlights how their relationship began, Beilharz's pivotal role in Hogan's academic journey, and his influence as a mentor, colleague, and co-editor in their joint endeavors, particularly in Thesis Eleven, reflecting on Beilharz's intellectual contributions and their collaborative efforts in the journal's development.

The article focuses on the encounters and discussions between the author and Peter Beilharz over several years in different locations. Topics include intellectual exchanges on Marxism, market ideology, Nelson Mandela, the state of universities, social theory, the Addo Elephant Park visit, and their collaborative project on modernity in South Africa and Australia and their interactions reveal a blend of academic curiosity, camaraderie, and the evolution of academic connections.

The article focuses on collaboration and friendship between Philippa Mein Smith and Peter Beilharz, spanning over two decades, where their intellectual bond evolved around themes such as the Antipodes and cultural traffic. It details their shared academic journey, encompassing collaborations, workshops, and discussions across Australia and New Zealand, showcasing their joint endeavors in examining Antipodean perspectives and challenging national narratives within the academic sphere.

Although criminal law books were comparatively rare before the middle of the eighteenth century, Beccaria's Dei delitti e delle pene (1764) triggered the development of an enormous literature devoted to penal issues (from philosophical foundations to debates related to prisons) in Europe until 1914. In one and a half centuries, more than 20,000 books were published on these issues, of which about half were published in German lands and the remainder in Italy, France, Great Britain/United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands. Both philosophers and sociologists participated to these intellectual exchanges. This paper tries to analyse different ways for measuring the circulation of these texts (translations, quotations especially in footnotes, catalogues of private and public libraries, correspondence and travels). Although the debates were clearly transnational, there were also obstacles in the diffusion of foreign books. After evaluating these linguistic or cultural obstacles and considering the changing contexts between the first and second halves of the nineteenth century, this article outlines three conclusions about the globalisation and non-globalisation of legal concepts during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new model, the catastrophe model of intellectual property cooperation behavior. The purpose of the model is to analyze the evolutionary track of intellectual property cooperation behavior. After providing a general of catastrophe mechanism of intellectual property cooperation behavior and introducing stochastic catastrophe theory, this article offers a catastrophe model of intellectual property cooperation behavior. And then, based on the survey data of high-tech enterprises, the model parameters were given by introducing the qualitative simulation algorithm. The results demonstrate that intellectual property cooperation is composed of a cooperation strategic planning stage, cooperation system formation stage, cooperation system working stage, and cooperation profit distribution stage. Under the influence of control variables, the intellectual property cooperation behavior will appear catastrophic near the set of bifurcation points. Most previous studies on intellectual property cooperation have disregarded the characteristic of the sudden changes in cooperation behavior. Therefore, this article offers an integrated catastrophe model and explains the nature of intellectual property cooperation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did Portugal confirm its national interests while integrated into an institution that promoted visions of an international community? This article addresses the central question of this peripheral country's response to two proposals put forward by the Organisation for Intellectual Cooperation in the 1930s inter-war period: the revision of textbooks and the use of broadcasting for peace. After a brief analysis of the institutional aspects and Portugal's integration into the system of intellectual cooperation, the article examines how Portugal addressed two issues of national relevance in a transnational context. Based on extensive archival research, this article starts from the premise of whether Portugal's nationalist stance prevented it from adhering to two resolutions that sought moral disarmament. More broadly, this article aims to contribute to the renewed interest in revisiting the history of the League of Nations by focusing on projects devised by the technical organs of intellectual cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual ability, also known as intelligence, is a multifaceted construct that is typically measured through intelligence tests. The importance and complexity of intellectual ability have made it of significant interest to researchers and educators. This is coupled with the fact that it is one phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of factors. This prompted the study that sought to investigate the differential and interactional influences of gender, age, education, and ethnicity on intellectual ability in Rivers State Nigeria. The study employed the analytic descriptive survey design with a sample of 390 that was randomly drawn using a stratified sampling technique. A test of general reasoning ability, which is a standardized test, was used to elicit data on the variables of the study. Validity and high reliability coefficients were obtained for the instrument. Data were analysed using mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way, and three-way ANOVA. The result showed that age and ethnicity had a significant influence on intellectual ability, but gender and educational level did not have a significant influence. Gender, age, and educational level did not have significant interactional influences as well. It was recommended that investing in education, particularly in the early years, can have lasting benefits for cognitive and intellectual ability development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Jeffrey C Alexander's profound admiration and appreciation for Peter Beilharz as both an intellectual companion and a close friend. It highlights Beilharz's wide-ranging intellectual curiosity, his genuine interest in diverse ideas, and his empathetic, open-minded approach to people, ideas, and cultures, emphasizing his significant impact on Alexander's personal and intellectual life.

In the context of open innovation, selecting partners for knowledge collaboration is crucial for knowledge-intensive enterprises, and matching cooperation is key to successful intellectual property cooperation. To provide enterprises with practical tools for partner selection, this paper analyzes the evaluation factors of intellectual property partners. We establish a collaborative innovation intellectual property partner selection model by combining the maximum entropy model with grey relational method, and calculating the comprehensive evaluation value of candidate enterprises by using the improved Pythagorean Fuzzy Hybrid Aggregation (PF-HA) operator. An application example illustrates the feasibility and advantage of the improved PF-HA method improving the selection of intellectual property partners. Compared with other methods, the advantages of PF-HA are shown in that it can simultaneously optimize the use efficiency of multi-partner and multi-dimensional evaluation data, and effectively deal with the ambiguity of expert decision information and the flexibility of index weight in the partner evaluation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Institute of Race Relations (IRR) and its 50-year history of radicalism and commitment to anti-racism, internationalism, and liberation. Topics include the IRR's journey of rebuilding and comradeship, the legacy of A. Sivanandan's directorship and his impact on solidarity and internationalism, and the need for anti-racism to adapt to new circuits of imperialism and forge new paths of resistance in the face of global crises.

This article contributes to the critical historical research that has demythologised the 'noble origins' of the International Relations discipline (IR) by exposing its imperial, colonial, and racist legacies. Where most critical historiographies have unveiled the centrality of racialised and imperialist ontologies in individual thinkers and theories, this article traces imperialist origins of international thought by reconstructing its impact on administrative-institutional infrastructures. Specifically, it interrogates the most systematic and institutionalised attempt to define the 'subject matter' of IR under the International Studies Conference (ISC) organised by the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) of the League of Nations. Through a parallel reading of the archives from ISC's 'administrative meetings' and 'study meetings', the article contends that the seemingly academic discussions on the subject matter of IR in the 'administrative meetings' were in fact intertwined with the imperialist-colonial politics central to 'study meetings'. The article thus not only challenges IR's conventional history, but its historical ontologies by revealing how race and empire were central to the constitution of its very subject matter and its early institutionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only few studies consider characterizing the coopetition formation stage, especially from the perspective of cultural institutions. A review of the literature, as well as observation of the functioning of cultural institutions in economic practice, allows us to notice the dichotomy of coopetition strategies, expressed in the simultaneous establishment of coopetition relationships by a given institution in both an emerging and intentional way. This article focuses on mechanisms of setting the intentional and emergent coopetition strategy on the example of cultural institutions (the coopetition strategy is considered here at the interorganizational level). Mechanisms are understood in this paper as causal pathways to the emergence of motivation to coopetition. The article is conceptual in nature and is based on a narrative approach to the literature review within strategic management. As its main contribution, this paper offers conceptualization of the mechanisms of setting the intentional and emergent coopetition strategy on the example of cultural institutions, which are examples of public and non-profit organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a session titled "There's A LOT Still Happening in MARC: Some Updates on MARC Formats," which took place during the American Library Association (ALA) Core Interest Group Week in March 2023. The session covered recent developments in the MARC standards and updates from groups: the "MARC/RDA Working Group," the "Program for Cooperative Cataloging Task Group on MARC Simplification" and the "Program for Cooperative Cataloging's Standing Committee.

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This article aims to shed light on the rationale behind Fascist Italy's participation in the League of Nations' (L.o.N.) cultural organizations, as well as on the strategies and diplomatic tools it adopted with a view to setting the intellectual cooperation agenda in the 1920s and 1930s. Although inspired by a strong nationalist ideology, the Fascist regime, at least initially, successfully adapted its cultural diplomacy strategies to the multilateral context of the L.o.N., embracing the language and tools of internationalism. In the long run, however, this delicate balance between nationalist and internationalist attitudes proved untenable: Mussolini' project aiming to convey a positive and tolerant image of Fascism to the outside world was firstly tainted by the measures taken in 1931 to regiment Italian intellectuals, and then finally collapsed with the aggression to Ethiopia. However, this article shows that the involvement in the L.o.N.'s cultural organizations, while providing Fascism with international channels for circulating its propaganda, also determined instances of real cooperation: the most emblematic case is represented by the development of cinematography, which can be considered Italy's long-term contribution to the enhancement of intellectual cooperation within the L.o.N. in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) and its institutions, discussing changes in cataloging routines and the way PCC conducts business. Topics discussed include the adaptation to remote work and its effects on cataloging routines, the shift to online and hybrid meetings, and the potential long-term changes in cataloging practices and the PCC's operational methods.

Contributions by individual open source software (OSS) community members are the lifeblood of the OSS projects that power today’s digital economy and are important for the very survival of such communities. Individual contributions by OSS community members to others’ projects and their own determine whether OSS communities are resilient in the face of major shocks. Arguably, if crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic prompt users to reduce their contributions to others’ projects relative to the contributions to their own projects, such behavior can have implications for the overall resilience of the OSS community. Therefore, whether and how individuals change their contributions in the face of a crisis is an important question. We examine whether members in an OSS community increased or decreased their contributions to others’ projects relative to their own in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, a sudden and unexpected global health-related shock that has affected almost everyone. We also compare and contrast this behavior when the OSS community faced increasing unemployment, an economic cyclic shock that is arguably and relatively more personal. Drawing on the concept of prosocial behavior and conservation of resources (COR) theory, we hypothesize that the pandemic increased OSS community members’ contributions to others’ projects relative to their own; on the other hand, the threat of rising unemployment decreased OSS community members’ contributions to others’ projects relative to their own. Our empirical analyses of a longitudinal dataset of over 18,000 OSS community members on GitHub, with more than 1.4 million member-day observations, support our hypotheses. This study contributes by uncovering the differential effects of exogenous health-related and economic shocks on the resilience of the OSS community. We conclude with a discussion of our findings’ implications for OSS community resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contributing to the scholarly debate on the European Union's (EU) foreign policy, this paper focuses on an under-explored, yet central, subset of the latter, namely the EU's cultural relations with the Eastern Partnership (EaP). Concretely, it examines what discursive articulations the EU advances through its cultural relations with the region. To do so, it applies a poststructuralist approach to a selection of data retrieved from EU policy documents and declarations (2007–2020) and semi-structured interviews with EU officials and cultural operators. The analysis reveals that three discursive articulations of EU identity are advanced: a) 'United in Diversity', showcasing 'Europe' as a model; b) 'co-creation', promoting dialogue and mutuality with the EaP; and c) 'messaging', framing Russia as an existential threat. Despite some contradictions, the analysis detects an important tendency towards geographical othering, and notably towards the externalising of the threat location in identity production. By resorting to default conceptions of culture, EU discourse splits the EU and Russia into two organic systems of differences. Overall, EU identity reproduction within the cultural terrain – and the antagonism that comes with it – produces and nurtures the very contested world that the EU seeks to navigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decline of public intellectuals and the challenges they face. Topics include scholars' desire for status within their field, a lack of interdisciplinary thinking, and difficulties in communicating with the wider public. The article also discusses the importance of public intellectuals in addressing societal challenges and provides guidance for academic leaders and scholars interested in cultivating public intellectualism.

The Roman poet Horace provides an unlikely-seeming source of inspiration and consolation to a writer emerging in South Africa in the late 1980s. This account essays some history of the way one poet can work on another across cultures and millennia, noting the mediating force of W.H. Auden and the significance of form over content in brokering a stylistic affection that has lasted. The essay follows also Gilbert Highet's premise in his Poets in a Landscape, by following the author in his tracks to Italy and the valley of Horace's Digentia, now the Licenza river. Whether the essay is about the formation of a twenty-first century echo or the recovery of a two-thousand-year-old exemplum in outlandish circumstances is moot, and probably entangled. This essay in creative non-fiction expresses a long affinity for the Roman poet Quintus Hotarius Flaccus (Horace), and the circumstances of that affinity with particular reference to the author's encounter with him across South Africa and Italy, in youth and maturity. The essay makes elliptical reference to the work of the poet but does not set out any extended critical analysis; it is more gently interested in the formation of the author's own intellectual and poetic community with the ancient Roman. In broad canvas it problematises the reception of the so-called classics in the global South, but more pronouncedly represents the formation of a writerly and philosophical outlook in a time of transformation. The essay is preoccupied also with the endurance of place, or ideologised space, in the persistence of a canonical classic, and extends its encounter with Horace's Sabine hills and villa to the remote-but-related landscape of the (South African) mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the changes that took place in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (the National Museum of Fine Arts) of Argentina in the 1930s. Founded in 1895, it moved to a new building in 1933, leaving behind the chaotic display of the 19th-century pavilion that used to host its collections. The newly relocated museum then revealed a brand-new museography, which implied radical changes in its display methods and artwork selection. The main person responsible for this revamping was Atilio Chiáppori, its Director. An avid reader of Mouseion, he edited the Boletín del Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, where he published articles – that he translated into Spanish himself – for the Argentinian public to read. Our article aims to understand the influence of the International Museums Office – International Council of Museum's direct ancestor – and Mouseion in Argentina, taking the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes as a case study. We will trace the influence of the debates conveyed by this magazine in the 1930s to better comprehend the place of Argentina within the context of the birth of museography as we know it today, and within newly born multilateral organisations like the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. Along with the study of the Museum's Boletín and its photographic archives, we will also dig into Mouseion's pages and the proceedings of the famous 1934 Muséographie conference. By reviewing these sources together with Luz en el Templo, the memoir written by Chiáppori about his time as a museum director, we will try to understand the transformation of a 19th-century museum for the elite into a place of public education and debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was a keynote presentation by Professor Keri Facer at the United Kingdom Literacy Association (UKLA) international conference and subsequent article in Literacy that sparked the discussions which inspired the focus of this special issue. In July 2021, with a mix of end of term exhaustion and intellectual exhilaration, we gathered online to interview Keri and do that important activity we rarely manage to achieve in our performative academic culture, that is, to talk and think together. We wanted to share this process with you, and so we present our questions and Keri's responses with minimal editing and with the 'epistemic hope'1 we felt in that moment and want to share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 1933, the International Commission on Historical Monuments (ICHM) was founded under the framework of the International Museums Office. The ICHM was a result of the discussions at the Athens Conference in 1931, at which the participants had explicitly expressed the wish to cooperate more closely internationally in the field of the conservation of cultural heritage. The ICHM considered itself a coordinating body for experience and documentation, a platform for exchange and a source of inspiration for the national administrations. They aimed to generate greater respect among the people for the testimonies of the past and to stimulate a spirit of international solidarity. Even before the ambitious goals of the Commission could bear fruit in practice, the disintegration of the international community put an abrupt end to the ideas of the Commission members around 1937. In this research note, a brief overview of the institutional and personnel anchoring of the ICHM is given, likely to be an impulse for further research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering is a subject that ranges from extensive collaborations to small individual projects. In our interest in the study of collaboration, we have detected a series of problems in realizing construction and engineering projects that cover different aspects. It is worth highlighting the subject of technical drawing, the different terminology used in the projects, mainly when these are carried out in other locations, the massive use of assisted design software, and the difficulty of carrying out projects collaboratively. Computer-aided design was a catalyst that has been fully implemented in Spain since the 90s in architecture and engineering. The most widespread application worldwide is AutoCAD. Students learn to carry out small projects with software applications. The basis of any project is the drawing of the object to be made. When teaching technical drawing, instructors have noticed fundamental deficiencies in the correct representation of objects. Similarly, those responsible for the projects have shown the absence of this knowledge. This significantly impairs the definition of certain essential elements that must be specified later in the execution due to the changes between what is projected and what can be executed. On the other hand, during the construction boom and mainly due to the commercialization of homes, multiple 3D software emerged to facilitate the prospective buyer's vision of their future home. The proliferation of this type of software has posed a series of problems as students master the computer tool but not the transition from 3D to 2D and vice-versa. Although AutoCAD made it easy to carry out projects with excellent efficiency, it has failed, despite its many updates, to become a collaborative tool that allows several individuals to work on the same file at the same time. However, architecture and engineering projects have always been examples of collaboration, as shown in the Collaborative Intelligence model proposed in our research articles. Specifically, this model is based on three fundamental pillars: area of knowledge, collaborative technology, and intellectual cooperation. Of these three pillars of Collaborative Intelligence, we are most affected by the area of knowledge and collaborative technology since this is where more deficiencies have been detected. This study highlights these difficulties and solves the problems that project managers have detected in their collaborators for students to acquire these skills. We consider that the acquisition of these competencies is based on correct technical drawing learning, although the software is the primary interaction vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer review is the self-regulating mechanism of the scientific community and the core link of scientific quality control. The core operating mechanism of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is peer review, which is an important guarantee for the selection of high-quality projects. In order to promote the scientificity, objectivity, and impartiality of peer review, and steadily advance the reform and development of NSFC in the new era, this study analyzes the challenges of the current peer review mechanism of science foundation based on the review of the development of the peer review mechanism, and its advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, the challenges include the inability of the mechanism to meet the needs of catch-up development, the difficulty of the scale of the expert and management team to meet the increasing for project application quantity, the lack of object feedback in the expert review, and the need to optimize the selection of review experts, as well as the lack of monitoring means for the project review process. Accordingly, this study further proposes ideas of improving the peer review mechanism and establishing a "Responsibility, Credibility, Contribution" (RCC) supervision and evaluation system. This study not only clarifies the dynamic and scientific nature of this evaluation system, but also summarizes its potential use in optimizing the management of science foundation and improving the efficiency of project review, providing a theoretical basis for further promotion of the RCC supervision and evaluation system. This idea has been applied in the reform of the science foundation, and the results indicate that the direction of RCC reform is effective. This study further emphasizes the necessity to improve the system design, strengthen the monitoring of review quality, and create a culture of responsible review. It discusses the importance of improving the peer review mechanism of science foundation from multiple perspectives, points out the challenges and feasible development paths of the mechanism, and provides a certain basis for the further reform and development of the RCC supervision and evaluation system, which is of great significance to steadily promote the management of NSFC in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the term 'cultural diplomacy' is familiar, it was infrequently used before the end of the Cold War. In fact, practitioners avoided the term and preferred 'cultural relations'. This paper explains the rise of 'cultural diplomacy' via a historical sociology of the broader field of 'cultural statecraft'. The analysis shows that during the Interwar Period, two modes of cultural statecraft emerged with distinct organizational configurations; 'cultural relations' that embedded 'culture' within the field of foreign policy and 'intellectual cooperation' that sought to de-nationalize culture. Within the cultural relations area, the key relationship was between foreign ministries and semi-autonomous implementing agencies. In this context 'cultural relations' served to manage the arms-length relationship between the two sides. At the end of the Cold War, changing policy ideas and the emergence of an organizational model based on projects brought new actors into the field for whom old sensitivities around cultural diplomacy no longer applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two puzzles in the software competition literature: whether both proprietary and open source software will survive and how producers of proprietary software differentiate themselves from open source competition. I address both puzzles by analyzing competition between a firm producing proprietary software and a community producing open source software. If the firm faces no competition, then the software caters to less technologically savvy individuals. When facing competition, the open source software caters to the most technologically savvy individuals, leading the firm to target even less savvy individuals than it would when acting as a monopolist in order to differentiate its software from the open source option. The open source movement, then, may not be an unalloyed success as the growth in open source can be tied to deterioration in the proprietary software. Given that both types of software survive by catering to different segments of the market, an important avenue for research will be to analyze the stability of the underlying segments and the corresponding welfare implications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper studies the behavior of intellectual property pledge loan based on a specific social network and uses the method of experimental research to analyze the impact of factors on the comprehensive trust of intellectual property pledge loan. The results show that if direct cooperation records between enterprises and banks are complete, the larger the scale of cooperation, the higher the trust of intellectual property pledge loans, and the nearer the cooperation record to the present time, the greater the credibility of enterprise cooperation. If there is no direct cooperation record between enterprises and banks, or cooperation record is incomplete, in accordance with the trust evaluation of the recommended members on the intellectual property pledge loan enterprise, the smaller the degree of trust at a certain recommendation node, the lower the credibility of enterprises at this node correspondingly, and the lower the perceived risk tolerance of banks, the lower the cooperation satisfaction in the intellectual property pledge loan enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STEM has one of the largest job fields, providing competitive salaries and opportunities for advancement. Despite this potential, enrollment in STEM majors is low and attrition at the collegiate level is high. This affects economic development and diversity within the scientific community. This warrants an analysis of the major selection process and identification of factors that affect STEM students in the academic setting. In this study, STEM and non-STEM majors at a liberal arts institution were surveyed about their education experience and the process of major selection. Significant results were found for STEM majors in terms of the amount of time spent on coursework as compared to their peers, the importance of peer and instructor interaction, course factors that cause stress, and thoughts on switching majors. The findings indicate that positive peer interaction and instructor support is critical for retaining STEM students as it fosters a scientific community. For non-STEM majors, a majority reported moderate confidence in science and mathematics, reported not participating is STEM activities outside of the classroom setting, had few thoughts of changing majors, and reported not knowing anyone in the STEM field. These findings highlight the importance of exposing students to STEM careers, and retaining student interest in STEM in the high school setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Enlightenment is widely thought to have been a period when "science" and "technology" became intimately intertwined. In his 1791 book on the building of the Eddystone lighthouse (completed in 1759), the English engineer John Smeaton praised the Royal Society for being more than a group of abstract theoreticians. This article looks at the fellows of Smeaton's Royal Society network who contributed knowledge, reports, specimens, and inventions solicited by Smeaton when he was working on this lighthouse project. I show, in line with other recent research on this topic, that the "artisans" of the 18th century did not confine themselves to practical know‐how, and that "scholars" were not merely interested in abstract philosophising; instead, the figures I look at in this paper were hybrid knowers who possessed useful knowledge and book learning. I argue that the advice solicited by Smeaton during the building of the lighthouse was characterised not by exchanges between theory and practice, but by a combining of different types of knowledge from separate fields. A second feature of this intellectual co‐operation is that it was not centred on a group of practical industrialists or engineers, but rather it was the Royal Society that served as the common denominator, bringing all of the characters in our story into contact with each other. This is reflected in the subject matter involved, which was characteristic of the research focus of the virtuoso tradition in the 18th‐century Royal Society. Smeaton's contact with this tradition was influenced by his friendships, his social activities, and, indirectly, by the way that the dissensions that occupied the Royal Society during the early 1780s impacted his retrospective account of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Popular Front era (1934–1939), communists and liberals participated in new arenas of ideological contact through civil society. Among these was the World Youth Congress Movement (WYCM), an organization that embodied the convergence of three powerful forces of the 1930s: youth, internationalism, and the Popular Front. Although liberal internationalists initiated the WYCM, the involvement of communists drew criticism from socialists, conservatives, and fascists. While historians have traditionally described it as a communist front, the WYCM deserves reconsideration in light of new understandings of youth activism in the 1930s. In tracing the evolution of the movement, this study illustrates how the WYCM served as a space in which liberals and communists coordinated and competed to mobilize youth in the struggle for peace and cooperation. In youth, these groups found a shared interest that allowed them to paper over their contradictions, but only as long as their higher‐order interests aligned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is a major problem of the modern society, as it is the cause of many health problems and huge economic losses in companies. It is a growing issue, and it has become an inescapable part of our daily lives. The early detection of stress will decrease the damage it causes and prevent it from becoming chronic. The scientific community is aware of this, and much progress has been made in the last years towards the development of an automatic stress detection system. In this review study, we will examine the recent works on stress detection, looking over the measurements executed along different modalities. only studies involving human participants were taken into account, as no such analysis has been made so far. The performed analysis gives us hints about the future development of appropriate methods for automatic stress recognition systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]