Search

The article introduces John T. Jost, a prominent psychologist, who received the SPSSI's Kurt Lewin Award in 2023 for his groundbreaking theoretical contributions challenging established beliefs in psychology and social science. Jost's work on system justification theory and political conservatism has reshaped social psychological thinking, leading to extensive empirical research and significant scholarly impact. His theories have sparked debates and investigations worldwide, highlighting the importance of questioning conventional wisdom and promoting intellectual and experimental honesty in scientific inquiry. Jost's innovative ideas have influenced a new wave of research in political psychology and social cognition, emphasizing the need for critical examination of societal norms and beliefs. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: News media play an important role in shaping public perceptions of and attitudes toward people with autism. This study examines news reports about autism in China Daily over the past 20 years, from 2003 to 2022. Methods: This study employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Results: The findings reveal that news coverage on autism predominantly centers on children, with a significant shift in focus from support by family members and schools to support at the broader societal and governmental levels. Further, the overall representation of autism remains predominantly negative and rooted in prejudice. In terms of gender representation, autism is often depicted more frequently as male-oriented. However, a more diverse representation of age groups has emerged. Finally, while news media subtly convey negative attitudes toward autism, they also demonstrate a concurrent concern for the condition, reflecting a complex and nuanced attitude toward people with autism. Discussion: Our study indicates that corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis allows researchers to compare news over time, thus offering insights into changing discourses. The analysis can also reduce bias and uncover the implicit attitudes of news media toward autism by analyzing patterns of words and discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence is mounting that the biopsychosocial paradigm is more accurate and useful than the biomedical paradigm of care. Habits of thought can hinder the implementation of this knowledge into daily care strategies. To understand and lessen these potential barriers, we asked: 1) What is the relative implicit and explicit attitudes of musculoskeletal surgeons towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms of medicine? 2) What surgeon factors are associated with these attitudes? Methods: An online survey-based experiment was distributed to members of the Science of Variation Group (SOVG) with a total of 163 respondents. Implicit bias towards the biomedical or biopsychosocial paradigms was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) designed by our team using open-source software; explicit preferences were measured using ordinal scales. Results: On average, surgeons demonstrated a moderate implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm (d-score: -0.21; Interquartile range [IQR]: -0.56 to 0.19) and a moderate explicit preference towards the biopsychosocial paradigm (mean: 14; standard deviation: 14). A greater implicit bias towards the biomedical paradigm was associated with male surgeons (d-score: -0.30; IQR: -0.57 to 0.14; P = 0.005). A greater explicit preference towards the biomedical paradigm was independently associated with a European practice location (Regression coefficient: -9.1; 95% CI: -14 to -4.4; P <0.001) and trauma subspecialty (RC: -6.2; 95% CI: -11 to -1.0; P <0.001). Conclusions: The observation that surgeons have an implicit bias favoring the biomedical paradigm might inform strategies for implementation of care strategies based on evidence favoring the biopsychosocial paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of celebrities on microblog browsing behaviours among Chinese college students, specifically analyzing implicit attitudes and recognition processes for both celebrity and non-celebrity microblog pages. Data were collected from 89 Chinese university students using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a recognition scoring test. employing a 2 (frequent users vs. non-frequent users) × 2 (celebrity microblogs vs. non-celebrity microblogs) mixed factorial design. Results indicate a significant preference for celebrity microblog pages, evidenced by more positive implicit attitudes and higher recognition scores compared to those for non-celebrity pages. Furthermore, frequent users demonstrated enhanced recognition, which suggests a significant celebrity effect. The study revealed the underlying automatic preference of college students for celebrities in their microblogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this phenomenological case study was to examine music education majors' lived experience of negotiating cultural differences in an international choral trip from the US to China. Eight music education majors from a music college in the eastern U.S. participated in this study. I collected three types of data describing their cultural exchange experience: participants' daily journals, and the research assistant's observation notes during the trip, and a series of focus group interviews after the trip. Through the process of epoché, phenomenological reduction, horizontalization, and structural synthesis, four themes emerged: (a) Explicit knowledge acceptance by superficial cultural engagement, (b) Elatedness over common musical characteristics, (c) Implicit othering attitude, and (d) Moments of self-reflexivity. In the essence of their cultural interactions, participants experienced dialectic tension between musical similarities and differences, surficial and deep cultural engagement, universal and non-universal consideration, and their centrality toward self and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the language practices maintained by speakers of two minoritised languages: Emilian and Esperanto. Esperanto is seemingly maintaining itself more successfully than Emilian and can therefore serve as an insightful point of comparison. The aim of this study is to quantify spaces of language use and attitudes towards each language to investigate the following: (i) spaces of language use and (ii) explicit language attitudes in the two communities, and (iii) the relationship between spaces, language attitudes and self-reported competence. We administered an online sociolinguistic questionnaire over the summer of 2020, collecting 468 responses for Emilian and 154 for Esperanto. Results from Bayesian linear models suggest that the relationship between language attitudes and competence is modulated by spaces of use: at lower proportions of spaces of use, language attitudes are more positively correlated with language competence, while at higher proportions of spaces of use, the relationship between attitude and competence is reduced. Although Emilian is maintained in fewer spaces than Esperanto, we observe that it is still used in local spaces. We propose that creating spaces for users of minoritised languages like Emilian could engender higher levels of language competence and hence language maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic children are frequently taught in mainstream schools, and in Scotland, policy aims for inclusion. This study investigated Scottish educators’ implicit and explicit attitudes towards autistic children and aimed to understand the relationships between attitudes, knowledge and experience. Seventy primary school educators working in Scotland took part. Participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to assess implicit attitudes. They also completed two explicit attitude measures (openness to autism and cognitive attitudes), and measures of knowledge and level of contact. Overall, participants held positive attitudes in explicit attitude measures. Around half had positive implicit attitudes, but a quarter had either neutral or negative implicit attitudes. There were correlations between explicit attitudes, age and years of experience, with older, more experienced staff having more negative attitudes. Young educators with less experience may have more positive attitudes, perhaps reflecting societal changes in perceptions of autism. In regression analyses, greater autism knowledge predicted more positive cognitive attitudes towards autistic children, suggesting that targeting knowledge may improve attitudes. Scotland’s policies may have the potential to support the effective inclusion of autistic pupils in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Dialogical Self Theory, there is a multiplicity of I-positions within the self in a dialogical relationship. Psychodrama refers to these positions as inner parts within the self. We propose an integration of both to create an intervention centered on unscripted intrapersonal role-playing of the I-positions for the purpose of meaning-making. We want less dominant or silenced I-positions to be heard and included in the dialogue. We illustrate this approach with a group of 24 adult participants who engaged in a reflective dialogue process to potentially change their attitudes and perspectives toward an exemplary topic of technological advancement. A mixed-method approach is applied to investigate the potential benefits of this intervention. In pre-and post-intervention, a questionnaire is used to gather self-reported attitudes with Likert-scale and open-ended questions to assess explicit attitudes and perspectives related to our exemplary case. We used a statistical test and thematic analysis to compare the results before and after the intervention. The qualitative results show a shift in perspectives. However, the quantitative results do not show statistical significance regarding attitude change. Furthermore, integrating quantitative and qualitative results shows a convergence of the findings in one group of participants while divergence in the other. Despite these results, the proposed interventional approach promises various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The growing interest in nutritional psychology has sparked explorations into how eating habits impact one's emotional, cognitive, and physical health. The Theory of Food (ToF) posits that childhood eating patterns shape food choices in adulthood, influenced by cognitive and associative representations formed early in life. This study explores the relationship between specific childhood eating habits—fruit and snack consumption—and implicit attitudes toward these food groups in adulthood. It also investigates whether this relationship differs by gender. Methods: One hundred and nineteen participants completed a recall questionnaire about their childhood eating habits and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit attitudes toward food groups. The primary hypotheses were that greater fruit consumption in childhood would lead to more positive attitudes toward fruits, and higher snack consumption would result in more favourable attitudes toward snacks. Results: The results did not support the initial hypotheses, indicating no direct relationship between the consumption of fruits or snacks in childhood and implicit attitudes in adulthood. However, further analyses revealed a significant difference in implicit attitudes toward fruits below versus high childhood fruit consumption participation, particularly among women. Conclusions: These findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between childhood eating habits and implicit food attitudes. While no direct associations were found for the overall sample, the significant differences in attitudes based on childhood fruit consumption in women suggest gender-specific patterns. These results emphasize the need for further research to unravel the intricate connections between early eating behaviours and later food attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central government's policy attitude will affect local governments' innovation adoption behavior, but the diffusion process is not static, which shows dynamic changes. This essay illustrates the spreading process of the Chinese River Chief System (RCS). It discusses how the factors influencing the diffusion of the RCS alter dynamically under various policy attitudes of the central government by using the segmented Event History Analysis (EHA) and Piecewise Constant Exponential (PCE) models. The results found that, under the central government's implicit policy attitude, peer city pressure and official promotion increase the probability of adoption of the RCS. When the central government's policy encourages the attitude, intra-city factors and peer city pressure affect the diffusion of the RCS. Still, official promotion is no longer an influential influencing factor. All three factors are no longer practical when the central government introduces mandatory regulations. In addition, vertical higher-level pressure and horizontal peer city pressure on adopting the RCS are competitive rather than complementary relationships. Local governments' attitudes regarding the RCS went through a path of "good governance signal–governance tool–authority obedience" under the varied policy philosophies of the central government. Local governments pay more attention to the actual circumstances in the region due to the non-mandatory central government direction, which advances the art of adopting policies. Contrarily, the central government's stipulations render the other factors' policies obsolete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the social attitudes towards the Central Najdi dialect among speakers of other Najdi dialects, i.e., Qassimi and Northern dialect. The Central dialect, spoken in the capital city of Riyadh, which has the largest population in the kingdom, is considered representative of Saudi Arabic. Based on the gravity model (Trudgill, 1974), it is hypothesized that other Najdi dialects will gravitate towards the dialect of Central Najd. The social attitudes towards the Central dialect will be assessed using the indirect method known as the verbal-guise test. The test measures individuals' implicit attitudes towards a dialect or a language. Participants listen to authentic short speech excerpts from each of the dialects understudy and rate each speaker based on selected status and solidarity traits. Findings indicate that the Central Najdi dialect is perceived more favorably in terms of status traits such as being civilized, educated, and open-minded compared to Qassimi and Northern dialect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The degree of perceived smoking stigma can differ, based on various factors such as gender; this may influence the effect of smoking cessation interventions, including denormalization. This study investigates the gender differences in smoking stigma recognized by Korean smokers and explores the effect of these differences on the success of smoking cessation messages that aim to initiate an identity crisis among smokers. It aims to contribute to effective smoking cessation intervention strategies for female smokers. Methods: The smoker-gender Implicit Association Test (IAT) was used to measure gender-based smoking stigma; the test comprised photos of people smoking, with positive and negative descriptors. Participants were 120 smokers aged 19-35 years (60 males and 60 females). Participants' cognitive attitudes toward smoking and cessation intentions were assessed at baseline. To investigate the effect of social stigmatization on smokers, participants were asked to watch anti-smoking campaigns that stigmatized either smoking behavior or smokers' self-identity. Cognitive attitudes and cessations intention were used to show differences in gender and message conditions. Results: The IAT D-score showed that female smokers perceived other female smokers significantly more negatively than they did male smokers, suggesting a higher level of smoking stigma. Female smokers in the socially stigmatizing condition reduced their negativity toward smoking less than those who were not stigmatized. Moreover, cessation intentions did not improve when female smokers received identity-threatening messages, indicating that female smokers tended to resist stigmatizing messages. Discussions: These findings provide empirical evidence that the gender of Korean smokers is significantly related to differences in smoking stigma. The negative perception and resistance responses of female smokers shown in this study are consistent with the findings of previous studies on the stigma of substance use disorders and addiction. High smoking stigma can also be a risk factor in anti-smoking interventions, including health communication; therefore, these findings should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Positive attitudes toward physical activity have been consistently linked to health Behaviors. This study aims to validate the effectiveness of attitude change in the domain of exercise and identify the mechanisms through which this change occurs in the context of sports and promote exercise behavior. Methods: 103 university students (20.7 ± 1.97 years, 40 males, and 63 females) completed the implicit and explicit attitude tests. Based on their exercise levels assessed using the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), participants were categorized into low and high exercise level groups. From this sample, 66 university students (19 males and 47 females) with low exercise levels completed a self-generated information task. Subsequently, physical activity was assessed through a skipping rope task. Results: The implementation of the self-generated information task resulted in notable alterations in implicit attitudes (ηi² = 0.07) toward physical activity during subsequent Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) evaluations. Additionally, significant changes were observed in explicit attitudes (ηe² = 0.12) toward physical activity among university students. Moreover, the use of self-generated information positively influenced immediate exercise behavior. Discussion: This study provides valuable insights into the impact of attitudes on behaviors among university students. It suggests that attitudes toward physical activity can be effectively changed through the use of self-generated information methodology, leading to an enhancement in immediate exercise behavior. Such attitude change has the potential to promote healthier behaviors and reduce the risk of diseases. These findings hold implications for interventions aimed at enhancing physical activity levels among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although several important documents of education and health promotion on the international level favor practices geared toward physical literacy (PL), not all countries have yet gained experience with this holistic concept. Therefore, numerous stakeholders and practitioners who intend to align their interventional activities with PL will soon face the situation that there are no recommendations for their specific culture and language for how to design such programs. Given that such recommendations are also lacking for Germany, the goal of the present study within the uncontrolled pilot cycles of the PLACE study was (a) to describe the process of a female pedagogue (27 years old, previously unexperienced with PL) initially familiarizing herself with the PL concept and its implementation opportunities for the school setting, and (b) to retrace the process of developing and refining a PL-driven intervention for extracurricular physical education (6090 min) of children in grades three and four at primary schools in Bremen. Methods: Adopting a self-study design, this endeavor emphasized continuous reflexivity involving: (a) session protocols; (b) biweekly discussions with another coach; (c) weekly discussions between scientists and stakeholders of youth development ("multi-perspective panel"); (d) weekly observations and impressions during field work; and (e) summative group interviews with children (n = 17, age range: 8-9 years, 17.6% boys). Written documents underwent qualitative content analysis with inductively generated categories. Results: Despite explicit links between the theoretical PL domains and the intervention content, the character of how PL informed the intervention level was dominated by the stance and atmosphere implemented by the deliverer (e.g., participatory attitude, open mindset). Accordingly, the team revised the intervention primarily on the levels of organization (temporal schedule and sequences), instruction, and materials. After initial stages of didactically "surviving" within classes, the deliverer could increasingly integrate tasks of cognitive engagement and provide choice for students enabling individual autonomy for nurturing a person-centered approach. Discussion: This study encourages teachers and stakeholders of physical education to seek exchange with scholars or other practitioners while simultaneously demonstrating patience in comprehensively internalizing PL and efficiently translating the concept into routines in line with individual's quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of e‐cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short‐ and long‐term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e‐cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e‐cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e‐cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e‐cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E‐cigarette use was predicted by e‐cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention–behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e‐cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e‐cigarettes or control over using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between three types of norms, two types of green purchase attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and the intention to visit green hotels. An integrated theoretical framework was used in this study based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A total of 409 questionnaires were collected for analysis followed by subsequent empirical testing of the postulated hypotheses, which was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The results suggest that subjective norm positively influences personal norm, implicit attitude, explicit attitude, and intention. Personal norm, implicit attitude, explicit attitude, and PBC positively influence intention, respectively, while descriptive norm negatively influences intention. Furthermore, personal norm, implicit attitude, and explicit attitude were shown to partially mediate the relationship between subjective norm and intention to visit green hotels. This study expanded the TPB model by incorporating descriptive norm, intrinsic attitude, extrinsic attitude, and personal norm in the model to provide a better understanding of green hotel selection. The expanded TPB model will assist in clarifying the roles of the different types of attitudes and norms, and helps to determine the direct and indirect effect of each variable on customers' decision to visit green hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work on implicit attitude measures has become increasingly rich and nuanced, with much theoretical development emanating from investigations of the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude measures. However, various facets of implicit-explicit discrepancies (IEDs) remain underexplored – particularly, how prevalent the potentially distinct categories of IEDs are. Existing models speak mainly to discrepancies that occur because explicit attitudes are less prejudiced than implicit attitudes and tends to assume other possible categories are trivial. Using data from two large samples, this study provides a descriptive analysis of the different ways IEDs exist regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. Results suggest IEDs exist largely in line with traditional theories, but there is substantial variation yet to be understood. These results were robust across a variety of measures, although decision-making in the construction of measures can be consequential. Future research should consider this variation in theory development regarding implicit versus explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most sports are constitutive of the masculine identity, and these explicit gender perceptions influence sport participation. Less is known about implicit gender perceptions in sport, which may be instrumental in redefining the narrative of gender stereotypes and sport participation. This study explored gender differences in the implicit and explicit perceptions of sport. A total of 187 adults (45.45% female; Mage = 32.62 years, SDage = 13.07 years) completed an implicit association task by sorting sport words from the Canadian Women and Sport 'She's Got It All' campaign into gendered categories. Participants self-reported their explicit attitudes towards 10 campaign posters. Using independent sample t-tests, a moderate effect was observed for gender differences in implicit attitudes for sport. Men demonstrated significantly stronger implicit attitudes linking sport to masculine characteristics compared to women. Men reported significantly lower explicit positive attitudes for liking the posters, feeling motivated by them, and perceived relevance. Men and women did not differ on levels of uneasiness and self-consciousness. Results suggest that men maintain implicit gendered attitudes towards sport and report lower positive explicit attitudes to intentional gender equity media. Understanding the counterproductive role that men can play when enforcing stereotypical gendered sport beliefs is vital for advancing girls' and women's engagement in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative attitudes/beliefs surrounding osteoarthritis, pain, and activity contribute to reduced physical activity in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). These attitudes/beliefs are assessed using self-report questionnaires, relying on information one is consciously aware of and willing to disclose. Automatic (ie, implicit) assessment of attitudes does not rely on conscious reflection and may identify features unique from self-report. We developed an implicit association test that explored associations between images of a person moving/twisting their knee (activity) or sitting/standing (rest), and perceived threat (safe vs dangerous). We hypothesised that people with KOA would have greater implicit threat-activity associations (vs pain-free and non-knee pain controls), with implicit attitudes only weakly correlating with self-reported measures (pain knowledge, osteoarthritis/pain/activity beliefs, fear of movement). Participants (n = 558) completed an online survey: 223 had painful KOA(n = 157 female, 64.5 ± 8.9 years); 207 were pain free (n = 157 female, 49.3 ± 15.3 years); and 99 had non-KOA lower limb pain (n = 74 female, 47.5 ± 15.04 years). An implicit association between "danger" and "activity" was present in those with and without limb pain (KOA: 0.36,95% CI 0.28-0.44; pain free: 0.13,95% CI 0.04-0.22; non-KOA lower limb pain 0.11, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.24) but was significantly greater in the KOA group than in the pain free (P < 0.001) and non-KOA lower limb pain (P = 0.004) groups. Correlations between implicit and self-reported measures were nonsignificant or weak (rho = -0.29 to 0.19, P < 0.001 to P = 0.767). People with painful KOA hold heightened implicit threat-activity associations, capturing information unique to that from self-report questionnaires. Evaluating links between implicit threat-activity associations and real-world behaviour, including physical activity levels, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COME GLI INSEGNANTI SI SENTONO BENE: IL RUOLO DELLA MINDFULNESS, DELL’AUTOEFFICACIA E DEGLI ATTEGGIAMENTI IMPLICITI DEGLI INSEGNANTI VERSO GLI STUDENTI CON BACKGROUND ETNICO MINORITARIO, NELLA LORO SENSAZIONE DI BURNOUT Abstract Burnout is a complex syndrome, and decades of research have established that teaching is a stressful profession. New evidence suggests that teachers’ ethnic prejudice and attitudes might help to explain teachers’ burnout related to ethnic diversity. On the other hand, factors such as self-efficacy and mindfulness are known to play a protective role for burnout, but to date it is not known how they are related to implicit attitudes and prejudice as well. In this study, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of burnout in teachers and pre-service teachers, investigating the role of ethnic prejudice, implicit ethnic attitudes, perceived self-efficacy and mindfulness. Our results show that self-efficacy and mindfulness are negatively correlated with teacher burnout and that mindfulness moderates the relationship between implicit ethnic attitudes and burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The Proteus effect is a phenomenon found in over 60 studies where people tend to conform behaviorally to their avatars' identity characteristics, especially in virtual reality. This study extends research on the Proteus effect to consider organization-representing avatars and misogynistic behavioral outcomes. Male participants (N = 141) in a lab experiment embodied a set of pretested avatars which varied in level of association with a university mascot (i.e., color and body type) in a bespoke virtual reality simulation designed to elicit misogynistic behavior. Namely, participants were directed to place a hand on virtual agents' body parts, including the buttocks (i.e., a transgressive misogynistic act). Time delay in complying with directions to touch the agents' buttocks served as an implicit measure of resistance to this misogynistic behavior. Results suggest that within moderately masculine body-size avatar users, those who embodied a university-color-associated avatar exhibited more misogynistic behaviors (i.e., faster buttocks-touching). Unexpectedly, this effect of avatar color was not apparent within the hypermasculine body-size avatars, and within the university-associated color condition, hypermasculine body-type was associated with less misogynistic behavior. These findings suggest that organization-representing avatars may induce behavioral conformity to implicit attitudes associated with the organization, such as misogyny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic discrimination is a complex phenomenon. How should it be investigated? Evidential pool is of key importance. In this paper, we present specific conceptual and methodological challenges in the study of linguistic discrimination, with a focus on linguistic discrimination resulting from implicit attitudes and the steadily growing research on biases and structural approaches to social injustice. We conclude by proposing that a productive and comprehensive way to investigate linguistic discrimination rooted in implicit attitudes should seek to incorporate first-person perspectives and testimonies from the linguistically harmed individuals, and discuss some arguments in support of this view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although women drivers engage in fewer risky behaviors and have a lower involvement in traffic accidents than men, there is a commonly held stereotype that they are bad drivers. To understand this perception, various psychosocial factors related to sexism have been studied. However, very little is known about sexist attitudes towards women drivers, especially when studied through implicit attitude models. The aim of this study was to understand implicit and explicit sexist attitudes towards women drivers. A sample of N = 104 participants from Mar del Plata, Argentina, completed a stimulus classification task using response times to measure implicit attitudes, and three self-reporting measures of explicit attitudes, ambivalent sexism, and control of prejudices. The results indicated more positive implicit attitudes and low explicit antipathy towards women drivers. No age differences were found, but gender differences were observed (i.e., women showed more positive implicit and explicit attitudes towards their own group). Implicit and explicit attitudes showed a moderate correlation with each other and were not associated with a concern with acting prejudiced scale. Hostile sexism was a predictor of sexist driving attitudes. The results are discussed in the context of previous evidence on sexism in driving and implicit attitude models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-process perspective (DPP), which contrasts intuitive and deliberative cognitive processes, has advanced our understanding of the conditions under which cultural orientations, such as implicit attitudes, influence overt behaviour considerably. We test a central tenet of the DPP using a choice experiment on the placement of trust in hypothetical economic transactions. According to the principle of catalyzation, the impact of implicit cultural orientations on overt behaviour should be greater if the behaviour comes about in an intuitive rather than a deliberative manner. In this study, we focus on the implicit attitudes towards class and ethnicity and measure their impact on social behaviour via estimates of the effects of corresponding attributes within the choice experiment. Using a framing technique to experimentally induce intuitive or reflective responses, we find that implicit attitudes affect the placement of trust in the intuitive framing condition but not in the reflective framing condition. Besides providing a strict test of a central tenet of the DPP in a choice-experimental set-up, our study also sheds light on different cognitive mechanisms underlying discriminatory behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a semantic analysis of control verbs in Japanese that take finite clauses marked by the nominalizer koto. We argue for an analysis in which the invisible subject of the embedded clause is a run-of-the-mill zero pronoun and where the obligatory coreference relation between the controller and the embedded subject is mediated by a primarily semantic factor. At the heart of our analysis lies the idea that there is a common underlying meaning shared across apparently heterogeneous classes of koto-taking control verbs, which consists of a causal relation between a volitional action inherent in the meaning of the verb and a de se attitude denoted by the embedded clause. The semantic analysis we offer not only explains language-internal properties of Japanese control verbs with respect to tense morpheme distribution that have been attributed to syntactic factors in the previous literature, but it also suggests a hitherto unnoticed possible cross-linguistic generalization about finite control and embedded tense interpretation which we dub 'hypothesis of relative tense in finite control.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of negative urgency on implicit mobile phone addiction tendency among college freshmen, and to observe whether social exclusion situations affect the relationship between negative urgency and implicit mobile phone addiction tendency. Methods: The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale was used to screen 575 freshmen from a certain university. The experiment utilized a GO/NO-GO paradigm. Experiment 1 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) two-factor mixed experimental design. Experiment 2 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (social exclusion type: priming group, non-priming group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) three-factor mixed experimental design. Results: Experiment 1 results showed a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant interaction effect between negative urgency group and word type. Experiment 2 results demonstrated a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant main effect of social exclusion type. There was a significant interaction effect between word type and social exclusion type, as well as between word type and negative urgency group. The three-way interaction effect among negative urgency group, word type, and social exclusion type was significant. Conclusion: College freshmen with high negative urgency exhibit a higher tendency toward implicit mobile phone addiction. In social exclusion situations, college freshmen show a higher tendency toward implicit smartphone addiction. Social exclusion situations and negative urgency jointly influence the implicit mobile phone addiction tendency of college freshmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA lot of research into the relationship between explicit grammatical understanding and literacy development in L1 contexts has focused on writing. A lot less is known, however, about the interconnectedness of explicit grammatical understanding and reading. This study investigated the relationship between grammatical understanding and reading comprehension in Finnish 9th grade students. Using national assessment data (N = 6,044) and multilevel quantitative analyses, the study found that explicit grammatical understanding accounted for a significant portion of the variance in reading skills, even after controlling for various background factors such as school, family socioeconomic status, homework and book reading habits, attitudes towards studying L1, and writing ability. The findings suggest, without implying causality, that understanding language structure and making explicit metalinguistic observations are closely connected to reading comprehension. The study encourages further research on the benefits of explicit grammar teaching for reading comprehension using different study designs. Additionally, it highlights the need to investigate how grammar instruction can be linked to reading, as well as explore the effectiveness of such instruction in different educational and linguistic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine differences on the Self-Injury Implicit Association Test (SI-IAT) by history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), in a test-retest design, to examine short-term temporal stability of SI-IAT scores. Treatment-seeking participants (N = 113; 58% female; 89% White; Mage = 30.57) completed the SI-IAT and self-report measures at two time points (MTimeframe = 3.8 days). Data suggested NSSI (51% of the sample endorsed lifetime NSSI) was related to Time 1 (T1) identity and attitude, and affected stability of scores. T1 and T2 SI-IAT identity and attitude were more strongly related for participants with NSSI history. NSSI characteristics (recency; number of methods) affected stability. The short-term test-retest reliability of the SI-IAT is strong among those with NSSI history from T1 to T2. However, the SI-IATs use with participants without a history of NSSI was not supported beyond its established ability to differentiate between groups by NSSI history. This test may provide clinically-relevant assessment among those with a history of NSSI. Participants with vs. without NSSI history respond differently on the SI-IAT Temporal stability of SI-IAT performance is strong in a short timeframe Results supported the test-retest reliability of the SI-IAT in the target group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political finance in liberal democracies is often regarded as a source of pathology accompanied by demands for reform. But on what principles and values should political finance reform be grounded? The existing scholarship provides no more than sketchy advice on such matters. To address this gap, this paper presents a normative framework to evaluate political finance rules, which proposes (a) that the design of such rules should take account of the party system in which the financing rules will operate; (b) that both political finance rules and party systems should be evaluated in terms of three normative dimensions of partisanship (collegiality, systemic voice, and systemic accountability); and (c) that political finance reforms ought to counterbalance the pathologies inherent to different party systems. A set of political finance rules that satisfies these three conditions is an instantiation of what we describe as the 'civic model of political finance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different stimuli can potentially activate overlapping populations of neurons in the brain. How does the brain maintain information about multiple items? Here, we describe a new theory: neurons might switch back and forth between encoding each item across time. Recent statistical advances have allowed neurophysiology studies to probe for such activity fluctuations, generating support for this theory and opening intriguing new research directions. Many open questions remain, such as the time scale of activity fluctuations, the manner in which they are coordinated across (and read out from) neural ensembles, and the implications for perceptual binding, neural oscillations, and cognitive processes like attention, memory, and thought. Our ability to perceive multiple objects is mysterious. Sensory neurons are broadly tuned, producing potential overlap in the populations of neurons activated by each object in a scene. This overlap raises questions about how distinct information is retained about each item. We present a novel signal switching theory of neural representation, which posits that neural signals may interleave representations of individual items across time. Evidence for this theory comes from new statistical tools that overcome the limitations inherent to standard time-and-trial-pooled assessments of neural signals. Our theory has implications for diverse domains of neuroscience, including attention, figure binding/scene segregation, oscillations, and divisive normalization. The general concept of switching between functions could also lend explanatory power to theories of grounded cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of emotions in the work of special educators and proposes a framework called OPEN for using emotions as data to support professional practice. Special educators often experience a range of emotions in their interactions with students and colleagues, which can impact their work. By recognizing and reflecting on their emotional experiences, special educators can use emotional data to advocate for professional supports and improve relationships with students. The framework encourages educators to observe their emotions, see patterns, engage with the meanings of these patterns, and navigate towards change. The article emphasizes the importance of educators recognizing and understanding their emotions to enhance their professional practice and support students' social and emotional well-being. It also highlights the value of expanding emotional vocabulary, observing patterns without judgment, addressing biases, and seeking support from trusted colleagues. Overall, the article underscores the significance of emotions in education and the potential for emotional reflection to enhance both educators' and students' experiences. [Extracted from the article]

We introduce the test difficulty concept from classical test theory to tackle the issue of low predictive power of implicit association tests (IATs). Following classical test theory, we argue that IATs of moderate difficulty (defined as mean IAT scores of zero) have more predictive power than IATs of extreme difficulties (defined as mean IAT scores deviating strongly from zero). Furthermore, we assume this relationship to be mediated by the true-score variance in IAT scores, with moderate difficulty resulting in more true-score variance. To test our hypotheses, we used nonexperimental (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental designs (Study 3). In Studies 1 and 2, we compared IATs of different test difficulties with regard to their ability to predict direct attitude measures, drawing on the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences study. In Study 1, a subset of 95 attitude IATs (n = 127,259) was analyzed using multilevel structural equation models. As expected, IAT test difficulty strongly moderated the predictive power of IATs, and this effect was mediated by IAT true-score variance. In Study 2, we replicated the results with the same analyses but a different subset of 95 identity IATs (n = 43,745). In Study 3, we experimentally manipulated the IAT test difficulty. In total, three IATs (n = 480) were analyzed using multigroup structural equation models. Again, the IAT closer to moderate difficulty had more true-score variance and predictive power than the IATs of extreme difficulty. Accordingly, for correlational research, we recommend developing moderately difficult IATs to maximize IAT true-score variance and provide suggestions on how to achieve that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Perceptions of pedestrian safety interacting with self- vs. human-driven vehicles. • Deception experiment to measure implicit attitudes (Autonomy Bias). • Autonomy Bias exists, is negative on average, and varies widely across individuals. • Autonomy Bias is more related to technological orientation than socio-demographics. • Implicit and explicit attitudes are strongly related but distinct. Ensuring comfort and safety for pedestrians is essential to the responsible introduction of automated or self-driving vehicles (SDV). Few studies have attempted to isolate the effect of vehicle automation on perceptions of pedestrian interactions with SDV, separate from the potentially confounding effects of vehicle operation or appearance, and we still have limited understanding of the explicit and implicit attitudes mediating those perceptions. The objectives of this study are to determine 1) if there is an "Autonomy Bias" in the population of British Columbia, Canada (i.e., whether people perceive pedestrian-SDV interactions as inherently more or less comfortable and safe than otherwise equivalent interactions with human-driven vehicles or HDV), and if so, 2) which personal attributes influence Autonomy Bias. We isolate the effect of vehicle autonomy on perceptions using a novel deception-based experiment in which 1,133 participants rate 8 video clips of pedestrian interactions in a crosswalk; all clips show HDV, but a random half of the videos for each participant are described as SDV. Results show that Autonomy Bias varies widely across the population, with a small but significantly (p < 0.05) negative mean value (i.e., SDV interactions are perceived as less comfortable and safe). To ensure that an average person is as comfortable crossing with SDV as they currently are with HDV (i.e., to offset their Autonomy Bias), SDV must allow at least 0.4 s additional passing time at crosswalks; at least 3.7 s additional time is needed to ensure equivalent comfort for 85 % of the population. The implicit attitude of Autonomy Bias is strongly related to but distinct from explicit, self-reported attitudes toward technology and SDV, and may improve with SDV familiarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the implicit and explicit health–taste tradeoffs that consumers make in response to sugar‐reduction claims on chocolate cereals. We collect implicit measures through an Implicit Association Test, explicit perceptions of health and taste properties, and statements regarding product liking and purchase intention through a questionnaire. Based on a path analysis, we assess the relative strength of the indirect effects of sugar‐reduction claims mediated by health and taste perceptions, as well as the direct effects on purchase intention. The results indicate that sugar‐reduction claims decrease taste perceptions, increase health perceptions, and have only minor negative effects on product liking, but increase purchase intentions. Most participants show an implicit "unhealthy = tasty" intuition, which can be offset by moderate to high health consciousness. The implications for marketing and policymakers are twofold. First, our study shows that sugar‐reduction claims are effective in addressing the original target group of health‐conscious consumers. Second, our results suggest that the health–taste tradeoff is not prohibitively detrimental to purchase intentions among less health‐conscious consumers. Potential instruments to increase the market share in this segment are discussed [EconLit Citations: I18, D12, D83]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Goffman’s frame theory, this study examines the attitudes of nine Chinese university teacher translators in translating rainbow works, ranging from hesitancy to resistance. The primary objective is to uncover the frames of stigmatization inherent in their negative attitudes toward rainbow works translation. The research clarifies the identities of perpetrators and victims in these frames leading to stigmatization. Findings indicate that various stigmatization events in rainbow works translation share a common feature—an unfavorable depiction of rainbow culture and related elements, encompassing the rainbow community, works, and translators. Perpetrators and victims vary across events, demonstrating diversity. The research interprets stigmatization in rainbow works translation at individual, institutional, and sociocultural levels. Providing a unique Chinese perspective, the study contributes to international understanding of stigmatization in a heteronormative society. It challenges traditional Chinese norms, advocates reevaluating identity labels for the rainbow community, and underscores the importance of addressing translators’ circumstances in translating rainbow works within specific societal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the lateral attitude change (LAC) model, lateral (i.e., indirect) attitude change may occur in the absence of focal (i.e., direct) attitude change. To examine such displacement effects, we asked 124 participants to assume a teacher's role and grade two moderately good essays. They graded the first essay once before and once after they learned the (very good vs. very poor) grade the essay had allegedly received by a professor. Given that the professor's grade represented a blatant, disproportionate influence attempt, we hypothesized focal resistance (i.e., no attitude change toward the first essay) but a displacement effect (i.e., attitude change toward the second essay). Instead of displacement, results indicated generalization (focal and lateral effects). However, among participants who had resisted the influence attempt (n = 65), a displacement pattern was observed. Implications for the LAC model are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodResultsConclusionIn high-income countries, people with low socio-economic status (SES) engage in less leisure-time physical activity (PA) than those with higher SES. Beyond a materialistic account of this difference, the role of motivational precursors—among which attitudes are emblematic—remains poorly understood, particularly when it comes to dissociating the automatic vs. deliberative components of attitudes. This pre-registered study aimed to examine the associations between SES (i.e. income and educational attainment) and motivational precursors of PA (i.e. explicit and implicit attitudes), and whether gender and age may moderate these relationships.We used data from 970 adults (64% of women; mean age = 33 ± 12 years) from the Attitudes, Identities, and Individual Differences (AIID) study.Results of multiple linear regression analyses showed that participants with the highest level of income (>150,000$ per year) reported more positive explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA than those with lower income. Exploratory analysis further showed that women reported weaker explicit attitudes towards PA, while both explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA became weaker at age increases. In contrast, educational attainment was not significantly associated with those attitudes, and there was only mixed evidence for a moderating role of participants’ gender on the pattern of associations.Our findings suggest that both the explicit and implicit attitudes towards PA may be socially patterned. Future intervention studies should examine whether these attitudinal differences could be reduced, and whether such a reduction could help buffer the unequal participation in PA behaviors across social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-esteem is an important psychological concept that can be measured explicitly (reflective processing) and implicitly (associative processing). The current study examined 1) the association between childhood trauma (CT) and both explicit and implicit self-esteem, and 2) whether self-esteem mediated the association between CT and depression/anxiety. In 1479 adult participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, CT was assessed with a semi-structured interview, depression/anxiety symptoms with self-report questionnaires and explicit and implicit self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Implicit Association Test, respectively. ANOVAs and regression analyses determined the association between CT (no/mild/severe CT), its subtypes (abuse/neglect) and self-esteem. Finally, we examined whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety. Participants with CT reported lower explicit (but not lower implicit) self-esteem compared to those without CT (p <.001, partial η2 = 0.06). All CT types were associated with lower explicit self-esteem (p =.05 for sexual abuse, p <.001 for other CT types), while only emotional neglect significantly associated with lower implicit self-esteem after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (p =.03). Explicit self-esteem mediated the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms (proportion mediated = 48–77 %). The cross-sectional design precludes from drawing firm conclusions about the direction of the proposed relationships. Our results suggested that the relationship between CT and depression/anxiety symptoms can at least partly be explained by explicit self-esteem. This is of clinical relevance as it points to explicit self-esteem as a potential relevant treatment target for people with CT. • Individuals with CT reported lower explicit self-esteem compared to those without CT. • All CT types were (significantly) associated with lower explicit self-esteem. • CT severity was not associated with lower implicit self-esteem. • Explicit self-esteem mediated the association between CT and depression/anxiety. • Explicit self-esteem could be a relevant treatment target for individuals with CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self‐report) attitudes toward violence and self‐reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE‐IAT), a personalized VE‐IAT (P‐VE‐IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self‐report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self‐report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE‐IAT and P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 and for P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE‐IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Can the application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) help predict heterosexual parents' disclosure of donor conception to their children? SUMMARY ANSWER Parents with a stronger will to act in accordance with social norms favoring disclosure were more likely to start the disclosure process within the next 5–9 years. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In contrast to single mothers by choice and same-sex couples, heterosexual couples need to make an active decision to disclose their use of donor conception to their child. While disclosure at an early age is encouraged by international guidelines, many heterosexual-couple parents struggle with this. A previous study has found an association between parental scores of TPB factors and disclosure intention, but so far, no study has applied the TPB to predict parents' disclosure behavior. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The present study is based on the fourth and fifth waves of data collection (T4 and T5) in a nation-wide longitudinal study. Participating parents had conceived through identity-release oocyte donation (n = 68, response rate 65%) and sperm donation (n = 62, response rate 56%) as part of a heterosexual couple. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The present study is part of the prospective longitudinal Swedish Study on Gamete Donation (SSGD). Consecutive recruitment of couples starting oocyte or sperm donation treatment was conducted at all seven fertility clinics providing gamete donation in Sweden during a 3-year period (2005–2008). Participants were requested to complete postal surveys at five time points. The present study includes heterosexual-couple parents following oocyte or sperm donation who participated at the two latest time points when their children were 7–8 years old (T4), and 13–17 years old (T5). At T4, participants completed the study-specific TPB Disclosure Questionnaire (TPB-DQ) measuring attitudes and intentions to disclose the donor conception to the child, and disclosure behavior was assessed at both T4 and T5. Data from those participants who had not yet disclosed at T4 were analyzed using survival analysis with Cox regressions. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Forty participants had not disclosed the donor conception to their children at T4 and, out of these, 13 had still not disclosed at T5. We found a significant association between scores of the TPB factor Subjective norms at T4 and their subsequent disclosure behavior at T5 (HR = 2.019; 95% CI: 1.36–3.01). None of the other factors were significantly associated with disclosure behavior. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The present study concerns heterosexual-couple parents with children conceived following treatment with gametes from open-identity donors, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other groups and contexts. Other limitations include the risk of systematic attrition due to the longitudinal study design and decreased statistical power due to few participants. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings highlight the importance of perceived subjective norms for parents' disclosure behavior and indicate that the co-parent's opinion about disclosure is of particular relevance in this regard. Counselors should focus on supporting prospective parents to initiate and maintain a healthy and open dialogue about concerns around building a family with donor conception. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council. The authors have no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five studies examined implicit (IAT) attitudes toward the slurs n***er and n***a among Black and White Americans (total N = 3,226). Both groups showed strong implicit negativity toward n***er/a combined relative to socially acceptable contrast terms such as Black or African American. Controlling for baseline Black-White race attitudes, Black Americans who engaged in conscious reappropriation exhibited similar implicit negativity toward n***er/a as White Americans. When the rhotic and non-rhotic forms were directly contrasted, n***er was more implicitly negative than n***a, with Black Americans distinguishing the two more strongly than did White Americans. However, even Black American reappropriators showed implicit negativity toward n***a relative to Black. In sum, both n***er and n***a evoke automatic negative meaning in a broad sample of Americans today. At the same time, the relatively more positive meaning of n***a over n***er demonstrates the power of reappropriation to wrest control of word meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative peer attitudes are a significant barrier to social participation of students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Although many intervention studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of interaction or disability awareness programmes in promoting positive peer attitudes, reliance on students' self-reported attitudes is prone to social desirability bias and is unable to capture implicit prejudice. The present study examined changes in students' explicit and implicit attitudes toward peers with disabilities after a curriculum-based intervention programme ("Prinzip Vielfalt"), which aims to promote an open-minded attitude toward human diversity. Teachers in 12 primary school classes in the experimental group (n = 195 students) used the programme for eight weeks, whereas a control group of 12 classes (n = 191 students) used no intervention. Students' pre- and post-intervention attitudes were assessed using an adapted version of the Chedoke–McMaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps Scale and a disability Implicit Association Test for children. Post-intervention analyses revealed a significant relative improvement in explicit attitudes toward peers with disabilities in the experimental group compared to the control group (b = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.03; 0.37]) but no change in implicit attitudes (b = -0.03, 95% CI = [-0.10; 0.03]). Thus, while the intervention positively affected self-reported attitudes, implicit negative associations were unchanged. Using explicit and implicit measures of attitudes and attitude changes among children can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms and effectiveness of different intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between explicit and implicit educational values and learning burnout among senior high school students in China. Using stratified cluster sampling, 768 students from six high schools participated in a survey on explicit educational values and learning burnout. The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) explored students’ implicit attitudes toward educational values. The results showed that an emphasis on economic benefit was placed first among all explicit educational values. In contrast, the external value of education was more likely to be recognized in implicit educational values. Explicit and implicit educational values were significantly negatively correlated with learning burnout. However, there were no significant correlations between the explicit and implicit educational values, suggesting that the two belong to relatively independent psychological structures.

The generalization of the results accumulated to date has shown that the implicit measures of attitudes (some even suggest defining them with a less pretentious term “indirect”) show a disappointingly weak predictive potential in relation to real behavior. Thus, the predictive validity of the Graphical Association Test of Attitude (GATA), which also claims to be an indirect method, has been questioned. To check this assumption, we analyzed the results obtained with GATA in 64 predictions provided that the predicted outcome could be verified by real action. Such forecasts cover the domains of electoral, consumer and communicative behavior. In some cases, the prediction based on the data from a representative sample was checked referring to the actual behavior of the group represented by the sample, e.g., the electorate, or the consumers of a certain category of goods, etc. In other cases, the accuracy of the forecast was checked for each respondent. This allows to avoid the effect of “mutual compensation” of erroneous forecasts with opposite valence. The test method consisted of a comparison of the prediction accuracy of pairs of “control” and “experimental” prediction models: the only difference identified was that the latter used the data from indirect measurements of GATA as an additional factor of action. In the article, all models are presented in their simplest and most transparent versions. The results of the conducted meta-analysis do not fully correspond to the general trend: the use of the GATA data significantly and continuously improves the accuracy of predicting behavior. In addition, the incremental effect on the accuracy of individual forecasts (for each respondent) turned out to be higher than that of the sample-based group forecasts.

Social psychological studies show that people's explicit attitude bias in public expression can differ from their implicit attitude bias in mind. However, the current automatic attitude analysis does not distinguish between explicit and implicit attitude bias. Simulating the psychological measurements of explicit and implicit attitude bias, i.e., self-report assessment (SRA) and implicit association test (IAT), we propose an automatic language-based analysis to distinguish explicit and implicit attitude bias in a large population. By connecting the criteria of SRA and IAT with the statements containing patterns of special words, we derive explicit and implicit attitude bias with the sentiment scores of the statements, which are obtained by pre-trained machine-learning methods. Extensive experiments on four English and Chinese corpora and four pairs of concepts show that the attitude biases obtained by our method on a large population are consistent with those of traditional psychological experiments in the costly small-scale experiments. The maximum gap between the sentiment scores of explicit and implicit biases reaches 0.9329. Furthermore, we achieve new findings on the difference between the evolution of explicit and implicit attitude bias. The maximum variance gap of sentiment scores in the dynamic changes between explicit and implicit biases reaches 0.249. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating consumers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) is crucial to product design, pricing decisions, and the design of competitive marketing strategies. However, traditional self-report measures of WTP are susceptible to many reporting biases, including tactical responding or an inability to make accurate estimates. Importantly, appraisals also occur automatically (i.e., in the absence of substantial time, intention, awareness, and/or substantial cognitive resources) and implicit measures used to capture automatic appraisals are less susceptible to the sort of reporting biases that self-report measures can be affected by. However, the only existing implicit measure for assessing automatic price appraisals (the Task Rule Congruency paradigm, 'TRC') is impractical because of the large number of trials and time it requires. Accordingly, here we introduce the Implicit Attribute Classification Task (IMPACT), test its effectiveness for the measurement of automatic price appraisals (Study 1), and directly compare its effectiveness and utility with that of the TRC (Study 2). We find that the IMPACT is an efficient measure of automatic price appraisals, that it produces considerably larger effects compared to the TRC, and that it does so while substantially shortening the procedure. We also discuss how the IMPACT scores can be used to derive an implicit measure of willingness to pay. Our findings make a substantial contribution to both research and practice by providing an effective tool that facilitates, for the first time, an efficient exploration of implicit WTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]