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IntroductionSubjective visual impairment (VI) is related to cognition in cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The utility of subjective VI as an indicator for domain-specific cognitive impairment is unknown.MethodsWe used the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25 item) and a neuropsychological battery to assess the relationship between subjective VI and domain-specific cognitive performance in CU older adults (N = 58) and MCI patients (N = 16).ResultsThe CU group showed a positive relationship between subjective VI and visuospatial performance. CU older adults at high risk for AD demonstrated a unique relationship between subjective VI and attention, processing speed, and executive function. Peripheral vision was related to domain-specific performance in the patient group.DiscussionSubjective VI complaints may indicate potential for domain-specific cognitive decline in visuospatial performance, executive function, processing speed, and attention in older adults.

Magnetically trapped antihydrogen atoms can be cooled by expanding the volume of the trap in which they are confined. We report a proof-of-principle experiment in which antiatoms are deliberately released from expanded and static traps. Antiatoms escape at an average trap depth of 0.08±0.01K (statistical errors only) from the expanded trap while they escape at average depths of 0.22±0.01 and 0.17±0.01K from two different static traps. (We employ temperature-equivalent energy units.) Detailed simulations qualitatively agree with the escape times measured in the experiment and show a decrease of 38% (statistical error

Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species’ population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate ‘intactness scores’: the remaining proportion of an ‘intact’ reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region’s major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems.

This study considers the specific case of a flat, minimally coupled to gravity, quintessence cosmology with a dark energy quartic polynomial potential that has the same mathematical form as the Higgs potential. Previous work on this case determined that the scalar field is given by a simple expression of the Lambert W function in terms of the easily observable scale factor. This expression provides analytic equations for the evolution of cosmological dark energy parameters as a function of the scale factor for all points on the Lambert W function principal branch. The Lambert W function is zero at a scale factor of zero that marks the big bang. The evolutionary equations beyond the big bang describe a canonical universe that is similar to ΛCDM, making it an excellent dynamical template to compare with observational data. The portion of the W function principal before the big bang extends to the infinite pre-bang past. It describes a noncanonical universe with an initially very low mass density that contracts by rolling down the dark energy potential to a singularity, big bang, at the scale factor zero point. This provides a natural origin for the big bang. It also raises the possibility that the universe existed before the big bang and is far older, and that it was once far larger than its current size. The recent increasing interest in the possibility of a dynamical universe instead of ΛCDM makes the exploration of the nature of such universes particularly relevant.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients exhibit progressive disruption of entrained circadian rhythms and an aberrant circadian input pathway may underlie such dysfunction. Here we examine AD-related pathology and circadian dysfunction in the APPSwe-Tau (TAPP) model of AD. We show these mice exhibit phase delayed body temperature and locomotor activity with increases around the active-to-rest phase transition. Similar AD-related disruptions are associated with sundowning, characterized by late afternoon and early evening agitation and aggression, and we show TAPP mice exhibit increased aggression around this transition. We show such circadian dysfunction and aggression coincide with hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) development in lateral parabrachial (LPB) neurons, with these disturbances appearing earlier in females. Finally, we show LPB neurons, including those expressing dynorphin (LPBdyn), project to circadian structures and are affected by pTau, and LPBdyn ablations partially recapitulate the hyperthermia of TAPP mice. Altogether we link pTau in a brainstem circadian input pathway to AD-related disturbances relevant to sundowning.

Grasslands are one of the most threatened terrestrial ecosystem types, and montane grasslands of particular conservation concern. Despite high rates of transformation in recent decades, croplands and plantations are being abandoned in parts of many countries, creating an opportunity for conservation of montane grasslands through restoration. We report on the changes in the cover of major vegetation types (indigenous forest, grassland, and plantations) between 1935 and 2022, in an area that was intensively afforested from 1930 to 1960 and abandoned in 2000. Montane grassland at the site declined from over 50% of all landcover to below 15%, but subsequently recovered to 30% within 20 years. Many former plantations developed into secondary grassland with estimated gamma plant species richness of 231 for herbaceous species and 45 for savanna species. These are high values considering the size of the study area (4000 ha), and comparable to estimates from primary grassland sites in the broader region. However, at the scale of 1 m2 sampling quadrats, richness in the secondary grasslands was below that recorded in the last remaining patches of primary grassland at the site (means of 2.6 versus 4.7 for graminoid species, and 1.9 versus 2.9 for forbs). Some of the former Eucalyptus plantations had transformed into novel savannas dominated by fire-tolerant, resprouting trees, and may require more active restoration. Secondary grasslands such as those reported on here could potentially make a significant contribution to the conservation of montane biodiversity over the coming decades, warranting further research (both socio-economic and ecological) on the factors that lead to abandonment and promote the emerge of secondary grasslands of high diversity.

Antiprotons created by laser ionization of antihydrogen are observed to rapidly escape the ALPHA trap. Further, positron plasmas heat more quickly after the trap is illuminated by laser light for several hours. These phenomena can be caused by patch potentials—variations in the electrical potential along metal surfaces. A simple model of the effects of patch potentials explains the particle loss, and an experimental technique using trapped electrons is developed for measuring the electric field produced by the patch potentials. The model is validated by controlled experiments and simulations.

The data described support the research article entitled “Interseeded cover crop mixtures influence soil water storage during the corn phase of corn-soybean-wheat no-till cropping systems”. Data were collected during the corn (Zea mays L.) phase from rotations with four different cover crop (CC) treatments. The study was conducted at the USDA research facility in Beltsville, MD from 2017 through 2020. The data are available from a repository at Ag Data Commons. Descriptions of crop rotations, soil water and temperature sensors, placement, and frequency of measurements are provided in the manuscript and repository. Hourly volumetric soil water content (m3 m−3) (VWC) and soil temperature (°C) data for each soil depth (0-12, 25-35, 50-60, 75-85 cm) are available from the repository. In the manuscript, daily values of soil water storage were used to estimate daily evapotranspiration (ET) and infiltration. A text file of meta information is provided in the repository describing data collection procedures, estimation of ET and infiltration, and methods used to replace sensor data having errors. Daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, net solar radiation, and windspeed collected at a nearby weather station are provided for estimating growing degree days and potential ET. Cover crop biomass (kg ha−1) prior to corn planting and corn yields are provided by replication and cover crop system treatment for the four years.

Abstract INTRODUCTION We evaluated the accuracy of remote and in‐person digital tests to distinguish between older adults with and without AD pathological change and used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a comparison test. METHODS Participants were 69 cognitively normal older adults with known beta‐amyloid (Aβ) PET status. Participants completed smartphone‐based assessments 3×/day for 8 days, followed by TabCAT tasks, DCTclock™, and MoCA at an in‐person study visit. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) to compare task accuracies to distinguish Aβ status. RESULTS Average performance on the episodic memory (Prices) smartphone task showed the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.77) to distinguish Aβ status. On in‐person measures, accuracy to distinguish Aβ status was greatest for the TabCAT Favorites task (AUC = 0.76), relative to the DCTclockTM (AUC = 0.73) and MoCA (AUC = 0.74). DISCUSSION Although further validation is needed, our results suggest that several digital assessments may be suitable for more widespread cognitive screening application.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. AD is associated with several neuropathologic changes including the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles, neuroinflammation, cerebral small vessel disease and neurodegeneration, many of which are known to begin years before the onset of clinical symptoms. As such, there is a growing interest in developing biomarkers that can be used to detect these changes in the brains of at-risk individuals to facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis. This may allow for earlier intervention with disease-modifying therapies to slow the progression of irreversible neurodegeneration and improve quality of life. The current review seeks to provide a concise overview of the neuropathology and genetics underlying AD, and then summarize the most promising clinically available and experimental biomarkers of AD. These include structural neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood-based assays. Multiple potential clinical uses for these biomarkers are then described, including screening at-risk populations for disease, aiding in differential diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), monitoring the impact of lifestyle intervention and disease modifying therapies, identification and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, and aiding in planning for end of life care. Finally, additional areas of future research are discussed, including replication of biomarker studies in more diverse patient cohorts, characterization of real-world clinical and psychological impacts of biomarker testing, as well as novel biomarkers currently under investigation.

Abstract Background Preschool-aged children’s physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) are important health-related behaviours likely influenced by PA opportunities, parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety and parenting practices pertaining to PA and ST. How these factors interact to impact on young children’s PA and ST, and whether their effects are generalisable across cultures and geographical location is not known. This study addressed these knowledge gaps by conducting pooled analyses of comparable data from two culturally and geographically diverse samples – Chinese parent-child dyads from an ultra-dense city (Hong Kong, China) and Latino parent-child dyads from a low-density city (Houston, USA). Methods The analytical sample consisted of 164 Hong Kong Chinese and 84 US Latino parent-child dyads with data on socio-demographic characteristics, parent-perceived neighbourhood destinations and facilities for children’s PA, physical and social safety-related neighbourhood attributes, PA-related parenting practices and child’s ST and accelerometer-assessed PA. Generalised linear models with robust standard errors accounting for neighbourhood-level clustering were used to estimate associations and interaction effects. Results Hong Kong Chinese children accumulated less PA than US Latino children, although the latter had more ST. Hong Kong Chinese parents reported more parenting practices promoting inactivity. Neighbourhood PA opportunities were positively related to children’s PA only if parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety were favourable, and the associations of physical neighbourhood environment characteristics with children’s PA and ST depended on PA-related parenting practices. Community cohesion was positively related to children’s PA and negatively related to ST, while parental promotion of ST was positively associated with children’s ST. Correlates of children’s PA and ST did not differ by city. Conclusions The substantial differences in activity patterns between Hong Kong Chinese and US Latino preschool-aged children observed in this study are likely due to a combination of cultural and built environmental factors. However, the fact that no between-city differences in correlates of PA and ST were detected indicates that both populations of children are equally affected by parent-perceived neighbourhood environmental characteristics and parenting practices. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering how various individual-, home- and neighbourhood physical and social factors interact to influence young children’s health-promoting activity levels.

Positrons are key to the production of cold antihydrogen. Here the authors report the sympathetic cooling of positrons by interacting them with laser-cooled Be+ ions resulting in a three-fold reduction of the temperature of positrons for antihydrogen synthesis.

Abstract The retinal neurovascular unit consists of blood vessel endothelial cells, pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, and Müller cells that form the inner retinal blood barrier. A peripheral capillary free zone (pCFZ) represents the distance that oxygen and nutrients must diffuse to reach the neural retina, and serves as a metric of retinal tissue oxygenation. The pCFZs are formed based on oxygen saturation in the retinal arterioles and venules. Because retinal arterioles contain a larger concentration of oxygenated blood than venules, there is a reduced need for capillaries to exist closely to arterioles compared to venules. Therefore, in a healthy individual, larger periarteriole CFZs are expected compared to perivenule CFZs. With normal aging, there is atrophy of the inner retinal neurons, and consequently reduced extraction of oxygen and nutrients from the retinal vessels (i.e., increased oxygen saturation). Therefore, we hypothesized that the peripheral CFZ will remodel with normal aging. Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, we showed that the pCFZs do remodel in normal aging with large (perivenule: η2 p = 0.56) and moderate (periarteriole: η2 p = 0.12) effect sizes, opening the possibility that such changes may be further increased by neurodegenerative diseases that adversely impact the health of the retinal neural cell layers.

Chronic sleep deprivation has been demonstrated to diminish cognitive performance, alter mood states, and concomitantly dysregulate inflammation and stress hormones. At present, however, there is little understanding of how an acute sleep deprivation may collectively affect these factors and alter functioning. The present study aimed to determine the extent to which 24-h of sleep deprivation influences inflammatory cytokines, stress hormones, cognitive processing across domains, and emotion states. To that end, 23 participants (mean age = 20.78 years, SD = 2.87) filled out clinical health questionnaires measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Actigraph was worn for seven days across testing to record sleep duration. At each session participants underwent a series of measures, including saliva and blood samples for quantification of leptin, ghrelin, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, and cortisol levels, they completed a cognitive battery using an iPad, and an emotion battery. We found that an acute sleep deprivation, limited to a 24 h period, increases negative emotion states such as anxiety, fatigue, confusion, and depression. In conjunction, sleep deprivation results in increased inflammation and decreased cortisol levels in the morning, that are accompanied by deficits in vigilance and impulsivity. Combined, these results suggest that individuals who undergo 24 h sleep deprivation will induce systemic alterations to inflammation and endocrine functioning, while concomitantly increasing negative emotions.

Within the context of the Heliophysics System Observatory, optical images of the aurora are emerging as an important resource for exploring multi-scale geospace processes. This capability has never been more critical as we are on the cusp of a new era of geospace research, by which we mean studying the overall system as a system of systems. Historically, the patchwork of ground-based instrumentation has required customized solutions for accessing data, assessing data relevance, and then ultimately using each individual network alongside other assets. Here we introduce a new and comprehensive approach for data discovery and utilization for one type of data, namely auroral images. The AuroraX project (https://aurorax.space/) is a cyberinfrastructure platform for the discovery of scientific opportunities with access to optical auroral data. The program has broad objectives, so we focus on one key thread. In particular, we focus on describing the AuroraX platform and its API and web-based tools for all-sky imager (ASI) data. As a practical example, we demonstrate how to identify conjunctions using the AuroraX conjunction finder or PyAuroraX, a Python library that interfaces with the AuroraX platform. We then demonstrate how aurora-asi-lib, a Python library for interacting with and analyzing high-resolution ASI data, can be used for detailed conjunction analysis on a personal computer. Together, these tools enable a rapid and streamlined end-to-end exploration of auroral data.

Abstract Background Abnormal beta-amyloid (Aβ) is associated with deleterious changes in central cholinergic tone in the very early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which may be unmasked by a cholinergic antagonist (J Prev Alzheimers Dis 1:1–4, 2017). Previously, we established the scopolamine challenge test (SCT) as a “cognitive stress test” screening measure to identify individuals at risk for AD (Alzheimer’s & Dementia 10(2):262–7, 2014) (Neurobiol. Aging 36(10):2709-15, 2015). Here we aim to demonstrate the potential of the SCT as an indicator of cognitive change and neocortical amyloid aggregation after a 27-month follow-up interval. Methods Older adults (N = 63, aged 55–75 years) with self-reported memory difficulties and first-degree family history of AD completed the SCT and PET amyloid imaging at baseline and were then seen for cognitive testing at 9, 18, and 27 months post-baseline. Repeat PET amyloid imaging was completed at the time of the 27-month exam. Results Significant differences in both cognitive performance and in Aβ neocortical burden were observed between participants who either failed vs. passed the SCT at baseline, after a 27-month follow-up period. Conclusions Cognitive response to the SCT (Alzheimer’s & Dementia 10(2):262–7, 2014) at baseline is related to cognitive change and PET amyloid imaging results, over the course of 27 months, in preclinical AD. The SCT may be a clinically useful screening tool to identify individuals who are more likely to both have positive evidence of amyloidosis on PET imaging and to show measurable cognitive decline over several years.

Herbivores are a main driver of ecosystem patterns and processes in semi-arid savannas, with their effects clearly observed when they are excluded from landscapes. Starting in the 1960s, various herbivore exclosures have been erected in the Kruger National Park (KNP), for research and management purposes. These exclosures vary from very small (1 m2) to relatively large (almost 900 ha), from short-term (single growing season) to long-term (e.g. some of the exclosures were erected more than 60 years ago), and are located on different geologies and across a rainfall gradient. We provide a summary of the history and specifications of various exclosures. This is followed by a systematic overview of mostly peer-reviewed literature resulting from using KNP exclosures as research sites. These 75 articles cover research on soils, vegetation dynamics, herbivore exclusion on other faunal groups and disease. We provide general patterns and mechanisms in a synthesis section, and end with recommendations to increase research outputs and productivity for future exclosure experiments. Conservation Implications: Herbivore exclosures in the KNP have become global research platforms, that have helped in the training of ecologists, veterinarians and field biologists, and have provided valuable insights into savanna dynamics that would otherwise have been hard to gain. In an age of dwindling conservation funding, we make the case for the value added by exclosures and make recommendations for their continued use as learning tools in complex African savannas.

The ALPHA Collaboration, based at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator, has recently implemented a novel beamline for low energy (≲100 eV) positron and antiproton transport between cylindrical Penning traps that have strong axial magnetic fields. Here, we describe how a combination of semianalytical and numerical calculations was used to optimize the layout and design of this beamline. Using experimental measurements taken during the initial commissioning of the instrument, we evaluate its performance and validate the models used for its development. By combining data from a range of sources, we show that the beamline has a high transfer efficiency and estimate that the percentage of particles captured in the experiments from each bunch is (78±3)% for up to 10^{5} antiprotons and (71±5)% for bunches of up to 10^{7} positrons.

The primary purpose of this work is the provision of accurate, analytic, evolutionary templates for cosmological parameters and fundamental constants in a dynamical cosmology. A flat quintessence cosmology with a dark energy potential that has the mathematical form of the Higgs potential is the specific cosmology and potential addressed in this work. These templates, based on the physics of the cosmology and potential, are intended to replace those parameterizations currently used to determine the likelihoods of dynamical cosmologies. Acknowledging that, unlike ΛCDM, the evolutions are dependent on both the specific cosmology and the dark energy potential, the templates are referred to as specific cosmology and potential (SCP) templates. The requirements set for the SCP templates are that they must be accurate, analytic functions of an observable, such as the scale factor or redshift. This is achieved through the utilization of a modified beta function formalism that is based on a physically motivated dark energy potential to calculate the beta function. The methodology developed here is designed to be adaptable to other cosmologies and dark energy potentials. The SCP templates are essential tools in determining the relative likelihoods of a range of dynamical cosmologies and potentials. The ultimate purpose is the determination of whether dark energy is dynamical or static in a quantitative manner. It is suggested that the SCP templates calculated in this work can serve as fiducial dynamical templates in the same manner as ΛCDM serves for static dark energy.

The relationship between salivary α-amylase activity (ssAAa) and the risk of metabolic disorders remains equivocal. We aimed to assess this relationship in adults from Qatar, where obesity and type 2 diabetes are highly prevalent. We cross-sectionally quantified ssAAa in saliva and estimated AMY1 CN from whole-genome sequencing data from 1499 participants. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between ssAAa and adiposity and glycemic markers. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between ssAAa and occurrence of obesity or diabetes. The mean and median ssAAa were significantly lower in obese individuals. There were significant inverse associations between ssAAa and BMI, and fat mass. We detected a marked effect of ssAAa on reduced odds of obesity after adjusting for age and sex, glucose, LDL, HLD, total cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (OR per ssAAa unit 0.998 [95% CI 0.996–0.999], p = 0.005), with ssAAa ranging between 6.8 and 422U/mL. The obesity odds were significantly lower in the upper half of the ssAAa distributional (OR 0.58 [95% CI 0.42–0.76], p

African savannas are experiencing anthropogenically-induced stressors that are accelerating the increase of woody vegetation cover. To combat this, land managers frequently implement large-scale clearing of trees, which can have a cascading influence on mammalian herbivores. Studies rarely focus on how differences in woody cover influence the herbivore assemblage, making it difficult to assess how aggressive measures, or the lack of management, to counteract increasing woody cover affect the local composition and biodiversity of herbivores. We address this knowledge gap by applying a model-based clustering approach to field observations from MalaMala Game Reserve, South Africa to identify multiple herbivore-vegetation 'configurations,' defined as unique sets of herbivore assemblages (i.e., groups of herbivores) associated with differing woody plant covers. Our approach delineated how tree-clearing influences the distribution and abundance of the herbivore community in relation to surrounding savanna areas, which represent a natural mosaic of varying woody cover. Regardless of season, both intensively managed areas cleared of trees and unmanaged areas with high tree cover contained configurations that had depauperate assemblages of herbivores (low species richness, low abundance). By contrast, habitats with intermediate cover of woody vegetation had much higher richness and abundance. These results have substantial implications for managing African savannas in a rapidly changing climate.

Heavy metals have been observed as competitor for receptor sites in hormones thereby resulting in infertility problems. Herbal cosmetics have been observed to contain heavy metals which interfere with the receptor sites of hormones. Three herbal cosmetics sold in Port-Harcourt were evaluated for heavy metals and rabbits exposed to them for 30 -90days. The aim is to determine the effect of heavy metals on the sex hormones of the rabbits. Three herbal oil namely All things natural (Emi herbal oil), Kakiva (Kakiva herbal oil) and Amal (botanical herbal oil) as well as forty -eight rabbits were purchase from a market in and animal house in Port Harcourt respectively. The rabbits were exposed to the oil for 30, 60 and 90 days and scarified for blood samples. The sex hormones of the rabbits evaluated using standard methods. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to compare means. There were no significant differences in the sex hormones in 30days and 60days. However, there was a significantly lowered progesterone and estrogen after exposure 90days. It is therefore pertinent to conclude that herbal cosmetics contain heavy metals which may alter the sex hormones pattern which leads to luteal phase dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Advances in environmental and agricultural management are increasingly enabled by unattended data acquisition using internet‐of‐things (IOT) approaches. These approaches combine advanced sensors and wireless data transmission to automatically convey field data to the internet. Users, either human or machine, then can access and act upon the data from nearly anywhere in the world. Particularly in the case of machines automatically acting on the data, robustness, reliability and accuracy of data are crucial to preventing unintended outcomes of machine operations and continued supply of key services. Low‐cost, low‐power, and solar‐powered systems are important to enable market entry of advanced decision support systems based on IOT data acquisition approaches. The polar vortex outbreak of February 2021 in the central United States provided an extreme test of such a node and gateway system for automatic data acquisition and telemetry to the internet over the cellular telephone network. The system, codesigned by USDA‐ARS and Acclima, performed admirably despite air temperatures reaching a minimum of −24 °C, temperatures < 0 °C for 8 d and < −7 °C for 6 d, two snowstorms, and overcast conditions. The six nodes, gateway, and 36 sensors continued to function reliably with a data transmission failure rate of

Abstract Advances in open‐source microcontroller (MC) technologies have created opportunities for development of low‐cost real‐time environmental data collection systems. An inexpensive system based on the ARDUINO‐MC was developed using a gateway‐node architecture enabling us to collect environmental sensor data across climates and soil types. Printed circuit boards and breakout modules made assembly quick and easy. Nodes interfaced with serial digital interface at 1200 Bd time domain reflectometry soil water sensors, which require higher input voltage and use more complex communication than other sensors commonly used with MC‐based data loggers. Maintaining time synchronization between the nodes and gateways was critical to their ability to communicate and limit field traffic. Power consumption and supply issues and the inability to regularly monitor units led to data loss. Incorporating cellular capability to the gateway gave researchers and technicians near real‐time access to data and opened opportunities for their use in automated databases and visualization dashboards. This paper describes the design, testing, and use of the system during its first two field seasons. This system exemplifies how researchers can economically collect environmental data from remote locations by leveraging the potential of microcontrollers in custom data acquisition systems. Arduino sketches and other materials are available at https://github.com/ArduinoSoilH2O.

Background. The use of physical activity tracker devices has increased within the general population. However, there is limited medical literature studying the efficacy of such devices in adolescents with obesity. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using wearable activity tracking devices as an adjunct intervention on adolescents with obesity. Methods. Randomized controlled pilot trial evaluated the feasibility (attrition ≤50%) of an activity tracking intervention (ATI) and its effects on weight loss in adolescents with obesity enrolled in an adolescent weight management clinic (AWMC). Outcomes included feasibility (attrition rate) and absolute change in BMI. Differences between groups at 6, 12, and 18 weeks were examined. Results. Forty-eight participants were enrolled in the study. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to the ATI group and 30 to control. The average age was 14.5 years. Overall, the majority of participants were Hispanic (56%). Sexes were equally distributed. The average baseline BMI was 37.5 kg/m2. At the study conclusion, the overall attrition rate was 52.1%, 44.4% in the ATI group versus 56.6% in the control group, with a differential attrition of 12.2%. The ATI and control groups each showed an absolute decrease in BMI of −0.25 and −2.77, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion. The attrition rate in our study was >50%. Participation in the AWMC by the ATI and control groups resulted in maintenance of BMI and body weight for the study duration. However, the use of an activity tracking device was not associated with greater weight loss. This trial is registered with NCT03004378.

The purpose of this study was to investigate grit, exercise, and quality of life (QOL) among individuals diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A sample of convenience was used. A survey which included the grit scale, QOL scale, and open-ended questions was distributed to participants (n = 101, 51 male and 50 female) who are members of online PD support groups across the United States. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25. Grit values averaged 3.65 ± 0.51 for participants (n = 101). When divided into groups, mean grit score for community-based exercisers was 3.78 ± 0.42 and 3.10 ± 0.48 for home-based exercisers. Grit was positively correlated to higher QOL on the Parkinson’s disease quality of life (PDQL; r = +0.293, P = .004). Grit was positively correlated to the emotional component of the PDQL ( r = +0.462, P < .001). Participants with higher grit levels had higher emotional coping responses after being diagnosed with PD, exercised more, and were more willing to self-advocate. With limited rehabilitation visits allowed, physical therapists should be aware of community-based programs to redefine participation roles after diagnosis.

The Kruger National Park’s (KNP) long-running experimental burn plots (EBPs) have a history of research projects, which improve the understanding of fire in savanna ecosystems. Using data from KNP’s aerial censuses (2005–2016) and in situ dung count data (2008–2017), this study assessed (1) herbivore densities on the Satara, N’Wanetsi and Marheya EBPs, on annual, triennial and no-burn treatments and across pre-, during and post-drought climate conditions; (2) herbivore densities of these EBPs relative to their non-manipulated surroundings and (3) the extent to which distance to water and rainfall influence ungulate densities. The results revealed that herbivore mean density differed significantly between the three EBPs of Satara and across their fire treatments. N’Wanetsi showed the highest density (0.30 animals/ha), whilst the lowest was found at Marheya (0.12 animals/ha). Overall, pre-drought density was higher on the annual plots (0.56 animals/ha), whilst higher post-drought density was evidenced on the triennial plots (0.80 animals/ha). On average, there were significantly higher herbivore densities on the EBPs (2.54 animals/ha) compared to the surrounding matrix at the larger scales of the Satara management section (0.15 animals/ha) and the central KNP (0.18 animals/ha). A positive correlation between herbivore mean density estimate and distance to water was shown. However, grazer mean density across fire treatments was strongly correlated to rainfall. Conservation implications: Given the variation in fire regimes and their application, and the non-uniform and elevated herbivore densities of the EBPs, inferences from the EBPs cannot be made to the larger KNP. The trials should rather be viewed as an isolated, fire herbivory experiment. It is also recommended to align the experiment with South African National Parks’ mandate by including biodiversity parameters like small mammals and insects in the monitoring of the plots.

Summary: Kinetochores are multi-protein machines that form dynamic attachments to microtubules and control chromosome segregation. High fidelity is ensured because kinetochores can monitor attachment status and tension, using this information to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. To explore how kinetochores achieve this, we used two- and three-color subpixel fluorescence localization to define how proteins from six major complexes (CCAN, MIS12, NDC80, KNL1, RZZ, and SKA) and the checkpoint proteins Bub1, Mad1, and Mad2 are organized in the human kinetochore. This reveals how the outer kinetochore has a high nematic order and is largely invariant to the loss of attachment or tension, except for two mechanical sensors. First, Knl1 unravels to relay tension, and second, NDC80 undergoes jackknifing and loss of nematic order under microtubule detachment, with only the latter wired up to the checkpoint signaling system. This provides insight into how kinetochores integrate mechanical signals to promote error-free chromosome segregation. : Roscioli et al. use subpixel imaging and computational methods to determine the ensemble-level 3D organization of the human kinetochore. They show how kinetochores undergo distinct rearrangements in response to the loss of attachment and tension. Keywords: mitosis, kinetochore, spindle assembly checkpoint, microtubule dynamics, Ndc80, Knl1, tension, Bayesian inference

Southern Africa is an exceptionally diverse region with an ancient geologic and climatic history. Its mountains are located in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes at a tropical–temperate interface, offering a rare opportunity to contextualise and frame our research from an austral perspective to balance the global narrative around sustainable mountain futures for people and biodiversity. Limited Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) was initiated more than a century ago in South Africa to optimise catchment management through sound water policy. The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) has resurrected many government LTER programmes and added observatories representative of the country’s heterogeneous zonobiomes, including its mountain regions. LTER in other Southern African mountains is largely absent. The current rollout of the Expanded Freshwater and Terrestrial Environmental Observation Network (EFTEON) and the Southern African chapters of international programmes such as the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA), RangeX, and the Global Soil Biodiversity Observation Network (Soil BON), as well as the expansion of the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN), is ushering in a renaissance period of global change research in the region, which takes greater cognisance of its social context. This diversity of initiatives will generate a more robust knowledge base from which to draw conclusions about how to better safeguard the well-being of people and biodiversity in the region and help balance livelihoods and environmental sustainability in our complex, third-world socio-ecological mountain systems.

The mechanisms underlying tissue fibrosis are unclear. The authors show that mesenchymal cells expressing PDGFRβ mediate fibrosis in skeletal muscle and heart via a mechanism involving αv integrin, and that inhibitors of αv integrins attenuate fibrotic responses in mice.

Antihydrogen studies are important in testing the fundamental principles of physics but producing antihydrogen in large amounts is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate an efficient and high-precision method for trapping and stacking antihydrogen by using controlled plasma.

Abstract Introduction Understanding the associations among depression, subjective cognitive decline, and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) has important implications for both depression and dementia screening in older adults. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a depression screening tool for older adults that queries memory concerns. To determine whether depression symptoms on the GDS (15‐item version), including self‐reported memory problems, differ by levels of brain amyloid beta (Aβ), a pathological hallmark of early stage AD, we investigated potential measurement bias with regard to Aβ level. We also examined measurement bias attributable to level of cognitive functioning and sex as positive controls. Methods We examined 3961 cognitively normal older adults from the A4/LEARN Study. We used the MIMIC (multiple indicators, multiple causes) approach to detect measurement bias. Results We found measurement bias with small‐to‐moderate range effect sizes in several GDS‐15 items with respect to Aβ level, cognitive functioning, and sex. There was negligible impact of measurement bias attributable to Aβ level on overall depressive symptom level. Discussion GDS‐15 item responses are sensitive to Aβ burden, cognitive functioning, and sex over and above what would be expected given the effect of those factors on depressive symptom severity overall. However, these direct effects for GDS item measurement bias are of small magnitude and do not appreciably impact the validity of inferences about depression based on the GDS‐15.

Given that health behaviors occur within the context of familial social relationships, a deeper understanding of social factors that influence health behaviors in Latinx families is needed to develop more effective diabetes prevention programming. This qualitative study identified perceived family-level social factors that influence health behaviors in Latinx adolescents (12–16 years; N = 16) and young adults (18–24 years; N = 15) with obesity and explored differences in perceptions across sex and age. Participants completed an in-depth interview that was recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic content analysis. Emergent themes central to health behaviors included: perceived parental roles and responsibilities, perceived family social support for health behaviors, and familial social relationships. Mom’s role as primary caregiver and dad’s role as a hard worker were seen as barriers to engaging in health behaviors among adolescent females and young adults, males and females. Adolescents perceived receiving more support compared to young adults and males perceived receiving more support compared to females. Health behaviors in both age groups were shaped through early familial social interactions around physical activity. These insights suggest that traditional gender roles, social support, and social interaction around health behaviors are critical components for family-based diabetes prevention programs in high-risk Latinx youth and young adults.

Objective: To explore perspectives on barriers of eating healthy among food pantry clients. Methods: Food pantry clients participated in focus groups/interviews. Qualitative data were coded and analyzed using content analyses and grounded theory approach. Themes were then identified. Quantitative data were analyzed for frequencies and descriptives. Results: Fifty-four clients from 10 pantries participated in interviews/focus groups and completed questionnaires. Two major themes emerged: concern over obesity and other chronic diseases, and barriers to healthy eating. Several subthemes for barriers to healthy eating were identified: financial uncertainty, cost of healthy foods, lack of time, rationing food within family, lack of transportation, lack of adequate kitchen equipment, lack of nutrition knowledge and skills, and social support network. Conclusions: Issues identified above and those identified by others working with low-income populations need to be systematically addressed and incorporated into programs and nutrition education interventions for this group.

Aims: The study is aimed to verify Aperio AT2 scanner for reporting on the digital pathology platform (DP) and to validate the cohort of pathologists in the interpretation of DP for routine diagnostic histopathological services in Wales, United Kingdom. Materials, Methods and Results: This was a large multicenter study involving seven hospitals across Wales and unique with 22 (largest number) pathologists participating. 7491 slides from 3001 cases were scanned on Leica Aperio AT2 scanner and reported on digital workstations with Leica software of e-slide manager. A senior pathology fellow compared DP reports with authorized reports on glass slide (GS). A panel of expert pathologists reviewed the discrepant cases under multiheader microscope to establish ground truth. 2745 out of 3001 (91%) cases showed complete concordance between DP and GS reports. Two hundred and fifty-six cases showed discrepancies in diagnosis, of which 170 (5.6%) were deemed of no clinical significance by the review panel. There were 86 (2.9%) clinically significant discrepancies in the diagnosis between DP and GS. The concordance was raised to 97.1% after discounting clinically insignificant discrepancies. Ground truth lay with DP in 28 out of 86 clinically significant discrepancies and with GS in 58 cases. Sensitivity of DP was 98.07% (confidence interval [CI] 97.57–98.56%); for GS was 99.07% (CI 98.72–99.41%). Conclusions: We concluded that Leica Aperio AT2 scanner produces adequate quality of images for routine histopathologic diagnosis. Pathologists were able to diagnose in DP with good concordance as with GS. Strengths and Limitations of this Study: Strengths of this study – This was a prospective blind study. Different pathologists reported digital and glass arms at different times giving an ambience of real-time reporting. There was standardized use of software and hardware across Wales. A strong managerial support from efficiency through the technology group was a key factor for the implementation of the study. Limitations: This study did not include Cytopathology and in situ hybridization slides. Difficulty in achieving surgical pathology practise standardization across the whole country contributed to intra-observer variations.

The observed constraints on the variability of the proton to electron mass ratio μ and the fine structure constant α are used to establish constraints on the variability of the Quantum Chromodynamic Scale and a combination of the Higgs Vacuum Expectation Value and the Yukawa couplings. Further model dependent assumptions provide constraints on the Higgs VEV and the Yukawa couplings separately. A primary conclusion is that limits on the variability of dimensionless fundamental constants such as μ and α provide important constraints on the parameter space of new physics and cosmologies.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (asexual stage: Septoria tritici), is one of the most economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. During the past decade 13 genes for resistance to STB have been identified and several molecular markers have been developed. However, analysis of resistance gene expression and utility for plant improvement programs would be increased if the resistance genes were isolated in a common susceptible background. To address this problem, a program was begun to backcross resistance genes Stb1-8 into two susceptible wheat cultivars. Work with genes Stb2, Stb3, Stb6 and Stb8 has proceeded the farthest. Resistance gene Stb3 is dominant, while Stb2 may be recessive. This will be the first report of recessive resistance to STB if confirmed. Molecular markers linked to the resistance genes are being validated in the backcross progeny and should provide the materials for efficient introgression of these genes into elite germplasm for future wheat improvement.

The first pandemic of the 21(st) century, pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1 2009), emerged from a swine-origin source. Although human infections with swine-origin influenza have been reported previously, none went on to cause a pandemic or indeed any sustained human transmission. In previous pandemics, specific residues in the receptor binding site of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza have been associated with the ability of the virus to transmit between humans. In the present study we investigated the effect of residue 227 in HA on cell tropism and transmission of pH1N1 2009. In pH1N1 2009 and recent seasonal H1N1 viruses this residue is glutamic acid, whereas in swine influenza it is alanine. Using human airway epithelium, we show a differential cell tropism of pH1N1 2009 compared to pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza suggesting this residue may alter the sialic acid conformer binding preference of the HA. Furthermore, both pH1N1 2009 E227A and swine influenza multi-cycle viral growth was found to be attenuated in comparison to pH1N1 2009 in human airway epithelium. However this altered tropism and viral growth in human airway epithelium did not abrogate respiratory droplet transmission of pH1N1 2009 E227A in ferrets. Thus, acquisition of E at residue 227 was not solely responsible for the ability of pH1N1 2009 to transmit between humans.

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. is the dominant component of miombo, the sub-tropical woodlands which cover 2.7 million km2 of south-central Africa and which is coincident with the largest regional centre of endemism in Africa. However, pollen records from the genus Brachystegia suggest that miombo has experienced rapid range retraction (~450 km) from its southernmost distributional limit over the past 6000 years. This abrupt biological response created an isolated (by ~200 km) and incomparable relict at the trailing population edge in northeast South Africa. These changes in miombo population dynamics may have been triggered by minor natural shifts in temperature and moisture regimes. If so, B. spiciformis is likely to be especially responsive to present and future anthropogenic climate change. This rare situation offers a unique opportunity to investigate climatic determinants of range shift at the trailing edge of a savannah species. A niche modelling approach was used to produce present-day and select future B. spiciformis woodland ecological niche models. In keeping with recent historical range shifts, further ecological niche retraction of between 30.6% and 47.3% of the continuous miombo woodland in Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique is predicted by 2050. Persistence of the existing relict under future climate change is plausible, but range expansion to fragmented refugia in northeast South Africa is unlikely. As Brachystegia woodland and associated biota form crucial socio-economic and biodiversity components of savannas in southern Africa, their predicted further range retraction is of concern.