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The nutritional composition, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of camel milk (CAM), cow milk (COM), and goat milk (GOM) have been extensively studied for their roles in managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review compares these milk types' nutritional and therapeutic properties, emphasizing their applications in chronic disease management. CAM is rich in insulin-like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that benefit glycemic control and cardiovascular health. It also exhibits potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, which are crucial for managing diabetes and reducing CVD risk factors. While COM and GOM provide essential nutrients, their impact on metabolic health differs. GOM is known for its digestibility and antihypertensive properties, whereas COM's higher lactose content may be less suitable for diabetic patients. CAM's unique nutritional profile offers distinct therapeutic benefits, particularly for diabetes and CVD management. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical application for chronic disease prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Synthesis of some new nicotinonitrile-furan hybrids and evaluation of their hypoglycemic activity. Methods: Three-component pyridine synthesis based on tandem reactions of Knoevenagel condensationMichael addition-heterocyclization using furfural, cyanothioacetamide and Meldrum's acid (or allyl acetoacetate) as the starting reagents. Hypoglycemic effects was studied on the model of dexamethasone-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Results and Discussion: All four new compounds (XX–XXIII) were characterized by spectral methods and found to have remarkable hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions: Some new nicotinonitrile-furan hybrids were prepared and tested in vivo for hypoglycemic activity. The compound (XX) showed more potent hypoglycemic effect that of the reference drug metformin without pronounced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br. is a naturally occurring plant that has been used for thousands of years for its health benefits. In the present study, the blood sugar lowering effect of C. tuberculata was investigated and compare with that of the diabetes drug metformin. The lyophilized extract of C. tuberculata was administered given to both non-diabetic and diabetic mice. Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups. Blood glucose levels were measured after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The dose was administered orally after being dissolved in maize oil. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test of SPSS were used to determine and compare the hypoglycemic effects of C. tuberculata extract and metformin at different time intervals. In diabetic mice administered C. tuberculata extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight, there was a significant (p<0.001) decrease in mean blood glucose level and a protective effect on organ weight. When the effects of the drug metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) were compared with those of crude plant extract C. tuberculata, the results indicated that metformin was less effective. C. tuberculate reduced blood glucose levels, and the effect was enhanced when it was combined with maize oil. CTE showed a protective effect against alloxan-induced increases in blood glucose levels and organ weight by increasing insulin production in an in vivo experiment. Therefore, CTE could be a promising pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiabetic activity of saponins extracted from Momordica charantia (MCS) on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of MCS for exerting hypoglycemic effects. Saponins were first extracted from M. charantia L. and their composition was analyzed. The diabetic Kunming mice were fed low‐dose saponins from M. charantia L. and high‐dose MCS, using normal mice and diabetic mice as controls. Body weight, blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance, serum C‐peptide level, hepatic antioxidant capacity, hepatic glycogen and hexokinase in liver tissues, serum blood lipid level, and alpha‐glucosidase activity in small intestines were measured, and microstructure of pancreatic islet was analyzed. The results showed that the total content of seven triterpenoid compounds in MCS was 18.24 μg/mg, with Momordicoside K having the highest content at 11.66 μg/mg. Diabetic mice treated with MCS at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days showed a maximum glucose reduction (p <.05) of 12.63% and 26.47%, respectively. MCS significantly decreased levels of postprandial hyperglycemia, serum lipid, α‐glucosidase activity, and liver malondialdehyde. Additionally, levels of serum C‐peptide and liver glycogen, as well as hexokinase and antioxidant enzyme activity, were significantly increased compared to the diabetic control groups. Histopathological results showed that MCS markedly reduced degenerative changes in islet β‐cells. It is concluded that MCS exerts antidiabetic effects by improved hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, increased hexokinase activity and glycogen synthesis, and enhanced reparative effects on the histological architecture and insulin secretion function of the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder disease, and the number of diabetic patients will reach 578 million by 2030 predictably. Currently, 8 classes of small molecular drugs are used for treating diabetes. However, these drugs cannot completely meet patients’ needs, due to diabetic complications need to be addressed along with diabetes, such as nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Besides, more types of drugs need to be provided for more choices. Hence, scientists still seek lead compounds with hypoglycemic effects. Natural products (NPs) are a reservoir of diverse structures and bioactivities with low toxicity and less side effects. And some of them show effects on diabetic complications, which is a significant idea for drug development. This review aims to summarize natural products with hypoglycemic effects and their details, such as potential mechanisms, biological data, and particularly their advantages in treating diabetes. Considering the huge number of NPs was reported with anti-diabetic activity, and some of them need to be re-validated, this review focuses on the bioactive compounds with in vivo activities. In the end, the trend of natural products treating diabetes was discussed. We hope this review provide a comprehensive and convincing summary, thus lending support to anti-diabetic natural products research.

Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antiobesity effects of Euphorbia resinifera extracts and investigate the phenolic constituents and the toxicity of these extracts.Methods : Phytochemical screening was performed to detect polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by four methods (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase inhibition). The hypoglycemic effect was determined by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro and via a starch tolerance study in normal rats. The antiobesity effect was estimated by in vitro inhibition of lipase.Results : Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in polyphenols (99 ± 0.56 mg GEA/g extract) and tannins (55.22 ± 0.17 mg RE/g extract). Moreover, this extract showed higher antioxidant activity in different tests: the DPPH assay (IC50 = 53.81 ± 1.83 μg/mL), ABTS assay (111.4 ± 2.64 mg TE/g extract), H2O2 (IC50 = 98.15 ± 0.68 μg/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 10.26 ± 0.6 μg/mL). With respect to hypoglycemic effect, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed IC50 values of 119.7 ± 2.15 μg/mL and 102 ± 3.63 μg/mL for α-amylase and 121.4 ± 1.88 and 56.6 ± 1.12 μg/mL for α-glucosidase, respectively, and the extracts lowered blood glucose levels in normal starch-loaded rats. Additionally, lipase inhibition was observed with aqueous (IC50 = 25.3 ± 1.53 μg/mL) and ethanolic (IC50 = 13.7 ± 3.03 μg/mL) extracts.Conclusion : These findings show the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hyperlipidemic effects of E. resinifera extracts, which should be investigated further to validate their medicinal uses and their pharmaceutical applications.

Rui Ma,1 Xiao-long Deng,2 Qi-qi-ge Aleteng,1 Lei Li,1 Jun Zhu3 1Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518101, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jun Zhu, Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518101, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13899981212, Email zhujun_dr@outlook.comObjective: In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with different prognosis to explore the differential level genes of different hypoglycemic effects of sitagliptin.Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (within six months of diagnosis) were selected as the study subjects. Patients were given sitagliptin 100 mg once a day orally. After 12 weeks of regular drug therapy, the reduction in glycated hemoglobin was compared before and after drug administration. The patients were then divided into two groups: the significantly effective group (M) and the less effective group (N). High-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome was conducted to detect the differential expression levels of genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expanded sample size validation of the candidate differential genes was conducted using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: After 12 weeks of treatment with sitagliptin, high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome found that expression of the following genes was different when comparing the significantly effective group (M) and the less effective group (N): ghrelin (GHRL), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), mitogen-activated protein kinase-3 (MAPK3), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphonate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD), and the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). The validation results of RT-PCR showed that, in the significantly effective group (M), the expression of IGF1R was significantly increased (P = 0.034), the expression of MAPK3 was significantly reduced (P = 0.002), and the expression of SOCS3 was also significantly reduced (P < 0.001).Conclusion: There was a significant difference in gene level between patients with significant hypoglycemic effect and patients with poor hypoglycemic effect, and the expression of IGF1R increased and the expression of MAPK3 and SOCS3 decreased.Keywords: sitagliptin, hypoglycemic effects, transcriptome sequencing, RT-PCR, SOCS3

In the study, the structural features and hypoglycemic effects of a polysaccharide Pan from the root of Panax notoginseng were investigated. The molecular weight of Pan was 8.27 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that Pan mainly consisted of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ residues with acetyl groups. Pan exhibited good antioxidant activity. Pan could slow down the body weight and the content of blood glucose in the high-fat diet-induced mice, further suppress GLUT-2 and SGLT-1 expression in the intestines, and enhance p-IRS and p-AMPK expression in the livers, finally exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. The results could supply a direction for further research on polysaccharides as components for the control of hyperglycemia induced by obesity and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To screen the hypoglycemic active ingredients from Coptidis rhizoma, and study their targets as well as signal pathways via network pharmacology. Methods: The fifty-nine ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma were screened for. Their targets were confirmed by comparing with the hypoglycemic targets in DrugBank databases. The relationship between ingredients and targets was revealed through String database. The ingredient-targetpassageway network was constructed. Coptidis rhizoma was soaked in boiling water and concentrated. Rat models were rendered diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection, and administered Coptidis rhizoma (0.40 g/kg, once a day by gavage), and tested for antidiabetic activity. Results: After four weeks of treatment, their blood glucose levels (BG) of all treated hyperglycemic rats decreased (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hypoglycemic compounds screened from Coptidis rhizome via network pharmacology could activate 13 targets, such as D (2) dopamine receptor (DRD2), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) and sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter (SLC6A2). These targets were involved in 141 pathways, e.g., cAMP signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and Apelin signaling pathway. Conclusion: This study suggests that Coptidis rhizoma contains several active compounds that show significant hypoglycemic effects. Furthermore, this study has established the basis for future investigations on the hypoglycemic effects of Coptidis rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To screen the hypoglycemic active ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma, and study their targets as well as signal pathways via network pharmacology. Methods: Fifty-nine ingredients of Coptidis rhizoma were screened. Their targets were confirmed by comparing with the hypoglycemic targets in DrugBank databases. The relationship between ingredients and targets was revealed through String database. The ingredient-target-passageway network was constructed. Coptidis rhizoma was soaked in boiling water and concentrated. Rat models were rendered diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection. The hyperglycemic rats received Coptidis rhizoma extract (0.40 g/kg, once a day by gavage). Results: After four weeks of treatment, the blood glucose levels (BG) of all treated hyperglycemic rats decreased (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hypoglycemic active compounds were obtained after screening the extract of Coptidis rhizome via network pharmacology. These active compounds activated 13 targets, including D (2) dopamine receptor (DRD2), Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), 5- hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (HTR2C), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) and sodiumdependent noradrenaline transporter (SLC6A2). These targets were involved in 141 pathways, e.g., cAMP signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and apelin signaling pathway. Conclusion: Coptidis rhizoma contains several active compounds that exhibit good hypoglycemic effects. Thus, there is a need for human studies on the hypoglycemic effects of Coptidis rhizome extract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the structure, composition, cytotoxicity, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis (PSP1) and its degradation fragments (PSP2, PSP3) were assessed. Structurally, PSP was identified as a sulfated α-pyranose. All three tested polysaccharides were found to inhibit α-glucosidase, with the small-molecule polysaccharide PSP3 exhibiting the best efficacy in this context. MTT assays indicated that none of the tested polysaccharides exhibited cytotoxic activity when used to treat 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, whereas all three were able to enhance the glucose uptake capacity of these cells in a model of insulin resistance and PSP3 exhibited the best in vitro hypoglycemic activity. In vivo hypoglycemic activity of PSP3 indicated that its oral administration alleviated glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in STZ-induced diabetic mice, PSP3 alleviating insulin resistance in diabetic mice while also improving liver function parameters and antioxidant system activity.

Background: Plant extracts may help to improve glycemic control in individuals with poor glycemic control. However, few studies have been investigated in the prediabetes cohort, which is a high-risk condition for T2DM. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the acute effect of grape seed, rooibos tea, and olive leaf extracts on postprandial blood glucose and insulin in participants with prediabetes. Methods: An acute, single-blind, placebo-controlled, non-randomized, crossover study (ACTRN12617000837325) where placebo and extracts of grape seed, rooibos tea and olive leaf standardized for total antioxidant capacity were given separately during an oral glucose tolerance test to participants (n=19, five men and fourteen women, aged 65.0 ± 1.6 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2) with prediabetes (Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 42 ± 1 mmol/mol). The primary outcome incremental area under the curve of glucose (iAUCglucose) was examined with other glycemic measures. Data was analyzed using linear mixed model for repeated measures. Secondary analysis was conducted by stratifying participants into either a healthier or less healthy subgroup based on the postprandial time to glucose and insulin peaks, with the less healthy subgroup experiencing delayed glucose and/or insulin peaks. Results: There were no overall significant changes to glucose and insulin measures between all plant extracts and placebo (p>0.05). Upon secondary analysis, all extracts affected glycemic responses in the less healthy subgroup. Compared to placebo, grape seed reduced plasma iAUCglucose (p=0.016, 21.9% reduction), 2 h postprandial glucose (2hPG) (p=0.034, 14.7% reduction) and metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCRglucose) (p=0.016, 16.7% increase). It also improved insulin indices such as 2 h postprandial insulin (2hPI) (p=0.029, 22.4% reduction) and Stumvoll overall insulin sensitivity index (ISIoverall) (p=0.028, 15.0% increase). Rooibos tea extract significantly improved ß-cell function as demonstrated by the increased oral disposition index (DI) (p=0.031, 32.4% increase) compared to placebo. Olive leaf extract significantly increased incremental area under the curve of insulin (iAUCinsulin) (p=0.040, 16.7% increase). Conclusion: Grape seed, rooibos tea and olive leaf extracts demonstrated acute hypoglycemic benefits in adults with prediabetes and having less healthy metabolic profiles. A chronic study on the plant extracts is warranted to determine their longer-term impact on prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the structural features and hypoglycemic effects of a polysaccharide Pan from the root of Panax notoginseng were investigated. The molecular weight of Pan was 8.27 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that Pan mainly consisted of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3,6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ and →6)-β-D-Galf-(1→ residues with acetyl groups. Pan exhibited good antioxidant activity. Pan could slow down the body weight and the content of blood glucose in the high-fat diet-induced mice, further suppress GLUT-2 and SGLT-1 expression in the intestines, and enhance p-IRS and p-AMPK expression in the livers, finally exhibiting hypoglycemic effects. The results could supply a direction for further research on polysaccharides as components for the control of hyperglycemia induced by obesity and diabetes.

Dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a hotspot in international research because of potential threats to human health. Phellinus baumii, a wild fungus traditionally used as a food and medicine source, is now cultivated in certain East Asian countries, and is rich in polyphenols, which are effective anti-inflammatory ingredients useful in treatment of T2DM, with fewer side effects than drugs. To examine the hypoglycaemic effects of Phellinus baumii phenolics (PPE), the metabolite profiles of T2DM mice induced by streptozotocin after PPE intervention were systematically analyzed. Here, 10 normal mice were given normal saline as control group, and 50 model mice were randomly assigned to five groups and daily intragastric administrated with saline, metformin (100 mg/kg), and PPE (50, 100, 150 mg/kg of body weight), for 60 days. The pro-inflammatory factor contents of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after PPE treatment, we propose that PPE could exert anti-inflammatory properties. PPE could also effectively reduce blood glucose levels, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved other glucolipid metabolism. Q-PCR results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of PPE might be through activating IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway in diabetic mice. These results suggest that PPE has strong potential as dietary components in the prevention or management of T2DM.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus and its related complications including dyslipidemia and oxidative stress have been threating the health of a large number of patients all over the world. In this study, FCPC, one polysaccharide fraction separated from the polysaccharides of Chinese medicine Fructus Corni (FCPs), revealed obvious inhibitory effects against α -amylase and α -glucosidase, and marked insulin-sensitizing effect by increasing insulin secretion and promoting pancreatic β cell proliferation. In addition, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, the polysaccharide fraction not only significantly restrained the increase of food (p < 0.05) and water (p < 0.01) intake at 800 mg/kg, but also significantly controlled the increase of levels for sugar (p < 0.01), insulin (p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR value (p < 0.05) in blood at 800 mg/kg on 42th day. Meanwhile, the reduced glycogen contents in liver (p < 0.01) and skeletal (p < 0.01) muscle caused by STZ were prominently improved, while the dyslipidemia status and oxidative damage were markedly ameliorated. Therefore, FCPC could be developed to natural medicines and functional foods in the treatment of diabetes and its complications including dyslipidemia status and oxidative stress. • FCPC could exhibit hypoglycemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. • FCPC could exhibit hypolipidemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. • FCPC was able to inhibit STZ-induced oxidative stress on rats. • FCPC could be developed as natural medicine or functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Four legume polysaccharides were extracted from mung bean (MBP), azuki bean (ABP), pea (PP) and cowpea (CPP) with obvious differences in molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. Their hypoglycemic activities in STZ-induced diabetic mice were compared by oral administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg·bw/d. The analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), serum lipids (including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol), hepatic glycogen content and mice body weight showed that ABP and CPP possessed significant hypoglycemic activities. Histopathological observation confirmed the capability of ABP and CPP to intervene the damage in pancreas tissues. Results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of the four kinds of legume polysaccharides were significantly different, which might due to their different chemical structures. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The molecular structure of four legume polysaccharides is different. • Polysaccharides from azuki bean and cowpea has hypoglycemic effect. • Polysaccharides from mung bean has little hypoglycemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS) was optimized by RSM. • FCPS was characterized as pyran-type polysaccharides with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. • FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities and alleviated oxidative stress damage. • FCPS promoted insulin resistance in hepatocytes and activated the immune response. In this research, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of the water-soluble polysaccharide (FCPS) from Ficus carica fruits were optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimal FCPS yield was 7.97 % achieved by conducting ultrasound-assisted extraction four times at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) and an ultrasound temperature of 70 °C. Then, the structure, antioxidant properties, hypoglycemic effects, and immunomodulatory activities of FCPS were evaluated. FCPS was characterized as irregular, rough-surfaced, flaky materials consisting of pyran-type polysaccharides with α- and β-glycosidic linkages, and composed of multiple monosaccharides and only one homogeneous concentrated polysaccharide component (FCPS1) with a molecular weight of 4.224 × 104 Da. The results suggested FCPS exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro, as evidenced by improved cell viability and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Meanwhile, FCPS effectively improved liver-related insulin resistance by promoting glucose consumption in hepatocytes and activated the immune response through activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the UAE technique in isolating FCPS with biological functionality and FCPS could potentially serve as a beneficial organic antioxidant source and functional food, carrying important implications for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical and hypoglycemic effects of two varieties of Gymnema sylvestre were studied. The leaves of Big-leaf (MCL) and the small-leaf (ZMGL) varieties were grown in Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, India. Water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, haxane and chloroform were used for phytochemical extraction from the dried leaves. Gymnemic acid was extracted and purified from the two varieties by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Four groups of matured whisker rats (six per group) were induced with high-glucose level. Three groups were treated with standard drug Glibenclamide (5mg/kg), gymnemic acid extracts from MCL and ZMDL respectively while the fourth group served as experimental control. Hypoglycemic activities of extracts were evaluated using animals’ blood sample. Result showed water and methanol are best solvents for phytochemical extraction from the plant and the yield is higher in ZMGL than MCL. Also, gymnemic acid yield varied. From the results, hypoglycemic activities from the animals’ blood revealed that treatments from both MCL and ZMGL are not significantly different from standard drug Glibenclamide. The study concluded that water or methanol is appropriate solvent for phytochemical extraction from G. sylvestre leaves and extract from both lines of the plant could be utilized to reduce blood glucose level

Plant polysaccharides have an excellent hypoglycemic effect through various ways such as promoting insulin secretion, improving insulin resistance, regulating related enzyme activities, improving sugar, protein and fat metabolism, promoting hepatic glycogen synthesis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, and improving immune system function and resistance. At present, more than 200 polysaccharides derived from traditional Chinese medicines have been reported, and most of them are isolated and purified from plants. With the deepening of research on plant polysaccharides, more and more attention has been paid to the development of safe and economical natural hypoglycemic products. This paper first introduced the hypoglycemic effects of Folium Mori polysaccharides, Cucurbita moschata polysaccharides, Momordica charantia polysaccharides, Dioscoreae Rhizoma polysaccharides and Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze polysaccharides. Besides, it discussed the utilization ways of hypoglycemic plant polysaccharides, and the prospects of applying polysaccharide hypoglycemic effect to diabetes treatment, so as to provide reference for the research and utilization of plant polysaccharide hypoglycemic effects and the development of natural hypoglycemic foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus has become a major global public health challenge. Decursin, an active compound of Angelica gigas Nakai roots, was recently reported to have a glucose-lowering activity. However, the antidiabetic effect of Angelica gigas Nakai extract (AGNE) has not yet been investigated. We evaluated the effects of AGNE on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic mice and investigated the underlying mechanism by which AGNE acts. Male C57BL/KsJ- db/db mice were treated with either AGNE (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg) or metformin (100 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. AGNE supplementation (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly decreased fasting glucose and insulin levels, decreased the areas under the curve of glucose in oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests, and improved homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR) scores. AGNE also ameliorated hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Mechanistic studies suggested that the glucose-lowering effect of AGNE was mediated by the activation of AMP activated protein kinase, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. AGNE can potentially improve hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a global epidemic ravaging both developed and developing countries. The situation will worsen if nothing is done urgently. In fact, the need to identify natural products with antidiabetic potentials is of great importance as supported by several research efforts all over the world, in search of antidiabetic plant based products that are safe and efficacious. Available literatures show that several phytochemicals with antidiabetic properties have been identified in certain plants amongst which include Uvaria chamae. The potentials of Uvaria chamae as an antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drug-candidate are thus tested. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced after the rats were fasted overnight by administering intraperitoneally, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 72 h, the rats with plasma glucose levels >200 mg/dl were classified as diabetic. A total of six groups containing five rats per group were used. One group of diabetic rats was untreated. Three diabetic groups, each were treated orally with 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Another diabetic group was treated with insulin (0.5 IU/kg) subcutaneously. The control received 0.5 ml (2% solution) of acacia orally. The treatment was for 8 days. The effects of the extract on weight, plasma glucose and other biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The diabetic rats treated with the extract showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in weight, plasma glucose levels, low density lipoprotein and cholesterol compared with the control. The 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract showed maximum glucose reduction of 85.16, 81.50 and 86.02% respectively. Histologically the pancreas of the diabetic rats treated with the extract, showed clusters of variably sized regenerated islet of Langerhans within sheets of normal exocrine pancreas, while the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with insulin showed no islet of Langerhans. Conclusion: The study showed that Uvaria chamae caused weight loss and has good hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities that may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical and hypoglycemic effects of two varieties of Gymnema sylvestre were studied. The leaves of Big-leaf (MCL) and the small-leaf (ZMGL) varieties were grown in Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, India. Water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, haxane and chloroform were used for phytochemical extraction from the dried leaves. Gymnemic acid was extracted and purified from the two varieties by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Four groups of matured whisker rats (six per group) were induced with high-glucose level. Three groups were treated with standard drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg), gymnemic acid extracts from MCL and ZMDL respectively while the fourth group served as experimental control. Hypoglycemic activities of extracts were evaluated using animals' blood sample. Result showed water and methanol are best solvents for phytochemical extraction from the plant and the yield is higher in ZMGL than MCL. Also, gymnemic acid yield varied. From the results, hypoglycemic activities from the animals' blood revealed that treatments from both MCL and ZMGL are not significantly different from standard drug glibenclamide. The study concluded that water or methanol is appropriate solvent for phytochemical extraction from G. sylvestre leaves and extract from both lines of the plant could be utilized to reduce blood glucose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and potential mechanism of recombinant irisin on diabetes, STZ-induced diabetic mice were established and treated with irisin. The results showed that daily water and food intake, and blood glucose significantly decreased after various concentrations of recombinant irisin treatment by intraperitoneal injection, of which 1.0 mg/kg was the optimal dose for lowering blood glucose. However, the body weight exhibited no significant difference during the treatment within groups, although the 0.9% NaCl treated group showed a trend of decreased body weight and the irisin treated groups showed a tendency of increasing weight. The oral glucose tolerance was improved, and serum insulin and circulating irisin content were significantly elevated in diabetic mice after 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection treatment, compared to diabetic mice treated with 0.9% NaCl. 1.0 mg/kg irisin-injection also significantly increased the expression of energy and metabolism-related genes. In addition, oral administration of irisin lowered the blood glucose in diabetic mice. Our data suggested that irisin could lower blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetic mice, to some extent, through irisin-mediated induction of energy and metabolic genes expression. These observations laid a foundation for the development of irisin-based therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and potential mechanism of tea polysaccharides (TPS) on diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice were established and treated with TPS. Results showed that TPS treatment could result in the increase of body weight and the decrease of blood glucose in the diabetic mice. The contents of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) while the contents of triglyceride (TG) and (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) HDL-c were almost restored to the normal levels. TPS possessed the efficacy of insulin resistance alleviation and exerted obvious cytoprotective action. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were notably improved in both liver and kidney tissues ( p < 0.05) after the treatment of TPS. Furthermore, the expressions of PI3Kp85/p-Akt/GLUT4 were upregulated by TPS, which indicated the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the hypoglycemic mechanism of TPS. Results suggested that TPS could ameliorate the T2MD and might be a promising candidate functional food or medicine for T2DM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new lignan named tadehaginosin, together with a known compound 3,4-dihydro-4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin, was isolated from the aerial part of Tadehagi triquetrum. The new structure was determined by various spectroscopic techniques (1H and 13C APT, HSQC, HMBC, 1H–1HCOSY, NOESY and HR-ESI-MS). The two isolates were evaluated for their hypoglycemic effects in vitro. Biological investigation showed that both of them possessed the capability to increase glucose consumption by HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Low MW polysaccharides（PSP3） from S. platensis were prepared and the properties were characterized. • PSP3 inhibited α-glucosidase and enhanced the glucose uptake capacity of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in vitro. • PSP3 regulated glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice in vivo. • PSP3 alleviated diabetic by regulating liver function parameters and antioxidant system activity. In this study, the structure, composition, cytotoxicity, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis (PSP1) and its degradation fragments (PSP2, PSP3) were assessed. Structurally, PSP was identified as a sulfated α-pyranose. All three tested polysaccharides were found to inhibit α-glucosidase, with the small-molecule polysaccharide PSP3 exhibiting the best efficacy in this context. MTT assays indicated that none of the tested polysaccharides exhibited cytotoxic activity when used to treat 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, whereas all three were able to enhance the glucose uptake capacity of these cells in a model of insulin resistance and PSP3 exhibited the best in vitro hypoglycemic activity. In vivo hypoglycemic activity of PSP3 indicated that its oral administration alleviated glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in STZ-induced diabetic mice, PSP3 alleviating insulin resistance in diabetic mice while also improving liver function parameters and antioxidant system activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dried fruit of Amomum villosum (Amomi Fructus) is an important spices and traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the EtOH extract of Amomi Fructus was revealed with hypoglycemic effects on db/db mice by increasing plasma insulin levels. After extracted with EtOAc, the EtOAc fraction showed increased activity in stimulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion compared with the EtOH extract. In order to clarify the antidiabetic constituents, four undescribed norlignans, amovillosumins A‒D, were isolated from the EtOAc fraction, and the subsequent chiral resolution yielded three pairs of enantiomers. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, IR, UV and [ α ] D) and ECD calculations. Amovillosumins A and B significantly stimulated GLP-1 secretion by 375.1% and 222.7% at 25.0 μ M, and 166.9% and 62.7% at 12.5 μ M, representing a new type of GLP-1 secretagogues. Four undescribed norlignans, amovillosumins A‒D, were isolated from Amomum villosum and the subsequent chiral resolution yielded three pairs of enantiomers. Amovillosumins A and B significantly stimulated GLP-1 secretion. [Display omitted] • Amomum villosum extract showed hypoglycemic effects on db/db mice by stimulating insulin secretion. • Four undescribed norlignans, amovillosumins A‒D, were isolated from Amomum villosum. • Chiral resolution yielded six enantiomers which were deduced by ECD calculations. • Amovillosumins A and B stimulated GLP-1 secretion by 375.1% and 222.7% at 25.0 μ M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new 5 β,19-epoxycucurbitacins, kuguacins T-W ( 1- 4, resp.), along with nine known cucurbitane derivatives, 5- 13, were obtained from the fresh fruit of Momordica chrantia. Structures of the new metabolites were elucidated as 5 β,19-epoxy-25-hydroxycucurbitane-3,7,23-trione ( 1), 5 β,19-epoxy-3,7-dioxo-23,24,25,26,27-pentanorcucurbitan-22-oic acid ( 2), 5 β,19-epoxy-3 β-hydroxycucurbit-24-ene-7,23-dione ( 3), and 5 β,19-epoxy-25-hydroxycucurbit-23-ene-3,7-dione ( 4), by extensive spectroscopic investigations, which were confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses in the case of compound 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the potential effects of 14days’ intragastrically given of cinnamon polyphenols (CPS) in treating diabetic mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150mgkg−1) and fed high-sugar, high-fat diet. The diabetic mice model was successfully established through determining on fasting blood-glucose (FBG) test. As revealed by glucose oxidase (GOD) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), both dimethyldiguanide (DC, 0.6gkg−1 d−1) and CPS (0.3, 0.6, 1.2gkg−1 d−1) treatments significantly resulted in down-regulation of blood glucose and insulin levels in serum, while the levels of oxidative stress markers were markedly lowered through ELISA assay. Meanwhile, the pathological damage in islet with pancreatic beta cells was ameliorated by treatment of CPS at different doses, as shown in HE stain. At the same time, the treatments also caused notable reduction of iNOS, NF-κB expressions showing in Western blot analysis. These findings demonstrate that cinnamon polyphenols can exert the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects through the mechanisms that may be associated with repairing pancreatic beta cells in diabetic mice and improving its anti-oxidative capacity, as well as attenuating cytotoxicity via inhibition of iNOS, NF-κB activation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The hypoglycemic activities of nine sub-fractions from the methanolic leaf crude extract of Anisopus mannii were investigated in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The methanolic sub-fraction M at 400 mg/kg bw showed significantly (p<0.05) high reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) at 27.36 and 65.57% in normoglycemic and diabetic mice, respectively. In acute toxicity test, M at 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg bw showed reduction in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level, elevations in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and total bilirubin levels, as well as the body weights. The weight-ratios of kidney and liver to the body weight of the mice fed with these doses of M were reduced with no sign of histopathological alteration. The M at 250 mg/kg bw significantly reduced the FBG levels in a postprandial study. The hypoglycemic effect of M was eliminated when co-administered with isosorbide dinitrate or nifedipine indicating the induction of insulin secretion via K+ ATP-dependent channels. The UV/HPLC analysis of M indicated saponin at 7.7 mg/g. This study confirmed the traditional use of A. mannii for diabetes mellitus and the potential for the further development as a novel hypoglycemic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antiobesity effects of Euphorbia resinifera extracts and investigate the phenolic constituents and the toxicity of these extracts., Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed to detect polyphenols and flavonoids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by four methods (DPPH, ABTS, H 2 O 2 , and xanthine oxidase inhibition). The hypoglycemic effect was determined by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro and via a starch tolerance study in normal rats. The antiobesity effect was estimated by in vitro inhibition of lipase., Results: Phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic extract was rich in polyphenols (99 ± 0.56 mg GEA/g extract) and tannins (55.22 ± 0.17 mg RE/g extract). Moreover, this extract showed higher antioxidant activity in different tests the DPPH assay (IC 50 = 53.81 ± 1.83 µg/mL), ABTS assay (111.4 ± 2.64 mg TE/g extract), H 2 O 2 (IC 50 = 98.15 ± 0.68 µg/mL), and xanthine oxidase (IC 50 = 10.26 ± 0.6 µg/mL). With respect to hypoglycemic effect, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed IC 50 values of 119.7 ± 2.15 µg/mL and 102 ± 3.63 µg/mL for α-amylase and 121.4 ± 1.88 and 56.6 ± 1.12 µg/mL for α-glucosidase, respectively, and the extracts lowered blood glucose levels in normal starch-loaded rats. Additionally, lipase inhibition was observed with aqueous (IC 50 = 25.3 ± 1.53 µg/mL) and ethanolic (IC 50 = 13.7 ± 3.03 µg/mL) extracts., Conclusion: These findings show the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hyperlipidemic effects of E. resinifera extracts, which should be investigated further to validate their medicinal uses and their pharmaceutical applications., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute.)

Abstract: Ophiopogon japonicus is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat diabetes mellitus. We investigate the anti-ischemic properties of a water-soluble β-d-fructan (MDG-1) from O. japonicus, and assess the antidiabetic effects of MDG-1. In the study, ob/ob mice were treated with 150mg/kg or 300mg/kg MDG-1 by gavage for 23d. Blood glucose levels were measured regularly. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was preformed on day 21. The levels of insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride in the serum were measured at the end of administration. The liver triglyceride content and tissue weights were also determined. Results show that MDG-1 (300mg/kg) was demonstrated to exert acute and long-term hypoglycemic effects on fed blood glucose in ob/ob mice. However, only a marginal hypoglycemic effect on fasting blood glucose levels was observed. MDG-1 (300mg/kg) improved oral glucose tolerance and reduced serum insulin levels and triglyceride content in the liver in ob/ob mice. Furthermore, a reduction in body weight gain and the weight of subcutaneous fat were observed following treatment with MDG-1 (150mg/kg) compared with the control group. MDG-1 had no significant effects on the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, food intake and other adipose and organ tissues. These data suggest that MDG-1 exhibits hypoglycemic activity and reduces insulin resistance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effects of aqueous extract of alligator pear seed on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated in 6 groups of rats (5 rats per group). Test groups were made diabetic with intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan and treated with 300mg and 600mg/kg body weight of alligator pear seed extract. Two non-diabetic groups were also administered with 300mg and 600mg/kg body weight extract. The levels of blood glucose were examined in all 6 experimental groups. In diabetic rats, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by 73.26-78.24% on consumption of the extracts, with greater effect exhibited by the 600mg/kg extract. In normal rats, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by 34.68-38.9% on consumption of the seed extract. Histological studies showed a degenerative effect on the pancreatic islet cells of diabetic rats. The result suggested restorative (protective) effect of the extract on pancreatic islet cells. Administration of aqueous extract of alligator pear seed may contribute significantly to the reduction of blood glucose levels and can be useful in the treatment of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sesquiterpene glycoside, nerolidol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside was isolated from dried leaves of loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Rosaceae]. Hypoglycemic effects of this natural product were assessed in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice model. Animals received orally administration of the sesquiterpene glycoside in dose of 25 and 75mg/kg. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was compared with gliclazide''s. The dose of 25 and 75mg/kg both exerted a significant () hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-diabetic mice throughout the test and a slight effect in normal mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The biopharmaceutical characteristics of double liposomes (DLs) containing insulin were examined, and the usefulness of DLs in combination with aprotinin is discussed. Encapsulation of insulin was influenced by lipid composition, and the highest efficiency was observed with positively charged liposomes. Insulin encapsulated in liposomes, especially in DLs, was protected from enzymatic proteolysis. A portion of insulin molecules was adsorbed on the surface of the membrane when liposomes were prepared using a lipid with a positive charge and was degraded by enzymes. Remarkable hypo-glycemic effects were observed after intragastric administration of DLs containing insulin at a dose of 20 IU/kg to normal male Wistar rats. The highest mean relative efficacy to administration was obtained with insulin-loading DLs containing aprotinin as a protease inhibitor. These results suggest that DLs are applicable as an oral dosage form for peptide drugs such as insulin etc., especially in combination with protease inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Degradation kinetics models of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides were set up. • Two degraded polysaccharides (D50 and D70) were obtained by H 2 O 2 -Vc treatment. • Physicochemical and structural characteristics of two polysaccharides were analyzed. • D50 and D70 exerted significant antiglycation activities and hypoglycemic effects. In this study, H 2 O 2 -Vc (hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid) oxidation system under 50 and 70 °C was developed to degrade blue honeysuckle polysaccharides. The results suggested that viscosity-average molecular weight was decreased and reducing sugar content was raised with the rise of time or temperature. The degradation was fitted to the second-order reaction kinetics. The gas chromatography revealed two degraded polysaccharides were consisted of six monosaccharides (Gal A, Rha, Ala, Gal, Glu, Man) with different ratios, and eight types of sugar residues were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the linearity (R 1), branching (R 2), branch size (R 3) calculation, PD70 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 70 °C) had a more linear structure and longer side chains comparing to PD50 (purified degraded polysaccharide at 50 °C). The absence of triple helical structure and sheet-like aggregation with rough surface were confirmed by the Congo red test and scanning electron. Rheological characterization proved the two degraded polysaccharides exhibited shear-thinning behavior and viscoelastic property. Besides, the two degraded polysaccharides displayed strong antiglycation activities, inhibitory effects against α -amylase and α -glucosidase, and exhibited competitive inhibitory kinetics. These findings support the potential application of blue honeysuckle polysaccharides as the treatment of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a hotspot in international research because of potential threats to human health. Phellinus baumii, a wild fungus traditionally used as a food and medicine source, is now cultivated in certain East Asian countries, and is rich in polyphenols, which are effective anti-inflammatory ingredients useful in treatment of T2DM, with fewer side effects than drugs. To examine the hypoglycaemic effects of Phellinus baumii phenolics (PPE), the metabolite profiles of T2DM mice induced by streptozotocin after PPE intervention were systematically analyzed. Here, 10 normal mice were given normal saline as control group, and 50 model mice were randomly assigned to five groups and daily intragastric administrated with saline, metformin (100 mg/kg), and PPE (50, 100, 150 mg/kg of body weight), for 60 days. The pro-inflammatory factor contents of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after PPE treatment, we propose that PPE could exert anti-inflammatory properties. PPE could also effectively reduce blood glucose levels, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved other glucolipid metabolism. Q-PCR results suggested that the hypoglycemic effects of PPE might be through activating IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway in diabetic mice. These results suggest that PPE has strong potential as dietary components in the prevention or management of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]