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Explores the primary deputy head's role, focusing on the deputy/head interrelationship, based on interviews with administrators of 10 (British) primary schools. Identifies factors influencing this interrelationship, highlighting partner similarities and the use of complementarity, compensation, tolerance, acceptance, and accommodation to handle partner differences. (35 references) (MLH)

Two-metre-deep soil profiles at 10 acid sulfate soil (ASS) scalds along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were examined for salinity indicators. At 5 of the sites, permanently vegetated areas adjacent to the ASS-scalded land were also tested. Throughout the profiles, most sites had high soluble chloride ([Cl.sup.-]) concentrations (≤ 17 mg/g soil) and high soluble sulfate (S[O.sub.4.sup.2-]) concentrations (≤ 17 mg/g soil). Very low [Cl.sup.-] : S[O.sub.4.sup.2-] ratios (≤ 3) indicated active pyrite oxidation. Soil salinity (measured as electrical conductivity, EC) was extremely high in the top 2 m of most of the ASS scalds when related to the growth requirements of the typical introduced pasture species that were planted in these areas following drainage. This allows salinity, in addition to the extremely low pH of the surface soils, to contribute to land denudation, which can instigate or perpetuate pyrite oxidation and ASS-related land scalding. Although the sites had shallow watertables and soil-moisture content was high, the surface soil (top 0.10 m) of the scalds had consistently higher soluble [Cl.sup.-] and S[O.sub.4.sup.2-] concentrations and EC than adjacent vegetated areas. All coastal ASS areas investigated, typically freshwater backswamps used for cattle grazing, were underlain by estuarine-derived sediments containing saline ground water. The results demonstrate that revegetation of ASS scalds must include investigation and management of salinity, in addition to acidity, within the soil profile and at the soil surface. Additional keywords: Write oxidation, acid sulfate soil scald, acid sulfate soil salinity, backswamp management, backswamp drainage., Introduction The coastal floodplains in New South Wales (NSW), Australia are largely infilled barrier estuaries (Roy 1984). Extensive estuarine deposits, containing pyrite, were laid down approximately 10 000-6000 years ago [...]

Abstract Background This paper describes and analyses Rwanda’s science-based health product ‘innovation system’, highlighting examples of indigenous innovation and good practice. We use an innovation systems framework, which takes into account the wide variety of stakeholders and knowledge flows contributing to the innovation process. The study takes into account the destruction of the country’s scientific infrastructure and human capital that occurred during the 1994 genocide, and describes government policy, research institutes and universities, the private sector, and NGOs that are involved in health product innovation in Rwanda. Methods Case study research methodology was used. Data were collected through reviews of academic literature and policy documents and through open-ended, face-to-face interviews with 38 people from across the science-based health innovation system. Data was collected over two visits to Rwanda between November – December 2007 and in May 2008. A workshop was held in Kigali on May 23rd and May 24th 2009 to validate the findings. A business plan was then developed to operationalize the findings. Results and discussion The results of the study show that Rwanda has strong government will to support health innovation both through its political leadership and through government policy documents. However, it has a very weak scientific base as most of its scientific infrastructure as well as human capital were destroyed during the 1994 genocide. The regulatory agency is weak and its nascent private sector is ill-equipped to drive health innovation. In addition, there are no linkages between the various actors in the country’s health innovation system i.e between research institutions, universities, the private sector, and government bureaucrats. Conclusions Despite the fact that the 1994 genocide destroyed most of the scientific infrastructure and human capital, the country has made remarkable progress towards developing its health innovation system, mainly due to political goodwill. The areas of greatest potential for Rwanda are in traditional plant technologies. However, there is need for investments in domestic skill development as well as infrastructure that will enhance innovation. Of foremost importance is the establishment of a platform to link the various actors in the health innovation system.

Soil profiles in 10 persistently bare areas (i.e. scalds), mainly located in coastal backswamps of New South Wales, Australia, were examined for chromium-reducible sulfur content and selected chemical properties. At 5 of the sites, the adjacent paddocks with vegetation cover were also examined. All of the tested sites had been affected by the extensive drainage of the surrounding acid sulfate soil (ASS) landscapes and the consequent oxidation of pyrite. All sites had low pH values in the surface soil layers and these low pH values extended for up to 150 cm into the underlying unoxidised blue/grey pyritic estuarine gels. This can be attributed to the downward diffusion of acidity, either produced in the overlying oxidised zones of these soils or transported laterally across the landscape to these low-lying areas. Acidified unoxidised pyritic zones 120 cm thick can evidently form within several decades after drainage disturbance. At the scalded sites the depth from the soil surface to the main pyritic zone varied from the surface to >200 cm depth, indicating that this variable is not critical to ASS scald formation. For most of the sites examined, the chromium-reducible sulfur contents in the surface soil layers were appreciably higher than those in the immediately underlying soil layers. In most of the vegetated sites the chromium-reducible sulfur content in the surface layers was considerably higher than for the adjacent scalded site. The conditions necessary for pyrite formation (i.e. adequate supplies of organic matter, soluble iron, sulfate, and waterlogging) were found to exist at all sites, and the pyrite accumulations in these surface soil layers are considered to be neo-formed. The vegetated soil-profile pyrite and pH results were very similar to their scalded counterparts except that they had an extra 20-40 cm layer of vegetation and mulch that was missing from the scalded profiles. This indicates that there is considerable potential for more extensive scalding in these ASS areas. Additional keywords: subsurface pyrite, surface pyrite, pyrite oxidation, pyrite re-formation, acid sulfate soil pH, backswamp management, backswamp drainage., Introduction Acid sulfate soil (ASS) scalds are persistently bare areas of land associated with pyrite oxidation and ASS formation in drained coastal floodplains. In Australia, ASS scalds have not previously [...]

Acid sulfate soil (ASS) scalds are persistently bare areas of land, occurring in the coastal backswamps of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This study aims to understand why particular areas become ASS scalds, while adjacent areas remain vegetated. Some important soil parameters are compared and field observations are summarised. Soil core sampling in both ASS-scalded land and surrounding areas of permanently vegetated paddocks has demonstrated similar pyrite concentrations and depth occurrence, soil salinity, and soil acidity (pH). As conditions are similar beneath both vegetated and non-vegetated land, there must be some additional factors influencing which areas become denuded. Several disparate (usually human-induced) events were found to cause initial loss of vegetative cover. Once the soil is bare, surface evaporation causes toxic solutes to build up quickly at the soil surface and ASS scalding is perpetuated. Some of the intervening events include fire, flood, flood-scouting, deliberate topsoil removal, surface pyrite oxidation, saltwater inundation of freshwater paddocks, saltwater exclusion from saltmarsh or mangroves, changes to the vegetation regimes, excessive vehicular traffic, and over-grazing. Backswamp management needs to ensure that land underlain by shallow pyritic layers (or with soil-water that is enriched with the toxic by-products of pyrite oxidation) is not laid bare by accident or design. Similar soil chemical conditions underlying both ASS scalds and the surrounding permanently vegetated paddocks suggest that much larger areas are potentially at risk of ASS scalding. Additional keywords: pyrite oxidation, acid sulfate soil acidity, acid sulfate soil salinity, surface pyrite, subsurface pyrite, backswamp management, backswamp drainage., Introduction Coastal floodplains in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, are underlain by formerly estuarine sediments (Roy 1984). These estuary basin and intertidal muds contain large amounts of sulfides (mainly pyrite) [...]

This clinical case series highlights an under-reported and often unidentified complication of implant-retained overdentures that may leave patients with a risk of long-term discomfort and preventable damage to the opposing dentition. A variety of cases is discussed to demonstrate potential problems and symptoms that can flag up signs of parafunctional habits in implant patients, and how these can be managed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Game demands of Elite Men's Gaelic Football (GF) are understudied and far from clear. This first study to investigate the performance outcomes for winners and losers in a complete Senior Inter-county championship (SFC) will analyse which characteristics of possession were more likely to lead to score. Possessions (n = 6,174) from all games in the 2016 SFC (n = 64) were analysed using Dartfish ConnectPlus 7.0. Wilcoxon signed-rank test identified statistical differences (p < 0.05) between 20 performance indicators for winning versus losing teams, while a binary logistic regression was used to model shot outcome in terms of process indicators; method of gaining possession, area possession is gained, number of passes and duration of each possession, on the outcome of the possession. Findings reveal winning teams had significantly more possessions, higher productivity and lower turnover rates than losers. Logistic regression highlighted that opposition kickouts, possession duration and area where possession commenced were associated with possession outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Romain Murenzi, Mike Hughes It is evident that strategies need to be undertaken to reverse the decline of Africa's share of world trade. This paper argues that through the development of regional and sub-regional integration, coupled with the development of national science and technological innovative and entrepreneurship skills, the fortunes can be reversed. The study focuses on Rwanda and reviews the policies and strategies to acquire and create knowledge linked to knowledge transfer and innovation to stimulate and develop the national economy in particular encouraging the private sector as an engine of growth. It emphasises the importance of regional cooperation to open larger markets and economies of scale.

It is crucial for officers to pledge their full support following the launch of a national enforcement group, says Mike Hughes. As a member of the National Association for Planning [...]

Since the pioneering work of Reep and Benjamin (1968) on regained possessions, there has been a lack of detailed, informative research in the area. The aim of this study was to analyse all elements of transitions to attack in elite football. The influence of turnover zone, turnover type and 'on the ball' player actions upon scoring goals and creating scoring opportunities (S.O.'s) were examined. A total of 3,077 transitions from all 29 games of the 2014-15 Champion's League knockout stages were coded. Multidimensional qualitative data using 11 ordered categorical variables were obtained to characterise each transition. Data were analysed using chi-square analysis. Winning turnovers in offensive areas increased the chance of scoring a goal and creating a S.O. (p < .001). Nearly half of all turnovers in the offensive zone, 49.45% (n=45) resulted in a S.O., and 7.69% (n=7) lead to goals. The tackle was the most productive way to turnover the ball (p < .05). Teams created significantly more S.O.s and scored more goals when the first and second actions after the turnover were forward (p < .05); successful dribbles, runs with the ball and long passes were the optimal player actions. Further analysis revealed that successful teams (top 4) created more S.O.'s from the defensive, defensive midfield and offensive midfield but not the offensive zone (p < .01). Finally teams created more S.O.s from turnovers in the offensive half, but not the defensive half, when losing or drawing the tie (p < .05). It was concluded that teams should press high to win turnovers and create S.O.'s, supporting the findings of Reep and Benjamin (1968). It was further concluded that the immediate player actions after winning the turnover are critical to the outcome of the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists become emotionally, physically and socially attached to national parks as they become familiar with the park's settings and endow it with value. Researchers have pointed out that place attachment leads to environmentally responsible behaviour and higher levels of visitor satisfaction. Therefore, increasing the level of attachment that visitors feel is vital for park and camp managers, and to do so a greater understanding of the various dimensions of it is needed. While attachment to parks has been evaluated previously, attachment to specific camps in parks has not been done. The main purpose of this research study was to measure the extent to which visitors to the Tamboti and Satara camps in the Kruger National Park feel attached to these camps. We also determined whether differences exist between visitors in terms of the level of attachment that they experience towards these camps. Finally, we established the variables that influence place attachment. A self-administered paper-based questionnaire was distributed to visitors to the Tamboti and Satara camps, with 201 questionnaires completed. The results show that visitors generally have a neutral feeling towards the camps. Furthermore, the differences in visitors' levels of attachment could be attributed to their nationality, wild card membership and frequency of visits. Various managerial implications are drawn and recommendations made on how to increase place attachment to these camps. Conservation implications: This results indicate that visitors do not show particularly strong attachment towards Tamboti and Satara. Recommendations are given for camp managers to increase place attachment to the camps. If camp managers can succeed in fostering stronger levels of attachment to these camps, visitors are more likely to display environmentally responsible behaviour in the camps, with positive conservation implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]