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The constant challenge in social interactions involves making informed decisions in the face of competitive and cooperative dilemmas. The decision-making process can be influenced by various factors present in the social context. According to the behavior-pattern-categorization framework of information acquisition, potential biases may develop at all stages of decision-making as information about social context is progressively entered and integrated. In this study, employing the Chicken Game, we investigated the influence of varying information levels within the behavior-pattern-categorization framework (i.e., competitiveness of behavior choice, uncertainty of behavior pattern, and sociality of category) on decision-making in the dilemma of competition and cooperation. Combined with reinforcement learning models, our findings from three experiments showed that participants exhibited basic complementary behavior, becoming less competitive against highly competitive opponents and vice versa. Notably, individuals exhibited varying adaptation rates to different levels of opponent competitiveness and fluctuations. Specifically, participants adapted slower to highly competitive opponents and faster to cooperative opponents. This asymmetric adaptation in social learning is related to the rate at which various levels of information are updated. The current study disentangles the different levels of information acquisition and highlights the asymmetric processing that can occur during the updating of information within each level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of an intra-city express delivery network from three to two levels is of great interest to suppliers and customers for reducing costs and improving service efficiency. One feasible solution is to identify critical nodes in the three-level network and upgrade them as transshipment facilities in the two-level one. However, traditional optimization models seldom combine empirical business data, composite metrics, and objective evaluation rules. We proposed an approach integrating empirical data, multi-criteria decision-making methods based on the real-world application of the SF Express Chengdu branch. We also developed a mathematical optimization model using statistical and operations management techniques combined with logistics expertise for a location decision. First, the appropriateness of each service point as a candidate transshipment facility is evaluated from internal and external perspectives by applying multiple centrality assessment from complex network theory and fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution, respectively. Second, 16 candidate transshipment facilities are selected by combining these two ways. Then, a multi-objective integer programming model is built to obtain the optimal number, locations of transshipment facilities, and the corresponding service points covered by each transshipment facility. Using this multi-methodologic approach, we show that the optimized two-level network is economically feasible and simply applicable, with the total cost and average delivery time reduced by 18.41% and 6 h, respectively. This article is of practical significance and provides an important reference for optimizing ground express service networks for other large cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report the long-term outcomes of proximal thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection (cTBAD). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 48 cases of patients with cTBAD who underwent proximal TEVAR in Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University from January 2010 to September 2013. The preoperative and postoperative imaging examinations, overall survival rate, aortic-related survival rate, and freedom from reintervention rate data were collected to evaluate aortic remodeling and clinical outcomes. The enrolled patients received follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment and annually thereafter. Results: A total of 48 patients (mean age, 58.3 ± 10.6 years; men:women, 40:8) were included, of which 38 cases (79.2%) were uncomplicated dissection and 10 cases (20.8%) were complicated. The mean follow-up time was 48.7 ± 40 months (1–120 months). The mean time interval from the initial procedure to reintervention was 50.6 ± 32.7 months (11–98 months). The following changes were observed at preoperative versus last follow-up timepoints. Descending aortic level: true lumen, 19.2 ± 7.01 mm vs. 36.9 ± 9.53 mm (p < 0.001); false lumen, 30.47 ± 15.89 mm vs. 19.16 ± 15.33 mm (p < 0.001); maximum diameter, 49.67 ± 13.96 mm vs. 56.66 ± 14.95 mm (p = 0.018). Diaphragm level: true lumen, 16.24 ± 5.41 mm vs. 24.41 ± 8.04 mm (p < 0.001); false lumen, 12.37 ± 11.49 mm vs. 14.92 ± 12.25 mm (p = 0.196); and maximum diameter, 34 ± 7.81 mm vs. 38.04 ± 7.7 mm (p < 0.001). The freedom from reintervention rate was 81% in 5 years and 50.6% in 10 years. The overall 10-years survival rate was 83% (6 of 48), and the aortic-related survival rate was 92.3% (3 of 48). Conclusions: TEVAR is a safe and effective proximal repair intervention for cTBAD that can reliably induce the positive remodeling of the descending aorta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteroatom doping can tune the band structure of semiconductors and enhance their carrier transfer capacity for improving the performance of photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nevertheless, the introduction of dopants is not always beneficial. In this study, magnesium (Mg) is adopted to dope ZnIn2S4 nanosheet array photoanodes to form a type‐II band structure and reduce bulk recombination, but concurrently introduced deleterious oxygen (O) defects slow down the surface catalytic reaction kinetics. Furthermore, a facile heat treatment strategy is proposed to transform these O defects into Mg─O bonds. First‐principles calculations and electrochemical characterization indicate that the presence of Mg─O bonds provides abundant active sites and efficiently accelerates the surface oxygen evolution reaction by precisely realigning the rate‐determining step from OH* to O* (step 2) to OOH* to O2 (step 4), thereby retarding charge trapping and recombination. As a result, such a photoanode achieves a remarkable performance with a photocurrent as high as 4.91 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, and the onset potential shifts negatively about 340 mV. This work provides a new defect modulation idea for converting detrimental defects to favorable ones, and it can be expected to have wide applications in the fields of energy, catalysis, and optoelectronics, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]