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In order to optimize the calibration set for near-infrared modeling of the protein content in wheat flour, the binary dragonfly algorithm (BDA) was used to select representative samples from the primary calibration set divided by the traditional Kennard/Stone (K/S) method. Based on the representative samples, a partial least square regression (PLSR) model for estimating the protein content in wheat flour was established, and the prediction set was employed to evaluate the stability and prediction performance of the model. The results indicated that an optimal calibration set with 30 samples was selected finally by BDA, and the proposed model exhibited a coefficient of determination of prediction (Rp2) of 0.956 4 and a root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.278 1, which increased by 1.87% and decreased by 15.57% compared with those (0.938 8 and 0.329 4) from K/S partition of 100 primary calibration sets, respectively. The average number of calibration sets selected from 10 BDA experiments was 30.2, and the protein content of wheat flour was predicted better by the 10 models developed than that obtained based on the primary calibration set. Therefore, BDA can select a small number of representative calibration set samples based on which a PLSR model with good robustness and high prediction accuracy for the protein content of wheat flour can be established. The proposed method can provide an efficient tool for calibration set selection in near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of the quality of wheat flour.

This paper studied the influence of storage duration on the flavor profile of white tea in detail, with samples produced between 2020 and 2023. Sensory evaluation was performed by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), followed by an in‐depth aroma components analysis employing an electronic nose (E‐nose), headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS–GC–IMS), and headspace solid–phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS). The QDA findings revealed a gradual transition in the flavor profile of white tea during storage, shifting from sweet, fruity, and floral to more herbal and stale characteristics. E‐nose could well distinguish white tea with different storage times. A total of 55 and 53 volatile compounds were identified by HS–GC–IMS and HS–SPME–GC–MS, respectively. The orthogonal partial least squares‐discriminant analysis models, based on HS–GC–IMS (R2Y = 0.998, Q2 = 0.987) and HS–SPME–GC–MS (R2Y = 0.984, Q2 = 0.993), successfully distinguished white tea samples stored for different storage times. Furthermore, 14 and 8 key compounds were screened based on the double variable criterion of one‐way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) and variable importance in projection (VIP) >1.2, and their content changes were also compared. It is the gradual decrease of important aroma components such as 2‐hexenal, 2‐methyl‐2‐hepten‐6‐one, linalool, and geraniol, which are positively correlated with sweet, fruity, and floral aromas, and the gradual increase of hexanoic acid, thiophene, propanoic acid, dimethyl disulfide, and borneyl acetate, which are positively correlated with herbal and stale flavor, that leads to the changes in flavor and aroma of white tea during storage. The results of the study provided a reference for elucidating the aroma characteristics of white tea at different storage times as well as a theoretical basis for the quality control of white tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence with regards to the distinction between primary and metastatic tumors in pancreatic cancer and driving factors for metastases remains limited. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted on metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bioinformatics analysis on relevant sequencing data was used to construct a risk model to predict patient prognosis. Furthermore, immune infiltration and metabolic differences were assessed. The biological function of key differential genes was evaluated. Results: Paired primary and metastatic tumor tissues from 3 pancreatic cancer patients were collected and conducted scRNA-seq. Subsequently, the T/NK cell subgroup was the most different cell type between primary tumors and liver metastases and was selected for further analysis. Eventually, 6 specifically expressed genes of T/NK cells (B2M, ZFP36L2, ANXA1, ARL4C, TSPYL2, FYN) were used constructing the prognostic model. The stability of this model was validated by an external cohort. Meanwhile, different immune infiltration abundances occurred between high and low risk groups stratified by the model. The high-risk group had a stronger metabolic capability. Conclusions: A novel prognostic T/NK-cell signature for pancreatic cancer was constructed based on scRNA-seq data and externally validated. The involved key genes may play a role in multiple metabolic pathways of metastasis and affect the tumor immune microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a spatial configuration method to improve the cooling efficiency of multiple VRV outdoor units placed on equipment layers with high floors. Relevant factors include wind parameters, the placement of multiple outdoor units, and louver. A total of 96 cases were designed. CFD simulations were used to obtain the inlet air temperature distributions of multiple outdoor units and then calculate their cooling efficiency. The results found that these factors have effects on the average cooling efficiency of outdoor units in a single row to a certain extent. The influencing degrees of these factors, from large to small, were the louver angle, wind parameters, and the placement of multiple outdoor units. When the cooling efficiency of outdoor units was maximum and the louver angle was 15°, the louvers could be oriented perpendicular to the dominant wind direction (90°) when wind speed was ≥6 m/s, and the unit spacing was 600 mm. Based on this, when the number of outdoor units was expanded in the limited space, staggered arrangements with different directions of heat exchange surfaces were a recommended optimization layout. This study provides technical support for improving the working efficiency of VRV outdoor units in an equipment layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones integrated with 5G New Radio (NR) base stations have emerged as a promising solution for efficient victim search and localization in emergency zones where cellular networks are disrupted by natural disasters. Traditional approaches relying solely on uplink Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) for localization face limitations due to User Equipment (UE) power constraints. To overcome this, our paper introduces BWSAR, a novel three-stage Search-and-Rescue (SAR) methodology leveraging 5G-NR beam sweeping technologies. BWSAR utilizes downlink Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) for coarse-grained direction estimation, guiding the drone towards potential victim locations. Subsequently, finer-grained beam sweeping with Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) is employed within the identified direction, enabling precise three-dimensional UE coordinate estimation. Furthermore, we propose a trajectory optimization algorithm to expedite the drone's navigation to emergency areas. Simulation results underscore BWSAR's efficacy in reducing positioning errors and completing SAR missions swiftly, within minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel processed zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). The high annealing temperature (≈200 °C) required for sintering to ensure a high electron mobility however results in severe damage to flexible substrates. Thus, flexible organic solar cells based on sol–gel processed ZnO exhibit significantly lower efficiency than rigid devices. In this paper, an indium‐doping approach is developed to improve the optoelectronic properties of ZnO layers and reduce the required annealing temperature. Inverted OSCs based on In‐doped ZnO (IZO) exhibit a higher efficiency than those based on ZnO for a range of different active layer systems. For the PM6:L8‐BO system, the efficiency increases from 17.0% for the pristine ZnO‐based device to 17.8% for the IZO‐based device. The IZO‐based device with an active layer of PM6:L8‐BO:BTP‐eC9 exhibits an even higher efficiency of up to 18.1%. In addition, a 1.2‐micrometer‐thick inverted ultrathin flexible organic solar cell is fabricated based on the IZO ETL that achieves an efficiency of 17.0% with a power‐per‐weight ratio of 40.4 W g−1, which is one of the highest efficiency for ultrathin (less than 10 micrometers) flexible organic solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]