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Cars and the transportation industry are undergoing a radical transformation. In the past, cars were independent means of transportation, and motor vehicles could not communicate with each other or the nearby environment. Nowadays, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology and autonomous driving vehicles are gradually becoming a reality. Thanks to its high data throughput, fast data transmission rate, and low latency, 5G mobile communication technology lies at the heart of this technological transformation. The Internet of Vehicles service promoted by the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) is recognized as a market-leading technological development strategy. In this service, which integrates 5G mobile data with the Internet of Vehicles, Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) will play a key role in the next generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). In this paper, we use patent analysis to investigate patent distribution, compare technology holders, and assess technology growth trends for applications of 5G-V2X (vehicle-to-everything) in the field of autonomous driving. The results of this study indicate that R&D on 5G-V2X and autonomous driving applications and technologies began growing in 2018, and development has remained at a high level, with the United States, Korea, and China as the three leading patented technology-holders. Analysis of the patent holding share of patent right-holding companies reveals that Qualcomm, LG, and Ericsson have relatively large shares of patented technology in the field of autonomous driving applications. The network analysis of IPC 3-digit symbols indicates that H04W, H04B, G08G, and H04L are important relevant technology areas. Our findings can contribute valuable information concerning 5G-V2X autonomous driving applications to government, industry, and academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on literature of friendship stability and social homophily, the present paper explores questions on the effect of grade-disparity on friendship formation. The objective of this research is to investigate the process of friendship formation focused on grade-disparity where choices whom to befriend are a socialized process. We analyze a seven-waves network dataset of nine high school classes with a total of 416 students in Taiwan. Findings of this study provide some evidence that the friendship ties are likely to be disconnected when the gap of academic achievement between two friends is apart, suggesting a selection process in the class and academic achievement is the sorting mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To advance our understanding about the influence of institutional factors (i.e., IP policies) regarding the effects of mobile workers on innovation performance, this paper investigates a set of hypotheses pertaining to the relationships among state-level non-compete clause, inventor mobility and innovation quality. This paper uses United States inventor survey data that produced a sample of 1900 triadic patents. Our results suggest that the enforcement of non-compete clauses is negative associated with inter-firm inventor mobility (35% mobility in low non-compete states vs. 25% mobility in high non-compete states). This paper finds that states with low enforcement of non-compete clauses have more high quality of inventions. However, different from the literature, results of this study show that high enforcement is associated with greater likelihood of commercialization. In addition, we do not find strong evidence showing the effects of mobile inventor were limited by the strength of non-compete clauses. Breaking down firms according to their size, we also find that large firms are more likely to benefit from being in enforcing states that allow them to take the advantage of the mobility and knowledge spillover associated with small firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]