Search

Introduction: 2022 was a landmark year with two adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) receiving conditional marketing authorization from EMA for the treatment of persons with severe haemophilia A and severe to moderately severe haemophilia B and a third in 2024. Gene therapy is a transformative, irreversible treatment with long-lasting effects, necessitating development of new clinical pathways to ensure optimal outcomes., Aim: To develop a consensus framework and service specification for delivery of AAV gene therapy for haemophilia in adults within the UK using the hub-and-spoke model proposed by the European Association of Haemophilia and Allied Disorders and the European Haemophilia Consortium., Methods: The UK Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organisation (UKHCDO) set up a working party to develop expert consensus guidance, working with NHS England to ensure alignment with NHS England commissioning and the national service specification., Results: These guidelines detail the patient pathway, counselling and governance requirements for the hub-and-spoke model. The national service specification requires the hub site to manage governance for AAV-based gene therapy. Proposed regional and national multidisciplinary teams will harmonize clinical practices incorporating expertise from various specialities and professional groups. Key requirements identified include standardized documentation and multidisciplinary collaboration. Nationally agreed patient information and counselling checklists will streamline the informed consent process and facilitate data collection for long-term safety and efficacy monitoring., Conclusion: These guidelines provide a structured framework for the delivery of liver-directed gene therapy. Whilst specific to the United Kingdom they provide a framework for the implementation of gene therapy in other countries for haemophilia and other monogenic disorders., (© 2024 The Author(s). Haemophilia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Small tripeptides composed entirely of β 3 -amino acids have been shown to self-assemble into fibres following acylation of the N-terminus. Given the use of Fmoc as a strategy to initiate self-assembly in α-peptides, we hypothesized that the acyl cap can be replaced by an Fmoc without perturbation to the self-assembly and enable simpler synthetic protocols. We therefore replaced the N -acyl cap for an Fmoc group and herein we show that these Fmoc-protected β 3 -peptides produce regular spherical particles, rather than fibrous structures, that are stable and capable of encapsulating cargo. We then demonstrated that these particles were able to deliver cargo to cells without any obvious signs of cytotoxicity. This is the first description of such regular nanoparticles derived from Fmoc-protected β 3 -peptides., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A synthetic strategy for conjugating small molecules and peptide-based therapeutics, via a cleavable ester bond, to a lipidated β 3 -tripeptide is presented. The drug-loaded β 3 -peptide was successfully co-assembled with a functionally inert lipidated β 3 -tripeptide to form a hydrogel. Quantitative release of lactose from the hydrogel, by the action of serum esterases, is demonstrated over 28 days. The esterase-mediated sustained release of the bioactive brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) peptide mimics from the hydrogel resulted in increased neuronal survival and normal neuronal function of peripheral neurons. These studies define a versatile strategy for the facile synthesis and co-assembly of self-assembling β 3 -peptide-based hydrogels with the ability to control drug release using endogenous esterases with potential in vivo applications for sustained localized drug delivery.

Obesity is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the Western world and correlates directly with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, often culminating in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Importantly, our team has recently shown that the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) member protein, TNFSF14, has been reported to protect against high fat diet induced obesity and pre-diabetes. We hypothesized that mimics of TNFSF14 may therefore be valuable as anti-diabetic agents. In this study, we use in silico approaches to identify key regions of TNFSF14 responsible for binding to the Herpes virus entry mediator and Lymphotoxin β receptor. In vitro evaluation of a selection of optimised peptides identified six potentially therapeutic TNFSF14 peptides. We report that these peptides increased insulin and fatty acid oxidation signalling in skeletal muscle cells. We then selected one of these promising peptides to determine the efficacy to promote metabolic benefits in vivo. Importantly, the TNFSF14 peptide 7 reduced high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in a mouse model of obesity. In addition, we highlight that the TNFSF14 peptide 7 resulted in a marked reduction in liver steatosis and a concomitant increase in phospho-AMPK signalling. We conclude that TNFSF14-derived molecules positively regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism and may therefore open a completely novel therapeutic pathway for treating obesity and T2D.

The enzyme 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase (or DAD) catalyses the conversion of 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and formic acid with the incorporation of molecular oxygen. Whilst the vast majority of dioxygenases cleave within the aromatic ring of the substrate, DAD is very unusual in that it is involved in C-C bond cleavage in a substituent of the aromatic ring. There is evidence that the enzyme is a homotetramer of 20.3 kDa subunits each containing nonhaem iron and its sequence suggests that it belongs to the cupin family of dioxygenases. By the use of limited chymotrypsinolysis, the DAD enzyme from Alcaligenes sp. 4HAP has been crystallized in a form that diffracts synchrotron radiation to a resolution of 2.2 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The New Mexico Graduation Reality and Dual-role Skills (GRADS) program provides services for expectant and parenting students at high schools. The GRADS program has operated since 1989, serving more than 17,000 youth. This study summarizes the GRADS program model and program administrators' lessons learned from implementing this comprehensive, large-scale program., Description: The GRADS program is a multicomponent intervention that can include a classroom intervention, case management, linkages to child care and health care, and support for young fathers. The program aims to support expectant and parenting youth in finishing high school, delaying a repeat pregnancy, promoting health outcomes for their children, and preparing for college and career. This study presents program administrators' lessons learned to increase understanding of how to implement a statewide program to support expectant and parenting students., Assessment: During the 2010-2017 school years, the GRADS program operated in 26-31 sites each year, serving a total of 2691 parenting youth. Program administrators identified lessons learned from implementing the GRADS program during that period of expansion, including allowing variation across sites based on resources and needs, providing centralized implementation support, fostering buy-in from school and district leaders, and collecting consistent data to better understand participant outcomes., Conclusions: Although not based on a rigorous impact or implementation study, this article provides lessons learned from a statewide, school-based program that may be a promising way to serve a large number of expectant and parenting youth and help them overcome challenges for completing high school.

The chemical synthesis of cyclic peptides is a well-established area of research. This has been further expanded by development of bio-orthogonal reactions that enable access to peptides of greater structural complexity. One approach utilizes 1,3-dichloroacetone to selectively link free cysteine side-chains with an acetone-like bridge via an S N 2 reaction. Here, we have used this reaction to dimerize cyclic peptide monomers to create novel bicyclic dimeric peptides. We investigated a range of reaction parameters to identify the optimal dimerization conditions for our model systems. One of the acetone-linked dimeric peptides was analyzed for proteolytic stability in human serum and was observed to still be fully intact after 48 h. This study provides valuable insights into the application of 1,3-dichloroacetone as a tool in the synthesis of complex, multicyclic peptides., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)

Greater functional knee valgus (FKV) is thought to contribute to a greater risk of sustaining overuse running injuries. The hip is commonly implicated in greater functional knee valgus, but no studies have investigated the effects of hip taping on running kinematics. The present study investigated whether or not hip taping altered hip and knee kinematics compared to sham and no taping in female runners demonstrating excessive functional knee valgus. Lower limb stance-phase kinematics were collected from 23 female runners using three-dimensional motion capture. Participants performed over ground running at 3.5 m/s and 5.0 m/s. Three taping conditions (no tape; sham tape; hip tape) were tested. Statistical inference was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping Hotelling's paired t-tests, with post-hoc paired t-tests. Hip taping significantly decreased hip adduction and internal rotation angles throughout stance phase by up to 7°, compared to sham and no taping. Hip taping significantly increased knee adduction, internal rotation, flexion, and reduced peak knee flexion angles, compared to no tape. Hip taping reduced excessive hip motion by clinically meaningful magnitudes, and also benefited knee frontal and transverse plane kinematics at the slower running speed. Hip taping may provide an immediate solution in correcting FKV in running., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

This study compared 6 weeks of incline treadmill interval training (INC) performed on a 10 % treadmill grade using either sprint-like efforts or slower, longer bouts. 24 individuals were randomly assigned between 2 groups that each completed 2 INC and one 30-min level-grade sessions⋅wk-1. Training intensities, bout durations and the number of intervals per INC session were the velocity associated with VO2max (Vmax), 30 s and 10-14 (INCShort n = 12), and 68 %Vmax, ~3 min and 4-6 (INCLong n = 12), respectively. All 30-min sessions were at 65 %Vmax. Pre- and post-testing assessed VO2max; lactate threshold (VLT); running economy; and time-to-exhaustion at various conditions including 80 %Vmax and 20 % grade (CFMod). Both groups improved significantly in all tests; additionally, INCShort improved significantly more so in VLT and CFMod despite INCLong performing more than 2 times the running each INC session (P < 0.05). Mean effect size (ES) of the relative improvement in a majority of tests revealed a trivial to very large ES of INCShort vs. INCLong training (ES range: 0.05-4.05). We conclude sprintlike INC better than slower, longer INC at improving a key determinant of distance running performance (VLT), and better at preparing individuals for running on courses with a variety of grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluate the acute effect of low-Dye, placebo and no tape on motor behaviour in individuals with plantar fasciitis (PF)., Design: Prospective, experimental., Setting: Motion analysis laboratory., Participants: Ten participants with PF and ten matched controls., Main Outcome Measures: Hopping behaviour (lower-limb stiffness and ankle angle at peak loading) were evaluated during low-load sleigh hopping, during three taping conditions. Stiffness and ankle angle were determined using three-dimensional motion analysis. Pain during submaximal loading was assessed with a numeric pain rating scale., Results: The lower-limb stiffness response to therapeutic taping was modulated by the presence of PF (interaction, F = 4.48, p = 0.018). Matched controls demonstrated a significant increase in stiffness post application of low-Dye taping (p = 0.001), stiffness was unchanged in the PF group. In the PF group, low-Dye taping decreased hopping pain in comparison to placebo (p = 0.037) and no-tape (p = 0.024). There was no difference in ankle angle at peak loading between the groups or across taping conditions., Conclusions: Low-Dye taping reduces nociceptive inputs more than placebo in the presence of PF pain. Low-Dye tape alters stiffness in the control group but not the PF group. The motor behavioural outputs such as stiffness, during low-load hopping is modulated by both pathology and therapeutic taping., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Context:   Because of the increasing popularity of participation in Irish dance, the incidence of lower limb injuries is high among this competitive population., Objective:   To investigate the effects of fatigue on the peak lower limb and trunk angles as well as the peak lower limb joint forces and moments of competitive female Irish dancers during the performance of a dance-specific single-limb landing., Design:   Cross-sectional study., Setting:   Laboratory., Patients or Other Participants:   Fourteen healthy, female, competitive Irish dancers (age = 19.4 ± 3.7 years, height = 165.3 ± 5.9 cm, mass = 57.9 ± 8.2 kg)., Intervention(s):   Participants performed an Irish dance-specific leap before and after a dance-specific fatigue protocol. During each landing movement, 3-dimensional lower limb kinematics (250 Hz) and ground reaction forces (1000 Hz) were collected. Paired t tests were performed to determine the differences (P ≤ .05) in lower limb and trunk biomechanics prefatigue and postfatigue., Main Outcome Measure(s):   Peak lower limb and trunk angles as well as peak lower limb joint reaction forces and external moments., Results:   Compared with the prefatigue trials, dancers landed with reduced ankle plantar flexion (P = .003) and hip external rotation (P = .007) and increased hip-adduction alignment (P = .034) postfatigue. Dancers displayed greater anterior shear (P = .003) and compressive (P = .024) forces at the ankle and greater external knee-flexion moments (P = .024) during the postfatigue compared with the prefatigue landing trials., Conclusions:   When fatigued, dancers displayed a decline in landing performance in terms of aesthetics as well as increased ankle- and knee-joint loading, potentially exposing them to a greater risk of injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between injury profiles - including assessment, treatment, severity, and the perceived reason for the injury - and participation in competitive netball. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1989, approximately 11,228 netball players participated in a 14 week netball competition held at the major competitive centre in Western Australia; 608 netball players presented to the first aid room with an injury and were assessed and treated by the same physiotherapist and St John First Aid officer. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate during competition was 5.4%, with more injuries occurring in the A grade level of play. Ankle injuries (84%) were most frequent, with 67% of these injuries diagnosed as lateral ligament sprains while a further 10% of players who suffered this classification of injury sustained a fracture to the ankle or foot. Few injuries occurred at the knee joint (8.3%) and only 1.8% of these injuries were diagnosed as an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament. The direct probability of a netball players' risk estimate was 0.054 per person per match which implied that netball was a relatively safe game. Injuries sustained during practice were not included in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Netball is a relatively safe game though the potential for injury increases with the level of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The passing and landing patterns among netball players were investigated by examining all the 595 passes in an international match between Australia and New Zealand. Intra-class correlations were used to test inter-observer reliability. The independence of two variables was tested using a Pearson chi 2 test and a contingency coefficient was used to assess the degree of association between variables. An inter-rater reliability in the identification of movement patterns was 0.99. Most of the landings observed in this match were on the forefoot and not the hindfoot as generally reported in controlled experiments. Only 14% of the players leapt to receive a pass compared with 76% reported earlier under controlled environments. The distribution of passing techniques unexpectedly showed that approximately 50% of all the players did not reach for the ball as it was thrown directly to them. However, over 70% of the players threw straight passes which were mainly received in the chest quadrant and other types of passes such as loop, bounce and rebound were used less frequently. Nearly 50% of all players used a right-handed pass to dispose of the ball, while the next most popular pass was to use both hands (40.2%). Landing and passing patterns differed between players in different positions. Footfall patterns on landing after a catch were associated with the trajectory of the ball. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The enzyme 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase (DAD) catalyses the conversion of 2,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and formic acid with the incorporation of molecular oxygen. Whilst the vast majority of dioxygenases cleave within the aromatic ring of the substrate, DAD is very unusual in that it is involved in C-C bond cleavage in a substituent of the aromatic ring. There is evidence that the enzyme is a homotetramer of 20.3 kDa subunits, each containing nonhaem iron, and its sequence suggests that it belongs to the cupin family of dioxygenases. In this paper, the first X-ray structure of a DAD enzyme from the Gram-negative bacterium Alcaligenes sp. 4HAP is reported, at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The structure establishes that the enzyme adopts a cupin fold, forming dimers with a pronounced hydrophobic interface between the monomers. The catalytic iron is coordinated by three histidine residues (76, 78 and 114) within a buried active-site cavity. The iron also appears to be tightly coordinated by an additional ligand which was putatively assigned as a carbonate dianion since this fits the electron density optimally, although it might also be the product formate. The modelled carbonate is located in a position which is highly likely to be occupied by the α-hydroxyketone group of the bound substrate during catalysis. Modelling of a substrate molecule in this position indicates that it will interact with many conserved amino acids in the predominantly hydrophobic active-site pocket where it undergoes peroxide radical-mediated heterolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It has been reported that obtaining an adduction-to-abduction strength ratio of 90-100%, and an adduction strength equal to that of the uninjured side, are suitable clinical milestones for return to sport following groin injury. Little is known about hip adduction and abduction strength profiles in Australian footballers. This study aimed to compare isometric hip adduction and abduction strength profiles between preferred and non-preferred kicking legs in elite, sub-elite and amateur Australian footballers., Design: Cross sectional study, Methods: 36 elite, 19 sub-elite and 18 amateur Australian footballers, with a mean age of 24, 19 and 23 years respectively, were included. Maximal hip isometric adduction and abduction strength were measured using a hand held dynamometer with external belt fixation., Results: There were no significant differences in isometric hip adduction (p=0.262) or abduction (p=0.934) strength, or the adduction-to-abduction ratio (p=0.163), between preferred and non-preferred kicking legs, regardless of playing level. Elite players had significantly greater isometric hip adduction and abduction strength than both sub-elite (mean difference; adduction=46.01N, p<0.001, abduction=30.79N, p=0.003) and amateur players (mean difference; adduction=78.72N, p<0.001, abduction=59.11N, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the adduction-to-abduction ratio between the playing levels (p=0.165)., Conclusions: No significant differences were found between preferred and non-preferred kicking legs across the playing levels for isometric hip adduction, abduction or the adduction-to-abduction ratio. This may have implications for developing groin injury prediction and return to sport criteria in Australian footballers., (Copyright © 2015 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) affects 25% of the general population, occurring 2 times more often in females compared with males. Taping is a valuable component of the management plan for altering lower limb biomechanics and providing pain relief; however, the effects of alternative taping techniques, such as Mulligan knee taping, appear yet to be researched., Purpose: To determine whether the Mulligan knee taping technique altered levels of perceived knee pain and lower limb biomechanics during a single-legged squat (SLSq) in adult females with PFP., Study Design: Controlled laboratory study., Methods: A total of 20 female patients with PFP, aged 18 to 35 years, participated in this study. Participants performed 3 to 5 SLSq on their most symptomatic limb during a taped (Mulligan knee taping technique) and nontaped (control) condition. During the eccentric phase of the SLSq, the 3-dimensional kinematics (250 Hz) of the knee and hip and the ground-reaction forces (1000 Hz) and muscle activation patterns (1000 Hz) of the gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis oblique were measured. Participants' perceived maximum knee pain was also recorded after the completion of each squat., Results: Between-condition differences were found for hip kinematics and gluteus medius activation but not for kinetics or vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle activity (timing and activation). Compared with the nontaped condition, the Mulligan knee taping technique significantly (P = .001) reduced perceived pain during the SLSq (mean ± SD: 2.29 ± 1.79 and 1.29 ± 1.28, respectively). In the taped condition compared with the control, the onset timing of the gluteus medius occurred significantly earlier (120.6 ± 113.0 and 156.6 ± 91.6 ms, respectively; P = .023) and peak hip internal rotation was significantly reduced (6.38° ± 7.31° and 8.34° ± 7.92°, respectively; P = .002)., Conclusion: The Mulligan knee taping technique successfully reduced knee pain in participants with PFP. This is the first study to establish a link between Mulligan knee taping and the reduction of PFP in conjunction with decreased hip internal rotation and earlier activation of gluteus medius., Clinical Relevance: The Mulligan knee taping technique may benefit the clinical environment by providing an alternative evidence-based treatment plan for PFP., (© 2016 The Author(s).)

There is an urgent need for mathematical models that can be used to inform the deployment of surveillance, early warning and management systems for transboundary pest invasions. This is especially important for desert locust, one of the most dangerous migratory pests for smallholder farmers. During periods of desert locust upsurges and plagues, gregarious adult locusts form into swarms that are capable of long-range dispersal. Here we introduce a novel integrated modelling framework for use in predicting gregarious locust populations. The framework integrates the selection of breeding sites, maturation through egg, hopper and adult stages and swarm dispersal in search of areas suitable for feeding and breeding. Using a combination of concepts from epidemiological modelling, weather and environment data, together with an atmospheric transport model for swarm movement we provide a tool to forecast short- and long-term swarm movements. A principal aim of the framework is to provide a practical starting point for use in the next upsurge. Author summary: There is a critical need for tools that can help manage and predict the spread of transboundary pests, especially the desert locust, one of the most destructive pests for smallholder farmers and pastoralists. During upsurges, desert locusts form massive swarms that can travel long distances, causing severe damage to crops and natural vegetation. To address this, we have developed an integrated modelling framework designed to predict the behaviour of these migratory locust populations. The framework takes into account the selection of breeding sites, the life cycle of the locust (from egg to adult), and the movement of swarms as they search for food and breeding grounds. By combining techniques from epidemiological modelling, weather forecasting, environmental data, and atmospheric models, the tool is designed to forecast locust swarm movements in both the short and long term. The ultimate goal of the framework is to provide a practical resource that can be used to prepare for and respond to future locust upsurges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Hip muscle lengthening is commonly associated with the normal function of the lumbar spine and lower extremities. Some evidence correlates hamstring and iliopsoas tightness with low back pain (LBP). Undergraduates are more prone to LBP as they are involved in prolonged sitting and poor posture. This study aims to assess the impact of hip muscle lengthening on LBP. Methods: This article involves a descriptive study of 70 students who were recruited from Zefat Academic College. Measurement of hamstrings and iliopsoas muscle lengthening, as well as a constructive questionnaire, were used. Results: The majority of participants (80% for hamstrings and 96% for iliopsoas) manifested normal muscle lengthening. Muscle flexibility was significantly higher among females. Logistic regression analyses revealed that hamstring lengthening (right) and stress-related study are significantly associated with LBP. Conclusions: The current study indicates that muscle length is female-dependent and right–left muscle length is symmetrical. Increased hamstring length could be related to LBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatments that combine both elastic and rigid taping in knee osteoarthritis have not yet been investigated in the literature. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate how the combination taping technique affects functional status, disability, and quadricep isokinetic torque in cases of knee osteoarthritis. Patient Methods: A total of fifty-four patients were assigned to the experimental group or control group. Conventional physical therapy was provided to both groups, in addition, participants in the experimental group also received combination taping. Disability, functional status, and isokinetic quadriceps torque were assessed at baseline, six weeks (post-intervention), and twelve weeks (follow-up). Results: MANOVA showed that post-intervention measurements were significantly better than baseline measurements of both groups, except for isokinetic quadriceps torque, which showed a nonsignificant difference in the control group. The control group's follow-up measurements revealed nonsignificant differences from those taken after the intervention, whereas the experimental group's differences were significant excluding isokinetic quadriceps torque. Measurements taken at post-intervention and follow-up revealed that the experimental group had significantly improved compared to the control groups. Conclusions: Combination taping was found to be more beneficial when used in addition to conventional physical therapy than when used alone in knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to androgen receptor (AR)–targeted therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) is characteristic of an aggressive subtype called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and is often associated with tumor relapse. Both relapse and poor prognosis in patients with CRPC are associated with increased abundance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic potential of combined inhibition of AR and SKP2 for CRPC. We found that combined targeting of AR and SKP2 with small-molecule inhibitors decreased proliferation in two CRPC cell lines in culture and in xenografts in humanized mice. Furthermore, combined therapy in mice markedly decreased the growth of Pten/Trp53 double-knockout tumors, a particularly invasive model of CRPC, whereas disruption of either AR or SKP2 alone only modestly suppressed their growth. Mechanistically, the inhibition of SKP2 in CRPC cells induced autophagy-dependent apoptosis and promoted luminal-associated phenotypes, which promoted responsiveness to AR-targeted therapy. These effects were further enhanced by coinhibition of AR and were not induced by the AR inhibitor alone. Our findings indicate that targeting both AR and SKP2 signaling pathways is necessary to treat CRPC. Editor's summary: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) does not respond to androgen deprivation, is highly aggressive, and has a poor prognosis for patients. Celada et al. found a pharmacological approach to restore the sensitivity of CRPC to androgen signaling–targeted therapy. Inhibiting the enzyme SKP2, which is a component of a cell cycle regulatory complex, induced autophagy that subsequently initiated cell death. Cotreatment with an androgen receptor inhibitor enhanced those effects and suppressed tumor growth in mice. The findings suggest that this combination approach may be effective for treating CRPC. —Leslie K. Ferrarelli [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]