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Solid-state high harmonic generation (sHHG) spectroscopy is a promising technique for studying electronic structure, symmetry, and dynamics in condensed matter systems. Here, we report on the implementation of an advanced sHHG spectrometer based on a vacuum chamber and closed-cycle helium cryostat. Using an in situ temperature probe, it is demonstrated that the sample interaction region retains cryogenic temperature during the application of high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses that generate high harmonics. The presented implementation opens the door for temperature-dependent sHHG measurements down to a few Kelvin, which makes sHHG spectroscopy a new tool for studying phases of matter that emerge at low temperatures, which is particularly interesting for highly correlated materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafast coherent phonon dynamics in ZnO is studied via high-order harmonic generation by intense mid-IR laser pulses. We show, the phonon dynamic is very different after excitation in the tunnel and multiphoton regime.

Studies of deviant behavior in the work setting have assumed that an important factor is the employee's perception of the quality of the work experience. This study shows that measures of job satisfaction are significantly related to reported involvement in both property and production deviance in the workplace. (Author/SK)

We present a detailed investigation of X-ray emission from both flat and nanowire zinc oxide targets irradiated by 60 fs 5 × 1016 W/cm2 intensity laser pulses at a 0.8 µm wavelength. It is shown that the fluence of the emitted hard X-ray radiation in the spectral range 150–800 keV is enhanced by at least one order of magnitude for nanowire targets compared to the emission from a flat surface, whereas the characteristic Kα line emission (8.64 keV) is insensitive to the target morphology. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a dramatic increase of the fast electron flux from the front side of the nanostructured targets. We suggest that targets with nanowire morphology may advance development of compact ultrafast X-ray sources with an enhanced flux of hard X-ray emission that could find wide applications in highenergy density (HED) physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor nanowire (NW) lasers attract a lot of attention as potential elements of nanophotonic circuits and lab-on-a chip devices. Here, we report on the experimental investigation of stimulated near ultraviolet (NUV) emission, pumped by three-photon absorption from near infrared femtosecond laser pulses, from ZnO NW arrays of different morphologies and compare it to the bulk. The spectrally and temporally resolved measurements of the NUV emission show both strong enhancements in the absorption and emission properties of the nano-wire arrays compared to bulk samples. Thus, we determine a many times higher three-photon absorption in the nanostructure morphology compared to the bulk material. Furthermore, the threshold pumping intensity for stimulated emission in a vertically oriented nanowire array is twice lower and the emission onset time is shorter than in randomly oriented arrays, revealing strong influence of the macroscopic nanowire arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how retail loss prevention training practices and techniques influence the behavior and performance of loss prevention officers. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with loss prevention officers from two major retailers located within the United States. The purpose of the interviews was to examine how specific elements of Social Learning Theory guided or informed loss prevention officer behavior. The results suggest that peer-trainers have the greatest influence on an officer's decision to conform or deviate from their company policy. From this data, evidence-based practices can be developed for retailers to avoid costly litigation stemming from inappropriate officer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents self-reported prevalence and incidence data about student academic dishonesty generated from an anonymous survey conducted at a major Southeastern public university, evaluating the perceived effectiveness of a variety of cheating countermeasures by specifically comparing those students who admitted involvement with those who did not. The authors discuss various policy implications suggested by these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoplifting is one of the most common and costly crimes, yet little data exist to determine reliably characteristics of the typical shoplifter or the modus operandi of the crime. It is a crime that has most often been studied using official, secondary data provided by either retail security personnel or law enforcement officers. Reliability issues plague these official data. Continuing the "dark figure of crime" tradition, this study examines shoplifting by covert observation with a camera system installed in a typical suburban retail drug store. A standardized data template was used to record the demographic and behavioral characteristics of shoppers. Significant numbers of shoppers (8.5%) were observed shoplifting. Logistic regression analysis reveals that, while members of some demographic groups shoplifted more often than others, behavioral indicators carried far more predictive power. The methodology and findings are considered within the larger context of the law enforcement and "profiling" literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses distinct paths of entry into drug use which converged into common criminal career trajectory with themes observable among mature deviants. Entry of pharmacists into illicit drug use; Use of recreational drugs in pharmacy school; Motives for using prescription drugs.

A “medical model” ideology dominates the study of drug abuse among health care professionals. This perspective defines and approaches drug abuse as a disease. While this disease is said to have bio-psycho-social origins, scholars have principally focused on possible biological and psychological factors that produce a “predisposition” to drug abuse. Pertinent social factors have been largely overlooked. Drawing upon the membership list (N = 50,000+) of the American Pharmaceutical Association, a random sample of 2,036 practicing pharmacists were queried to investigate the relationship between pharmacists' educational, occupational, and professional socialization and their involvement in illicit prescription drug use. A total of 1,016 (50.2%) questionnaires were returned. The data show that 40.1% of the respondents self-reported illegally using some form of potentially addictive, mind-altering prescription drug. Further, 21% reported 5 or more lifetime use episodes and 6.6% reported more than 10. Multivariate analysis reveals significant relationships between numerous social factors and pharmacists' levels of self reported drug use. The existence of these relationships raises the possibility that certain aspects of the professional socialization process may also play a role in the etiology of pharmacists' drug abuse. We conclude that there exists a need to revisit current theoretical and policy approaches to this social problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a free-space setup for the high- and low-temperature dielectric characterization of materials from 8.0 to 110 GHz along with the measured results. Using an HP 8510 XF single-connection, single-sweep network analyzer along with three pairs of spot-focused horn lens antennas, it is possible to perform broadband in-situ and real-time dielectric characterization of materials. Presently, all other methods have the disadvantages of either being narrowband or single-frequency measurement, and the difficulties associated with accurate sample preparation for different frequency bands. This method, based on a microwave beam focused to a measurement plane, is noncontact, so it can be adapted easily for measurements in high-temperature and hostile environments. The frequency dependence of the complex dielectric properties of a number of common samples is measured as a function of temperature and frequency, and is compared with existing data. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 26: 100–105, 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On average, pharmacists spend six years in college studying the intricacies of prescription medicines and their effects on the human body. Upon graduation, they embark on a career where their expertise and familiarity with the proper use and dangers of prescription drugs continuously grows. Despite this wealth of experience, some pharmacists become prescription drug abuser s. The present analysis uses interview data obtained from 50 recovering drug dependent pharmacists to understand the process by which these professionals come to abuse the tools of their trade. Ironically, the data show several ways in which the individuals' knowledge and expertise may actually contribute to progressive prescription drug abuse. The authors argue that being and becoming a pharmacist presents a paradox of familiarity wherein technical knowledge and opportunity, in the absence of proper appreciation of the risks of substance abuse, can delude pharmacists into believing that they are immune to prescription drug abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research suggests that employee deviance is highest in occupational settings that rely heavily on ‘marginal’ workers—especially those who are young with little tenure—who believe that they are treated unfairly by their employers. As a test of this proposition, an anonymous survey was conducted among a two-company national sample of 341 fast-food restaurant workers. Three fifths of the respondents reported some level of personal involvement in theft of company property during the previous 6 months. In addition, more than one third were involved in ‘altruistic’ forms of property deviance. Moreover, four fifths of the respondents reported involvement in counterproductive activities against the organization. Contrary to expectations, a slightly different explanatory solution emerged for each of the three forms of employee deviance. Personal property deviance was principally a function of age and perceived employer unfairness-both interacting with tenure. Involvement in altruistic property deviance was solely a function of age-engaged in almost exclusively by employees younger than 21 years. Production deviance, alternatively, was a by-product of perceived employer unfairness regardless of age or tenure with the company. In sum, these findings suggest that employee deviance may not be as much a unidimensional phenomenon as was previously believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Sykes and Matza's (1957) ‘techniques of neutralization’ paradigm, an adult sample of 9,175 retail, hospital, and manufacturing employees were examined to assess the empirical relationship of the concept with both self-reported property theft and counterproductive deviant behavior in the workplace. Although the direction of causal order cannot be determined conclusively, above-average employee rule breakers are significantly more likely than their less deviant peers to invoke guilt-neutralizing techniques. The presence of age/‘denial of injury’ and age/‘denial of victim’ interactions, however, suggests that the workplace deviance of younger employees does not depend nearly as heavily on neutralizing techniques as does that of their older co-workers. This newly discovered age interaction may explain why earlier researchers prematurely (and erroneously) declared invalid the ‘techniques of neutralization’ paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the phenomenon of workplace deviance has separately focused on two types of employee rule-breaking behavior, 1) acts against the property and assets of the organization and 2) various types of counter-productive behavior. In an attempt to compare the theoretical and empirical similarity of these two forms of employee deviance, this paper examines the self-reported involvement in both property and production deviance among a population of employees randomly sampled from three industry sectors and three metropolitan areas. Utilizing a weighted least squares logit regression analysis, the findings support continued conceptual separation of these two forms of employee rule-breaking as they seem to be explained by slightly different configurations of the `social bonding" model. Involvement in property deviance seems to be primarily the result of a lack of future "comitment" to the organization, while counter-productive behavior is better understood using a combination of "commitment, attachment, and involvement" variables in the model. Further, both forms of workplace deviance were significantly more likely to involve younger employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars are rarely afforded contemporary opportunities to study the formation of criminal law. This paper reviews state and federal efforts to criminalize various forms of computer abuse. The analysis indicates that there was neither organized opposition to nor significant interest group involvement in computer crime enactments. Individual reformers included computer crime "experts" and legislators rather than "moral entrepreneurs." The media were crucial to the criminalization, in that they provided both data on the incidence of computer crime and also helped to define society's response to the perceived problem. The paper concludes that the criminalization of computer abuse can be interpreted as a symbolic endeavor to educate and socialize a new generation of computer users by extending traditional definitions of property and privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inquiries into the nature of deviance in the employment setting have generally assumed (without much empirical support) that an important explanatory factor is the employee's perception regarding quality of the work experience. Testing the above hypothesis, this study examines self-report data from almost 5000 respondents in 35 midwestern corporations, concluding that both "general" and more "specific" measures of job satisfaction are significantly related (in the predicted negative direction) to reported involvement in deviant acts against the formal work organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohen and Felson`s theory of "routine activities" is evaluated using 1980 arson rate data for 676 American suburbs. Influences of criminal motivation (percent poor, percent unemployed, percent black and percent youth), criminal opportunities (percent old housing, percent multiple housing and the number of commercial/industrial establishments), guardianship (police employment, police expenditure and female labor force participation) and ecological niche (employment concentration and median house value) on suburban arson rates for 1980 are estimated using maximum likelihood (LISREL) techniques. Consistent with the routine activities model, a multiplicative effect of the pre-conditions for crime on crime rates are also estimated. Motivation, opportunities and guardianship werefound to have direct and/or indirect additive effects on arson rates, thus supporting the "routine activities" model. A multiplicative effect of the preconditions of crime was also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of high order harmonics from femtosecond mid-IR laser pulses in ZnO has shown great potential to reveal new insight into the ultrafast electron dynamics on a few femtosecond timescale. In this work we report on the experimental investigation of photoluminescence and high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in a ZnO single crystal and polycrystalline thin film irradiated with intense femtosecond mid-IR laser pulses. The ellipticity dependence of the HHG process is experimentally studied up to the 17th harmonic order for various driving laser wavelengths in the spectral range 3–4 µm. Interband Zener tunneling is found to exhibit a significant excitation efficiency drop for circularly polarized strong-field pump pulses. For higher harmonics with energies larger than the bandgap, the measured ellipticity dependence can be quantitatively described by numerical simulations based on the density matrix equations. The ellipticity dependence of the below and above ZnO band gap harmonics as a function of the laser wavelength provides an efficient method for distinguishing the dominant HHG mechanism for different harmonic orders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a review of polls on the correlates of perceived secularization. The same question dealing with perceived secularization has been asked a number of times between 1957 and 1969 by the Gallup Organization. Church attendance was defined in both surveys as having been to church during the previous seven days. The 1957 sample consisted of a quota sample which underrepresented blacks, the southern population, the less educated and the non-voting population. The 1969 sample consisted of a more representative sample of the population. Those who did not answer or did not know how to answer are excluded from the tabular presentation. Five percent and six percent are therefore excluded during 1957 and 1969, respectively. Most of the population changed its mind during 1957-1969 and became more pessimistic about religion's influence on American society. Such perceived secularization is found equally when education and size of place are introduced as controls. Furthermore, the decrease in church attendance had only a slight influence upon perceived secularization. Only nonattending Protestants were likely to be more negative than were those who had attended church during the seven days prior to being interviewed.