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4. The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-Cohort Deviations and Intra-Cohort Life-Course Dynamics

Author

Luo, Liying and Hodges, James S.

Abstract

Social scientists have frequently sought to understand the distinct effects of age, period, and cohort, but disaggregation of the three dimensions is difficult because cohort = period - age. We argue that this technical difficulty reflects a disconnection between how the cohort effect is conceptualized and how it is modeled in the traditional age-period-cohort framework. We propose a new method, called the age-period-cohort-interaction (APC-I) model, that is qualitatively different from previous methods in that it represents Ryder's theoretical account about the conditions under which cohort differentiation may arise. This APC-I model does not require problematic statistical assumptions and the interpretation is straightforward. It quantifies inter-cohort deviations from the age and period main effects and also permits hypothesis testing about intra-cohort life-course dynamics. We demonstrate how this new model can be used to examine age, period, and cohort patterns in women's labor force participation.

Published
2022
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8. Charter School Deserts: High-Poverty Neighborhoods with Limited Educational Options

Author

Thomas B. Fordham Institute, Saultz, Andrew, Mensa-Bonsu, Queenstar, Yaluma, Christopher, and Hodges, James

Abstract

A primary purpose of charter schooling is to provide education options and alternatives for families that are neither satisfied with nor well served by their current schooling options. For that reason, many of today's charter schools are focused on improving educational opportunities for low-income and minority students. Their families seek high-quality school options, yet many lack the means to move out of neighborhoods with unsatisfactory schools or to transport their children to attend schools that are better, but farther from home. School choice policies seek to address this problem in several ways, such as by creating public charter schools. Yet such schools are not evenly distributed across the communities that would benefit from them. For a host of reasons, it's difficult--or impossible--to establish charter schools in many places. There are political, legal, and fiscal obstacles, such as low per-pupil funding for charter students, no access to (or financial help with) suitable facilities, and laws or regulations that confine charters to certain communities or neighborhoods. Yet for a school to serve the children who need and would welcome it--particularly children from poor families--that school must be close to home. This is particularly true of elementary schools, as parents are understandably hesitant to send young children long distances to attend school. This report examines patterns of charter school locations, seeking to answer one fundamental question: "What high-need areas lack charter schools?" The authors analyze the distribution of chartered elementary schools across the country to provide educators and policymakers with information about which needy communities have no ready access to charter schools. [Foreword by Michael J. Petrilli and Amber M. Northern.]

Published
2018

10. Bayesian Meta-Analysis Using SAS PROC BGLIMM

Author

Rott, Kollin W., Lin, Lifeng, Hodges, James S., Siegel, Lianne, Shi, Amy, Chen, Yong, and Chu, Haitao

Abstract

Meta-analysis is commonly used to compare two treatments. Network meta-analysis (NMA) is a powerful extension for comparing and contrasting multiple treatments simultaneously in a systematic review of multiple clinical trials. Although the practical utility of meta-analysis is apparent, it is not always straightforward to implement, especially for those interested in a Bayesian approach. This paper demonstrates that the recently-developed SAS procedure BGLIMM provides an intuitive and computationally efficient means for conducting Bayesian meta-analysis in SAS, using a worked example of a smoking cessation NMA data set. BGLIMM gives practitioners an effective and simple way to implement Bayesian meta-analysis (pairwise and network, either contrast-based or arm-based) without requiring significant background in coding or statistical modeling. Those familiar with generalized linear mixed models, and especially the SAS procedure GLIMMIX, will find this tutorial a useful introduction to Bayesian meta-analysis in SAS.

Published
2021
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19. Visualizing the assumptions of network meta‐analysis.

Author

Tu, Yu‐Kang, Lai, Pei‐Chun, Huang, Yen‐Ta, and Hodges, James

Subjects
SEPTIC shock, STEROID drugs, HOMOGENEITY
Abstract

Network meta‐analysis (NMA) incorporates all available evidence into a general statistical framework for comparing multiple treatments. Standard NMAs make three major assumptions, namely homogeneity, similarity, and consistency, and violating these assumptions threatens an NMA's validity. In this article, we suggest a graphical approach to assessing these assumptions and distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative versions of these assumptions. In our plot, the absolute effect of each treatment arm is plotted against the level of effect modifiers, and the three assumptions of NMA can then be visually evaluated. We use four hypothetical scenarios to show how violating these assumptions can lead to different consequences and difficulties in interpreting an NMA. We present an example of an NMA evaluating steroid use to treat septic shock patients to demonstrate how to use our graphical approach to assess an NMA's assumptions and how this approach can help with interpreting the results. We also show that all three assumptions of NMA can be summarized as an exchangeability assumption. Finally, we discuss how reporting of NMAs can be improved to increase transparency of the analysis and interpretability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Surgical approach and short-term outcomes in adults and children undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation: A report from the Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT

Author

Nathan, Jaimie D., Yang, Yi, Eaton, Anne, Witkowski, Piotr, Wijkstrom, Martin, Walsh, Matthew, Trikudanathan, Guru, Singh, Vikesh K., Schwarzenberg, Sarah J., Pruett, Timothy L., Posselt, Andrew, Naziruddin, Bashoo, Mokshagundam, Sri Prakash, Morgan, Katherine, Lara, Luis F., Kirchner, Varvara, He, Jin, Gardner, Timothy B., Freeman, Martin L., Ellery, Kate, Conwell, Darwin L., Chinnakotla, Srinath, Beilman, Gregory J., Ahmad, Syed, Abu-El-Haija, Maisam, Hodges, James S., and Bellin, Melena D.

Published
2022
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21. Emphasizing the Social in Sociotechnical Approaches to the Digital Curation of Visual Information.

Author

Wagner, Travis L., Lischer‐Katz, Zack, Hodges, James A, Van Hyning, Victoria, Jones, Mace A., and Acker, Amelia

Subjects
DIGITAL preservation, SOCIOTECHNICAL systems, QUALITATIVE research, QUANTITATIVE research, DIGITAL libraries
Abstract

This panel explores the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the expanded sociotechnical practices associated with the preservation, curation, and use of visual information and ongoing perceptions of the affordances and constraints associated with new and emerging visual information objects. The panelists and the respondent work with the curation and preservation of visual information across a variety of research areas and utilize both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand the parallel and divergent sociotechnical challenges of curating visual information across analog, digitized, and born‐digital contexts. Sites of analysis range from format‐specific identity‐representation issues to the cultural practices of media archivists, translational challenges when moving complex scientific data across various digital and analog formats, and the role of accessibility in the design and deployment of discovery systems within cultural heritage institutions. Responding to the unique and intersecting challenges produced by working with visual information across various archival and digital curation contexts, the panelist will reflect on the practical and theoretical outcomes from ongoing research projects and identify persistent and emergent issues within the digital curation of visual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Preoperative ERCP has no impact on islet yield following total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT): Results from the Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT (POST) cohort

Author

Trikudanathan, Guru, Elmunzer, B. Joseph, Yang, Yi, Abu-El-Haija, Maisam, Adams, David, Ahmad, Syed, Balamurugan, Appakalai N., Beilman, Gregory J., Chinnakotla, Srinath, Conwell, Darwin L., Freeman, Martin L., Gardner, Timothy B., Hatipoglu, Betul, Hodges, James S., Kirchner, Varvara, Lara, Luis F., Long-Simpson, Leslie, Mitchell, Rebecca, Morgan, Katherine, Nathan, Jaimie D., Naziruddin, Bashoo, Posselt, Andrew, Pruett, Timothy L., Schwarzenberg, Sarah J., Singh, Vikesh K., Smith, Kerrington, Wijkstrom, Martin, Witkowski, Piotr, and Bellin, Melena D.

Published
2021
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28. Social Protections and Climate Migration: Service Navigation among Puerto Ricans Displaced by Hurricane Maria.

Author

Hodges, James C, García, Maria F, Schwartz, Seth J, Vaughn, Michael G, Maldonado-Molina, Mildred M, Bates, Melissa, Calderón, Ivonne, Brown, Eric C, Rodríguez, José, and Salas-Wright, Christopher P

Subjects
*QUALITATIVE research, *GOVERNMENT policy, *CLIMATE change, *INTERVIEWING, *CONTENT analysis, *COMMUNITIES, *JUDGMENT sampling, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *LONGITUDINAL method, *MIGRANT labor, *RESEARCH methodology, *PUBLIC welfare, *PUERTO Ricans, *SOCIAL support, *NATURAL disasters, *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors
Abstract

As climate change continues to displace greater numbers of people, transnational ties are important sources of social protection for climate migrants. Migrants assemble unique configurations of formal and informal social protections depending on the resources available within their sending and receiving communities. However, the specific constellations of social protections that climate migrants use following disaster and displacement remain underexamined. Authors conducted semistructured interviews with Puerto Ricans who migrated in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria (N = 41) and used qualitative content analysis to trace the assemblages of formal and informal social protections used to navigate the resettlement process. Results suggest that informal support from migrants' transnational ties was instrumental in successfully making use of formal sources of support, including federal emergency relief programs, to leave the island and resettle on the U.S. mainland. This reliance on informal social protections often strained participants' informal networks and raised questions of equity for people internally displaced by climate change. These findings highlight the need for a more equitable and effective linkage of climate migrants with public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Type 1 Diabetes in Acute Pancreatitis Consortium: From Concept to Reality

Author

Serrano, Jose, Laughlin, Maren R., Bellin, Melena D., Yadav, Dhiraj, Chinchilli, Vernon M., Andersen, Dana K., Greenbaum, Carla, Kozarek, Richard, Speake, Cate, Lord, Sandra, Irani, Shayan, Linsley, Peter, Kwok, William, Lacy-Hulbert, Adam, Hamerman, Jessica, Bahnson, Henry, Grubb, Brooke, Williams, Cassandra, Ackermann, Sarah, Varner, Kimberly, Goodarzi, Mark O., Pandol, Stephen J., Buxbaum, James, Diniz, Marcio, Goodman, Marc, Hines, O. Joe, Jeon, Christie, Korc, Murray, Li, Debiao, Petrov, Maxim, Pisegna, Joseph, Van Eyk, Jennifer, Vege, Santhi Swaroop, Fogel, Evan, Evans-Molina, Carmella, Tirkes, Temel, Sherman, Stuart, Easler, Jeffrey, Saeed, Zed, Sims, Emily, Oram, Richard, Weedon, Michael, Singh, Vikesh, Sun, Zhaoli, Afghani, Elham, Kalyani, Rita, Jacobs, Michael, Zaheer, Atif, Zhu, Heng, Akshintala, Venkata S., Papachristou, Georgios I., Hart, Phil A., Conwell, Darwin L., Bradley, David, Dungan, Kathleen, Shah, Zarine, Krebs, Zoe, Hazelett, Samantha, Forsmark, Christopher E., Casu, Anna, Hughes, Steven, Pratley, Richard E., Thompson, Martha Campbell, Wasserfall, Clive, Grajo, Joseph, Yazici, Cemal, Layden, Brian, Danielson, Kirstie, Boulay, Brian, Villa, Edward, Mutlu, Ece, Xia, Yinglin, Green, Stefan, Tussing-Humphreys, Lisa, Prabhakar, Bellur, Gaba, Ron, Ratia, Kiira, Daviglus, Martha, Spaggiari, Mario, Grippo, Paul J., Setiawan, Veronica, Keswani, Rajesh, Komanduri, Srinadh, Aadam, Aziz, Bellin, Melena, Trikudanathan, Guru, Fife, Brian, Freeman, Martin, Harindhanavudhi, Tasma, Moran, Antoinette, Spilseth, Benjamin, Hodges, James, Yadav, Dhiraj, Toledo, Frederico G. S., Dasyam, Anil, Phillips, Anna E., Kang, Chae-Ryon, Yechoor, Vijay, Saloman, Jami, Becker, Dorothy, Reynolds, Shari, Hall, Kristin, Stello, Kim, Mays, Melanie, Saul, Melissa, Park, Walter G., Basina, Marina, Habtezion, Aida, Poullos, Peter, Meyer, Everett, Chinchilli, Vernon M., Kong, Lan, Liu, Dajiang, Maranki, Jennifer, McCormick, Jennifer, Pichardo-Lowden, Ariana, Siddiqui, Ayesha, Raja-Khan, Nazia, Wang, Ming, Zhan, Xiang, Bottino, Rita, Faulkner, Georgia, Baab, Kendall Thomas, Dyer, Anne-Marie, Guzman, Jennifer, Holmes, Beth, Baron, Rose, Merchlinski, Aimee, Valencia-Moulton, Paula, Broach, James, and Bradley, David

Published
2022
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35. Thermoelectrics: From history, a window to the future

Author

Beretta, Davide, Neophytou, Neophytos, Hodges, James M., Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Narducci, Dario, Martin- Gonzalez, Marisol, Beekman, Matt, Balke, Benjamin, Cerretti, Giacomo, Tremel, Wolfgang, Zevalkink, Alexandra, Hofmann, Anna I., Müller, Christian, Dörling, Bernhard, Campoy-Quiles, Mariano, and Caironi, Mario

Published
2019
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37. Algorithmic futures: the intersection of algorithms and evidentiary work.

Author

Trace, Ciaran B. and Hodges, James A.

Subjects
*ELECTRONIC evidence, *ALGORITHMS, *DIGITAL preservation, *DIGITAL technology, *CHIEF information officers
Abstract

The role of algorithms in decision-making is now so consequential that we agree that algorithmic systems must be designed, implemented, and managed in ways that are understandable to interested parties. Anchored in a tradition of capturing, contextualizing, and preserving evidence of analog and digital technologies, this article draws out the roles adopted or tried on by the recordkeeping professions to account for algorithmic systems as they communicate and represent meaning in the world. We begin by delineating a promising role for recordkeeping professions as algorithmic conceptualizers. We show how expertise in evaluating recorded information provides a method to conceive or model algorithms from an accountability and transparency perspective. Then we delineate a breakthrough role for recordkeeping professionals as algorithmic historicizers, revealing how the professions' curation of records of human actions extends to the capture and preservation of algorithms for purposes of critical review. Finally, we delineate an emerging role for recordkeeping professionals as algorithmic sponsors involved in harnessing algorithmic tools to manage and make accessible other forms of digital evidence at scale. In articulating such roles, our goal is to examine the opportunities inherent in harnessing the relationships that form at the intersection of algorithmic activity and evidentiary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. A multicenter study of total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT): POST (Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT)

Author

Bellin, Melena D., Abu-El-Haija, Maisam, Morgan, Katherine, Adams, David, Beilman, Gregory J., Chinnakotla, Srinath, Conwell, Darwin L., Dunn, Ty B., Freeman, Martin L., Gardner, Timothy, Kirchner, Varvara A., Lara, Luis F., Long-Simpson, Leslie, Nathan, Jaimie D., Naziruddin, Bashoo, Nyman, John A., Pruett, Timothy L., Schwarzenberg, Sarah J., Singh, Vikesh K., Smith, Kerrington, Steel, Jennifer L., Wijkstrom, Martin, Witkowski, Piotr, and Hodges, James S.

Published
2018
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44. Diagnostics for Generalized Linear Hierarchical Models in Network Meta-Analysis

Author

Zhao, Hong, Hodges, James S., and Carlin, Bradley P.

Abstract

Network meta-analysis (NMA) combines direct and indirect evidence comparing more than 2 treatments. Inconsistency arises when these 2 information sources differ. Previous work focuses on inconsistency detection, but little has been done on how to proceed after identifying inconsistency. The key issue is whether inconsistency changes an NMA's substantive conclusions. In this paper, we examine such discrepancies from a diagnostic point of view. Our methods seek to detect influential and outlying observations in NMA at a trial-by-arm level. These observations may have a large effect on the parameter estimates in NMA, or they may deviate markedly from other observations. We develop formal diagnostics for a Bayesian hierarchical model to check the effect of deleting any observation. Diagnostics are specified for generalized linear hierarchical NMA models and investigated for both published and simulated datasets. Results from our example dataset using either contrast- or arm-based models and from the simulated datasets indicate that the sources of inconsistency in NMA tend not to be influential, though results from the example dataset suggest that they are likely to be outliers. This mimics a familiar result from linear model theory, in which outliers with low leverage are not influential. Future extensions include incorporating baseline covariates and individual-level patient data.

Published
2017
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