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Granular flows are frequently observed in nature and appear in many industrial processes as well. In this numerical work the focus is mainly directed at the understanding of how the change of different grain properties, such as shape, friction and stiffness, influences the flow out of a silo. However, the heating dynamics of a granular gas of rods is also analyzed. In all these scenarios, the simulations are paired with experiments to calibrate and validate the results. The numerical analysis indicated that the discharge of soft, low-friction grains from a container exhibits a height-dependent flow rate, which is not usual for granular media. The systematic study mapped the parameter space of particle friction and stiffness, exploring the system’s macroscopic response in detail. Moreover, the examination of the coarse-graining fields helped us to explain when and why the flow rate depends on the column height. The answers include the material response to pressure gradients, but also the way stress is transmitted in the system. The outcomes allowed us to propose simple theoretical arguments, connecting the macroscopic flow rate with the pressure gradient at the orifice. As a result, we have come up with a well-reasoned explanation for the height-dependent discharge flow rate, shown experimentally and numerically by soft low-frictional grains. Our numerical investigation of a 2D silo flow of mixtures of soft and hard grains reproduced the high impact that even 5% of hard frictional grains have on the flow of an ensemble of low-friction, soft particles. Numerical results signaled the importance of the friction between the two types of grains. When the frictional hard grains are added to the soft grains, the flow gets slower, clogging becomes more frequent, and the force measured on the bottom plate decreases. Moreover, we obtained that these effects are enhanced when the interspecies friction is increased. The introduction of a rotational shear through the rotation of the flat silo bottom leads to a surprising effect on the discharge of rods: the flow rate is reduced significantly, by up to 70%. Our simulations and the application of the coarse-graining methods reveal the underlying reasons for this observation. The exit velocity of particles is the main contributing factor to this drop, which is in correlation with the vertical orientation of the grains. Our numerical tool allowed the exploration of the dependence of flow rate 𝑄 on the orifice size 𝐷. In the limit of large orifices, the classical power-law correlation 𝑄 ∼ 𝐷5/2 was reproduced. For small apertures, however, we obtained a power-law relation but with a notably larger exponent. Furthermore, the size of the so-called free fall arch region is also found to decrease due to the rotation. Finally, granular gas made up of rods and heated by the walls has been studied numerically. Our study provides additional insight into the process for instance by describing the system behavior in the non-symmetrically heated direction, which was not accessible experimentally. The velocity distributions of the particles are examined and found to be well-fitted by stretched exponential distributions, in agreement with previous experiments. Moreover, in the experimentally not accessible direction, we obtained asymmetrical distribution tails. Additionally, the collapsing of the velocity distributions lead us to conclude that the energy scales with the square of the characteristic velocity of the wall. Los flujos granulares se observan con frecuencia en procesos naturales e industriales. El enfoque de este trabajo se dirige a la comprensión de cómo el cambio de las diferentes propiedades de los granos (forma, fricción y rigidez) influye en el caudal de los silos. Complementariamente, se analiza la dinámica del calentamiento de un gas granular de partículas alargadas. En todos estos escenarios, las simulaciones se combinan con experimentos para calibrar y validar las herramientas numéricas empleadas. En primer lugar, el análisis numérico de la descarga de granos blandos-lisos de un contenedor indicó el desarrollo de un caudal másico dependiente de la altura, lo cual no es habitual en los medios granulares. Nuestro estudio sistemático examinó el espacio de parámetros de fricción y rigidez de las partículas, explorando detalladamente la respuesta macroscópica de este sistema. Complementariamente, el análisis de los campos medios nos ayudó a explicar cuándo y por qué el caudal depende de la altura de la columna. La explicación general incluye: la respuesta del material a los gradientes de presión en el orificio de salida, pero también la forma en que se transmiten los esfuerzos en el sistema. Los resultados nos permitieron proponer argumentos teóricos simples, conectando el caudal macroscópico con el gradiente de presión en el orificio. Como resultado, hemos encontrado una explicación bien razonada de los valores de caudal dependiente de la altura, lo cual ha sido encontrado, experimental y numéricamente, para granos blandos de baja fricción. En segundo lugar, realizamos una investigación numérica del flujo en un silo bidimensional, usando una de mezclas de granos blandos-lisos y duros-rugosos. Partiendo de un sistema homogéneo de granos blandos-lisos, nuestros resultados numéricos reproducen el alto impacto que produce la inclusión de solo un 5% de los granos duros, en el flujo del conjunto de partículas. Además, resaltaron la importancia de la fricción entre granos de diferente tipo, en le desarrollo de este proceso. Cuando los granos durosrugosos son agregados al sistema, el flujo se vuelve más lento, los atascos resultan más frecuentes y la fuerza medida sobre el fondo disminuye. Además, resulta que estos efectos se potencian cuando aumenta la fricción entre especies. También estudiamos, sistemáticamente, la introducción de esfuerzos cortantes, imponiendo la rotación del fondo de un silo plano. Estas condiciones de contorno producen un efecto sorprendente en la descarga de partículas alargadas: el caudal se reduce significativamente, hasta en un 70%. Nuestras simulaciones y la aplicación de los métodos de promediación espacio-temporales revelan las razones subyacentes de esta observación. La velocidad de salida de las partículas es el principal factor que contribuye a esta caída, lo cual correlaciona con la orientación vertical de los granos. Nuestra herramienta numérica permitió explorar la dependencia del caudal 𝑄 del tamaño del orificio 𝐷. En el límite de los orificios grandes, se reprodujo la clásica correlación de ley de potencia 𝑄 ∼ 𝐷5/2. Sin embargo, para aberturas pequeñas obtuvimos una ley de potencia pero con un exponente notablemente mayor. Además, también se encontró que el tamaño de la región denominada ”arco de caída libre” disminuye debido a la rotación. Finalmente, se ha estudiado numéricamente un gas granular agitado formado por partículas alargadas. Este sistema fue estudiado experimentalmente con anterioridad, y nuestro estudio proporciona información adicional sobre el proceso. Por ejemplo, describiendo el comportamiento del sistema en la dirección de calentamiento asimétrico, al que no se accedió experimentalmente. Se estudiaron las distribuciones de velocidad de las partículas, encontrando que ajustan muy bien con distribuciones exponenciales con colas largas, lo cual está en acuerdo con experimentos previos. Además, en la dirección no accesible experimentalmente, obtuvimos colas asimétricas. El colapso de las distribuciones de velocidad nos lleva a concluir que la energía media del sistema escala con el cuadrado de la velocidad característica de la pared.

Mario Carranza-Casas, Jorge E Aceves-Velazquez, René Cano-Hidalgo, Federico Graue-Wiechers Instituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana IAP, Mexico City, MexicoCorrespondence: Mario Carranza-Casas Email mcc.9105@gmail.comBackground: The objective of this publication is to report a case of an atypical partial central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with substantial visual recovery without treatment.Case Presentation: An 83-year-old woman without significant medical history with sudden unilateral visual loss presented with no known significant ophthalmological or medical history besides systemic arterial hypertension. Examination showed multiple cotton-wool spots in a peripapillary distribution, as well as a heterogenous pattern of grey translucency in the macula resulting in an indistinct cherry-red spot. Fluorescein angiography showed normal choroidal filling and an important delay of dye transit through the retinal circulation. Carotid Doppler echography showed a small endothelial atherosclerotic plaque without hemodynamic repercussion. A detailed history and further examination revealed no other systemic diseases except for moderate hypercholesterolemia. The patient was referred for management of her hypertension but otherwise did not undergo specific therapy for CRAO because of the delayed presentation. Four weeks after the initial visual loss, the patient showed resolution of the retinal findings and a surprising improvement to 20/50 visual acuity.Conclusion: This case highlights a rare subtype of central retinal artery occlusion. In this disease, partial occlusion reveals atypical signs including large cotton-wool spots as the predominant finding, making the initial diagnosis difficult. Visual recovery may be significant in partial CRAO, even without treatment.Keywords: arterial occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, partial central retinal artery occlusion, cotton-wool spots, occlusive disease, Purtscher-like retinopathy, Purtscher retinopathy, vascular disease, partial occlusion

In the present work, we investigate experimentally and numerically the motion of solid macroscopic spheres (Brownian and colloidal effects are negligible) when settling from rest in a quiescent fluid toward a solid wall under confined and unconfined configurations. Particle trajectories for spheres of two types of materials are measured using a high-speed digital camera. For unconfined configurations, our experimental findings are in excellent agreement with well-established analytical frameworks, used to describe the forces acting on the sphere. Besides, the experimental values of the terminal velocity obtained for different confinements are also in very good agreement with previous theoretical formulations. Similar conditions are simulated using a resolved CFD-DEM approach. After adjusting the parameters of the numerical model, we analyze the particle dynamic under several confinement conditions. The simulations results are contrasted with the experimental findings, obtaining a good agreement. We analyze several systems varying the radius of the bead and show the excellent agreement of our results with previous analytical approaches. However, the results indicate that confined particles have a distinct dynamics response when approaching the wall. Consequently, their motion cannot be described by the analytical framework introduced for the infinite system. Indeed, the confinement strongly affects the spatial scale where the particle is affected by the bottom wall and, accordingly, the dimensionless results can not be collapsed in a single master curve, using the particle size as a characteristic length. Alternatively, we rationalize our findings using a kinematic approximation to highlight the relevant scale of the problem. Our outcomes suggest it is possible to determine a new spatial scale to describe the collisional process, depending on the specific confining conditions.

Despite extensive studies on [NiFe]-hydrogenases, the mechanism by which these enzymes produce and activate H2so efficiently remains unclear. A well-known EPR-active state produced under H2and known as Ni-C is assigned as a NiIII–FeIIspecies with a hydrido ligand in the bridging position between the two metals. It has long been known that low-temperature photolysis of Ni-C yields distinctive EPR-active states, collectively termed Ni-L, that are attributed to migration of the bridging-H species as a proton; however, Ni-L has mainly been regarded as an artifact with no mechanistic relevance. It is now demonstrated, based on EPR and infrared spectroscopic studies, that the Ni-C to Ni-L interconversion in Hydrogenase-1 (Hyd-1) fromEscherichia coliis a pH-dependent process that proceeds readily in the dark—proton migration from Ni-C being favored as the pH is increased. The persistence of Ni-L in Hyd-1 must relate to unassigned differences in proton affinities of metal and adjacent amino acid sites, although the unusually high reduction potentials of the adjacent Fe–S centers in this O2-tolerant hydrogenase might also be a contributory factor, impeding elementary electron transfer off the [NiFe] site after proton departure. The results provide compelling evidence that Ni-L is a true, albeit elusive, catalytic intermediate of [NiFe]-hydrogenases.

Very recently, To et al. have experimentally explored granular flow in a cylindrical silo, with a bottom wall that rotates horizontally with respect to the lateral wall [Phys. Rev. E 100, 012906 (2019)]. Here we numerically reproduce their experimental findings, in particular, the peculiar behavior of the mass flow rate Q as a function of the frequency of rotation f . Namely, we find that for small outlet diameters D the flow rate increased with f , while for larger D a nonmonotonic behavior is confirmed. Furthermore, using a coarse-graining technique, we compute the macroscopic density, momentum, and the stress tensor fields. These results show conclusively that changes in the discharge process are directly related to changes in the flow pattern from funnel flow to mass flow. Moreover, by decomposing the mass flux (linear momentum field) at the orifice into two main factors, macroscopic velocity and density fields, we obtain that the nonmonotonic behavior of the linear momentum is caused by density changes rather than by changes in the macroscopic velocity. In addition, by analyzing the spatial distribution of the kinetic stress, we find that for small orifices increasing rotational shear enhances the mean kinetic pressure (pk) and the system dilatancy. This reduces the stability of the arches, and, consequently, the volumetric flow rate increases monotonically. For large orifices, however, we detected that (pk) changes nonmonotonically, which might explain the nonmonotonic behavior of Q when varying the rotational shear.