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Various ceramic supports besides standard soda-lime glass have been utilized as substrates for deposition of molybdenum and copper indium diselenide layers (substrate/Mo/CuInSe2 heterostructures) for application in thin film photovoltaic solar cells. Molybdenum layers have been prepared simultaneously onto the different substrates by electron gun assisted evaporation. Subsequently, CuInSe2 thin films have been obtained by direct electrodeposition onto the Mo-coated substrates. The influence of the substrate characteristics onto the optical and structural properties of the developed materials has been determined to evaluate the possibility of substituting the commonly utilized glass by ceramics that can wide the applications of these photovoltaic systems. The obtained results indicate that the scattering factor and the structural stress in the layers are minimized when the morphological characteristics of the ceramic are close to those of the standard glass substrates.Se han probado distintos tipos de soportes cerámicos y vidrio sodocálcico convencional como sustratos sobre los que se han depositado películas de molibdeno y seleniuro de cobre e indio (heteroestructuras de la forma sustrato/Mo/CuInSe2) para su aplicación en células solares fotovoltaicas de lámina delgada. Las películas de Mo se han preparado simultáneamente sobre los distintos sustratos mediante evaporación asistida por cañón de electrones. A continuación, las láminas delgadas de CuInSe2 se han obtenido mediante electrodepósito directo sobre los sustratos cubiertos con Mo. Se ha determinado la influencia del tipo de sustrato empleado sobre las propiedades ópticas y estructurales de los materiales preparados, con objeto de evaluar las posibilidades de sustitución del soporte de vidrio usualmente utilizado por materiales cerámicos que permitan diversificar las aplicaciones fotovoltaicas de este tipo de sistemas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el factor de dispersión y la tensión estructural de las láminas desarrolladas se minimizan cuando la morfología superficial del soporte cerámico se aproxima a la del vidrio convencional.

Some results are presented about the preparation of CuInS2 / buffer interfaces by chemical bath deposition. This type of interface has an interest for solar energy conversion by thin- film solar cells. It is shown that the deposition of buffer films with ZnSe composition onto CuInS2 is due to a combined electroless and chemical reaction process. Characterization of the CuInS2 / ZnSe structure is carried out with X-ray diffraction and microscope techniques (AFM, SEM). Solar cells of CuInS2 / ZnSe / ZnO type are characterized as a function of buffer layer deposition process.Se presentan resultados sobre la preparación mediante depósito químico de interfases CuInS2 / buffer. Estas interfases son de interés en la fabricación de células solares de lámina delgada. Se lleva a cabo el crecimiento de películas buffer de ZnSe en un baño químico, mediante a partir de reaccionesón electroless y química. La interfase CuInS2 / ZnSe resultante se caracteriza por medio de técnicas microscópicas (AFM, SEM). Se presentan resultados de células solares del tipo CuInS2 / ZnSe / ZnO, en función del tipo de depósito de la lámina buffer.

The optimization of the structural and morphological characteristics of the system constituted by molibdenum and copper indium diselenide layers deposited onto glass substrates (glass/Mo/CuInSe2) is essential for its application in efficient thin film solar cells. For developing such kind of systems, soda-lime glass substrates have been used to prepare Mo thin films by evaporation at deposition rates between 4 and 13 Å/s, and subsequently CuInSe2 layers by direct electrodeposition at 12 Å/s constant rate. The structural and morphological analysis of the samples indicated that the surface roughness of the CuInSe2 layer is minimized, and its grain size is maximized, when electrodeposition process takes place onto Mo thin films evaporated at rates higher than 8 Å/s.La optimización de las características estructurales y morfológicas del sistema formado por películas de molibdeno y seleniuro de cobre e indio depositadas sobre sustratos de vidrio (vidrio/Mo/CuInSe2) resulta esencial para su aplicación en la formación de células solares de lámina delgada eficientes. Para el desarrollo de este tipo de sistemas se han utilizado sustratos de vidrio sodocálcico, sobre los que se han preparado láminas delgadas de Mo mediante evaporación a ritmos de crecimiento de entre 4 y 13 Å/s, y a continuación películas de CuInSe2 mediante electrodepósito directo a una velocidad constante de 12 Å/s. El análisis estructural y morfológico de las muestras preparadas indica que la rugosidad superficial de la película de CuInSe2 se minimiza, y su tamaño de grano se maximiza, cuando el electrodepósito se realiza sobre láminas delgadas de Mo evaporadas a velocidades superiores a 8 Å/s.

Carlos Miguel Sirvent-Ruiz,1 María de la Villa Moral-Jiménez,2 Juan Herrero,2 María Miranda-Rovés,1 Francisco J Rodríguez Díaz2 1Research and Teaching Department, Fundación Instituto Spiral, Madrid, Spain; 2Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, SpainCorrespondence: Carlos Miguel Sirvent-Ruiz, Fundación Instituto Spiral, c/ Marqués de Valdeiglesias, 2, Madrid, 28004, Spain, Tel +34 985 111 111 ; +34 915 000 050, Email carlos.sirventruiz@gmail.comBackground: There is a degree of affective interdependence that is considered normal and only becomes pathological if it causes excessive suffering, both for the subject and for those close to them. Our objective was to introduce and psychometrically validate a short and effective affective dependency scale, the Affective Dependence Scale (ADS-9).Methods: We used a sample of 762 participants (clinical: emotional dependent subjects n = 212, comparison: non-emotionally-dependent addicted subjects n = 272, and general population n = 278) to assess the factor structure, the psychological construct validity and the measurement invariance for the ADS-9 by means of independent exploratory factor analyses for each sample group and subsequent multigroup confirmatory factor analyses.Results: Our results confirm that ADS-9 is a psychometrically consistent instrument, with construct and clinical validity, as well as configural, metric and scalar invariance across different sample groups (clinical, comparison and general population). A hypothesized two-dimensional structure was confirmed by means of factor analyses. Both sub-scales of this abbreviated form, Submission and Craving, showed a good agreement with the previously validated Relationships and Sentimental Dependencies Inventory (IRIDS-100).Conclusion: The ADS-9 is a brief instrument that appears to reliably detect the dependent and pathological components of affective dependence. It consists of two sub-scales, describing Submission (adaptation, accommodation, and subjugation) and Craving (imperative need for the other with the presence of disturbing states). We suggest that it is a versatile scale that may be useful for clinicians and researchers.Keywords: emotional dependence, love addiction, craving, romantic love, psychological test, submission

La enseñanza de la Economía desde un enfoque tradicional se basa en el desarrollo de conceptos teóricos. La posibilidad de complementarla mediante ejemplos resulta cada vez más factible debido al desarrollo de las herramientas informáticas. En este trabajo se propone una metodología dual en la que los desarrollos teóricos se muestran mediante ejemplos con datos reales. Para ello se ha elegido el estudio de las Economías de escala y las curvas de aprendizaje propuesto por Berndt (1991). El paquete estadístico empleado ha sido ViSta, elegido por su facilidad de uso y accesibilidad, así como por la buena calidad de los gráficos que proporciona, lo que ayuda a la interpretación de los resultados que se obtienen.

Web accessibility is crucial for ensuring universal access to information, a value highly regarded by the European Union and the Spanish government, which have enacted legislation mandating compliance, particularly within the public sector and to a lesser extent in the private sector. This study contrasts the commitment of private entities with that of public ones in adhering to web accessibility standards. Initially, a database of URLs, categorized for reference, was compiled. Subsequently, automated web analysis techniques were employed to produce comparative statistics by sector. The findings indicate that while the public sector has made progress in meeting the regulations, the private sector lags considerably behind. An examination of common errors on websites of private companies obligated to these standards suggests that ignorance of legal responsibilities is the primary cause of accessibility shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major epidemiological, clinical, and biomedical challenge. During CKD, renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) present a persistent inflammatory and profibrotic response. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO), the main source of energy for TECs, is reduced in kidney fibrosis and contributes to its pathogenesis. To determine whether gain of function in FAO (FAO-GOF) could protect from fibrosis, we generated a conditional transgenic mouse model with overexpression of the fatty acid shuttling enzyme carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A) in TECs. Cpt1a- knockin (CPT1A-KI) mice subjected to 3 models of renal fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction, folic acid nephropathy [FAN], and adenine-induced nephrotoxicity) exhibited decreased expression of fibrotic markers, a blunted proinflammatory response, and reduced epithelial cell damage and macrophage influx. Protection from fibrosis was also observed when Cpt1a overexpression was induced after FAN. FAO-GOF restored oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial number and enhanced bioenergetics, increasing palmitate oxidation and ATP levels, changes that were also recapitulated in TECs exposed to profibrotic stimuli. Studies in patients showed decreased CPT1 levels and increased accumulation of short- and middlechain acylcarnitines, reflecting impaired FAO in human CKD. We propose that strategies based on FAO-GOF may constitute powerful alternatives to combat fibrosis inherent to CKD., Introduction Organ fibrosis constitutes a significantly prevalent pathological entity associated with high morbidity and mortality and presents a major biomedical challenge. Although fibrosis may affect any tissue of the human [...]