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The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is causing substantial tree mortality to Pinus yunnanensis in south-western China, whereas the same species in Europe seldom kills Pinus sylvestris. In order to understand this difference in aggressiveness, we studied the shoot feeding ecology of the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan, and compared it with European results. We found many similarities in the shoot feeding behaviour of T. piniperda, and also that of Tomicus mirror, which was common locally. In contrast to Europe, however, the pine shoot beetles in Yunnan seem to be able to predispose the host trees for stem attack by intensive shoot-feeding. It has also been observed that beetles aggregate in certain trees during shoot feeding, but we could not verify that in our experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on interactions of two decay fungi Heterobasidion annosum and Stereum sanguinolentum with two non-decay fungi and bacteria, following inoculation into stems of 16 healthy Picea abies. All the microbes used in inoculations were of spruce origin. Growth and survival of microbes were followed over the subsequent five years. The stems were effectively colonized by the bacteria. Of the inoculated microbes, Ascocoryne cyclichnium and the bacteria had successfully invaded almost all the trees.

Background: Nursing interventions for persons affected by long-term conditions should focus on providing support to enhance the ability to manage disease in everyday life. Many clinical nurses feel they have inadequate training or experience to provide self-management support in a beneficial and structured way. This study explores the process towards independent self-care and management of disease in persons affected by Parkinson's disease and the support required from healthcare to achieve this. It presents a nursing model to guide nurses in providing self-management support in the clinical care encounter., Methods: The results from three previously published articles investigating a self-management support program for persons with Parkinson's disease were combined to form a new data set, and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis., Results: Three separate, but interrelated, themes were identified, which described the process towards self-management of disease as expressed by the participants of the self-management program. Themes describe the factors important for developing and improving self-management abilities and actions. The results were applied to Orem's Self-care deficit theory to suggest a model of self-management support in the clinical nursing encounter., Conclusion: This study investigated factors important for self-management and highlighted the unique contribution and focus of nursing support to promote independent self-care.

Continuous subcutaneous (s.c.) apomorphine infusion is an effective therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), but a limitation is the formation of troublesome s.c. nodules. Various chemically non-identical apomorphine formulations are available. Anecdotal experiences have suggested that shifting from one of these (Apo-Go PumpFill ® ; apoGPF) to another (Apomorphine PharmSwed ® ; apoPS) may influence the occurrence and severity of s.c. nodules. We, therefore, followed 15 people with advanced PD (median PD-duration, 15 years; median "off"-phase Hoehn and Yahr, IV) on apoGPF and with troublesome s.c. nodules who were switched to apoPS. Data were collected at baseline, at the time of switching, and at a median of 1, 2.5, and 7.3 months post-switch. Total nodule numbers (P < 0.001), size (P < 0.001), consistency (P < 0.001), skin changes (P = 0.058), and pain (P ≤ 0.032) improved over the observation period. PD severity and dyskinesias tended to improve and increase, respectively. Apomorphine doses were stable, but levodopa doses increased by 100 mg/day. Patient-reported apomorphine efficacy tended to increase and all participants remained on apoPS throughout the observation period; with the main patient-reported reason being improved nodules. These observations suggest that patients with s.c. nodules caused by apoGPF may benefit from switching to apoPS in terms of s.c. nodule occurrence and severity. Alternatively, observed benefits may have been due to the switch itself. As nodule formation is a limiting factor in apomorphine treatment, a controlled prospective study comparing local tolerance with different formulations is warranted.

Persons with Parkinson's disease and their care partners want support from health care to develop the skills to handle everyday life with the long-term condition. Earlier findings indicate that participants of the self-management program Swedish National Parkinson School experience several benefits of the program. The purpose of this qualitative observational study was to explore if participants had implemented the strategies of self-monitoring included in the program and use them to communicate health care status and needs in clinical encounters. Data were collected 3 to 15 months after participation in the program and analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Three categories were evident: "Self-observation in everyday life," "Self-care activities to promote health," and "Managing emotional impact of Parkinson's Disease." Categories were linked together in a core category that highlight the use of self-management strategies described by participants during clinical encounters. Results confirmed that persons with Parkinson's disease and care partners use the techniques of self-observation in their everyday lives. Observations of effects in clinical care can be a valuable approach to evaluate the outcomes educational interventions and their benefits for individuals and health care., (© 2020 The Authors Nursing & Health Sciences Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Integrated care is regarded as a key for care delivery to persons with chronic long-term conditions such as Parkinson's disease. For persons with Parkinson's disease, obtaining self-management support is a top priority in the context of integrated care. Self-management is regarded as a crucial competence in chronic diseases since the affected persons and their caregivers inevitably take up the main responsibility when it comes to day-to-day management. Formal self-management education programs with the focus on behavioral skills relevant to the induction and maintenance of behavioral change have been implemented as a standard in many chronic long-term conditions. However, besides the example of the Swedish National Parkinson School, the offers for persons with Parkinson's disease remain fragmented and limited in availability. Today, no such program is implemented as a nationwide standard in Germany. This paper provides (1) a systematic review on structured self-management education programs specifically designed or adopted for persons with Parkinson's disease, (2) presents the Swedish National Parkinson School as an example for a successfully implemented nationwide program and (3) presents a concept for the design, evaluation and long-term implementation of a future-orientated self-management education program for persons with Parkinson's disease in Germany., Competing Interests: J.S. is the CEO of the Tumaini Institut für Präventionsmanagement GmbH, a SME working in the field of prevention of lifestyle-associated diseases and developing and implementing patient education programs for chronic diseases. Lars Tönges has received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from Abbvie, Bayer, Bial, Desitin, G.E., U.C.B., and Zambon, and consulted for Abbvie, Bayer, Bial, Desitin, U.C.B., and Zambon, in the last 3 years. C.E. received in the last 12 months payments as a consultant for Abbvie Inc. C.E. received honoraria as a speaker from Abbvie Inc. He received payments as a consultant for Abbvie Inc. and Philyra Inc. K.F.L. has received travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from Abbvie and Licher M.T. and consulted for Abbvie and Stadapharm, in the last 3 years. The other authors do not report any conflict of interest.

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition with both physical and mental consequences that affect many aspects of everyday life. Persons with Parkinson's disease and their care partners want guidance from healthcare services in order to develop skills to adjust to life with a long-term condition. The Swedish National Parkinson School is a dyadic self-management programme to support both persons with Parkinson's disease and care partners., Objective: To assess the outcomes of the Swedish National Parkinson School as reported by participants., Design: A quasi-experimental case-control study in clinical care using self-reported questionnaires. Participants. Swedish National Parkinson School was offered by health care professionals working in clinical care. Participants in the programme were also asked to participate in the study. A matched control group was recruited for a comparison of findings. In total, 92 persons with Parkinson's disease and 55 care partners were included. Settings . Five Swedish geriatric and neurologic outpatient clinics., Method: Data were collected during 2015-2017, before and after participation in the National Parkinson School or before and after seven weeks of standard care. Outcomes were assessed using generic and Parkinson's specific questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline characteristics. Mann-Whitney U and Chi 2 tests were used to test for between-group differences and within-group differences were tested by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test., Results: Improvements regarding health status, constructive attitudes and approaches, and skill and technique acquisition were found after the intervention among persons with Parkinson's disease. No changes were found among care partners., Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Swedish National Parkinson School may improve health status and self-management among persons with Parkinson's disease, but further studies are needed to better understand the effects of the programme., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Carina Hellqvist et al.)

Aims and Objective: To identify and describe experiences valuable for managing daily life after participation in the NPS self-management intervention. The second part was to explore the applicability of the Self- and family management framework by Grey and colleagues for persons with Parkinson's Disease and their relatives., Background: The impact of PD is evident on the lives of both patients and relatives. The National Parkinson School (NPS) is a Swedish self-management programme designed for patients and relatives, aiming at teaching strategies helpful for the ability of self-management, in order to promote life satisfaction., Design: Qualitative explorative with inductive and deductive analysis., Methods: Five group discussions with NPS participants were audio-recorded. Verbatim transcriptions were analysed inductively with thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke, and the findings were then applied deductively to the existing model for patients with chronic disease., Results: Through the first step of inductive analysis, three themes capturing the meaning, value and experience of being a participant at the NPS were identified: exchanging experiences and feeling support, adjustment and acceptance of PD for managing daily life and promoting life satisfaction. The deductive analysis applied the inductive findings to the Self- and family management framework of chronically ill to explore the fit to persons with PD and relatives attending the NPS programme., Conclusions: The NPS programme is a promising approach for helping persons with PD and their relatives to achieve better self-management of disease and improved life satisfaction. Further evaluations of programme outcomes in clinical practice are warranted., Relevance of Clinical Practice: Self-management programmes like the NPS is a promising approach in facilitating a positive mindset and outlook on life and gain knowledge to understand, adapt and handle chronic disease, such as PD, better., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify the role of the Parkinson's disease specialist nurse in providing support both for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their spouses., Background: PD is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms that affect many aspects of daily life. In Sweden, specialised nurses called Parkinson's disease specialist nurses (PD specialist nurses) have been working for over a decade to support PD patients and their families., Method: A qualitative approach was taken using dyad interviews with each PD patient and spouse. The analysis was conducted using conventional qualitative content analysis., Findings: The analysis resulted in the identification of one overarching category; competent, professional practice, tailored for the individual. Four categories: professional competence, nursing practice, continuity of contact and emotional support, are distinct but related to each other and show different nuances of the same phenomenon., Conclusion: The work of PD specialist nurses in providing support to PD patients and their relatives should be tailored to individual patients and their families as well as including skilled nursing care to relieve the impact of the disease on daily life., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Antifeedant activity of mainly phenylpropanoic, cinnamic, and benzoic acids esters was tested on the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.). Of 105 compounds screened for activity, 9 phenylpropanoates, 3 cinnamates, and 4 benzoates were found to be highly active antifeedants. To understand the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, a multivariate analysis study was performed. A number of molecular and substituent descriptors were calculated and correlated to results from two-choice feeding tests with H. abietis. Three local models were developed that had good internal predictive ability. External test sets showed moderate predictivity. In general, low polarity, small size, and high lipophilicity were characteristics for compounds having good antifeedant activity.

Aromatic organic compounds found in the feces of the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have been shown to deter feeding behavior in this species, which is a serious pest of planted conifer seedlings in Europe. We evaluated 55 benzoic acid derivatives and a few homologs as antifeedants for H. abietis. Structure-activity relationships were identified by bioassaying related compounds obtained by rational syntheses of functional group analogs and structural isomers. We identified five main criteria of efficiency as antifeedants among the benzoic acid derivatives. By predicting optimal structures for H. abietis antifeedants, we attempted to find a commercial antifeedant to protect conifer seedlings against damage by H. abietis in regenerating forests. New, highly effective antifeedants are methyl 2,4-dimethoxybenzoate, isopropyl 2,4-dimethoxybenzoate, methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate, methyl (3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetate, and methyl (2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acetate. Of these, methyl 2,4-dimethoxybenzoate and isopropyl 2,4-dimethoxybenzoate have the highest antifeedant indices of all substances tested and are the best candidates for practical applications in order to protect planted seedlings in the field.