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Due to the increased and unstable prices for Rare Earth elements there are activities to develop alternative hard magnetic materials. Reducing the amount of material necessary to produce complex sintered NdFeB magnets can also help to reduce some of the supply problem. Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is able to produce near net shape parts and can reduce the amount of finishing to achieve final geometry. Although MIM of NdFeB has been patented and published fairly soon after the development of the NdFeB magnets there has never been an industrial production. This could be due to the fact that MIM was very young at that time and hardly developed. Thus, the feasibility of the process needs to be revaluated. This paper presents results of our work on determining the process parameters influencing the magnetic properties of the sintered magnets as well as the shrinkage during processing. The role of binder and powder loading on the alignment of the particles as well as on the carbon and oxygen contamination was examined.

STUDY QUESTION What are couples' needs for health care and support in a subsequent pregnancy after prior early pregnancy loss (PL) and how do needs change across the pregnancy? SUMMARY ANSWER Couples described unmet needs for pregnancy care in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy and were more satisfied with the care provided during the remainder of the pregnancy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Despite early PL being common (∼25% of pregnancies), there is a paucity of research to guide practice to optimize treatment and support future pregnancies. There has been low priority for the issue in research and a pervasive acceptance that couples should 'just try again' after experiencing PL. Women with prior PL report increased anxiety during the first trimester of pregnancy compared to those without previous PL. No longitudinal studies explore what couples' needs are throughout the pregnancy and how these needs shift across time. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a qualitative longitudinal dyadic (joint) interview study. In total, 15 couples who were pregnant after a prior PL were interviewed four times over their pregnancy. Couples were recruited from the Copenhagen Pregnancy Loss Cohort Research Programme. Interviews were held in person at the hospital or university, or online. Interviews ranged from 20 to 91 min (mean = 54 min). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Inclusion criteria included couples with one to two prior early PL(s) who self-reported a new pregnancy and were willing to be interviewed together and in English. Couples were interviewed four times: after a positive pregnancy test and once in each trimester. Interviews were transcribed and data were analysed using thematic analysis to compare and contrast needs of the couples at each of the four time periods in the pregnancy and across the entire pregnancy. One same-sex couple and 14 heterosexual couples participated. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Couples' needs were categorized into two main longitudinal themes across the pregnancy, divided by the 20-week scan. Within each longitudinal theme, there were two themes to represent each time period. In the longitudinal theme ' The first 20 weeks: a 'scary' gap in care ' there were two themes: Positive pregnancy test: 'Tell them it's not the same pregnancy' and First trimester: 'We craved that someone was taking care of us'. The standard pregnancy care offered in the public healthcare system in Denmark includes a scan at 12 and 20 weeks. While all couples wished for additional access to scans and monitoring of the foetus in early pregnancy to provide reassurance and detect problems early, they described considerable variation in the referrals and care they were offered. Both partners expressed a high degree of worry and anxiety about the pregnancy, with pregnant women in particular describing 'surviv[ing] from scan to scan' in the early weeks. Couples took scans wherever offered or paid for comfort scans, but this resulted in fragmented care. Instead, they wished for continuity in care, and acknowledgement and sensitivity that a pregnancy after PL is not the same as a first pregnancy. In the longitudinal theme ' The second 20 weeks: Safety in the care system ' there were two themes: Second trimester: 'I think we are in good hands' and Third trimester: 'It's more of a 'nice to know' everything is OK than a 'need to know'. C ouples reported their distress was lower and overall needs for care were met during this time. They expressed general satisfaction with regular or extended antenatal support although, as in the first 20 weeks, additional acknowledgement and sensitivity regarding their history of PL was desired. Couples said they felt more secure given that they had access to a 24-hour telephone support by midwife/nurse if they had any concerns or questions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Participants were self-selected from an ongoing cohort study of patients presenting at hospital with PL. Single women were not included in the study. This study was limited to data collection in Denmark; however, other countries with public healthcare systems may have similar offerings with regard to their provision of antenatal care, care provided in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) clinics and the availability of private scans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The findings underscore that an early PL creates an increased need for monitoring and care in a subsequent pregnancy. This study highlights a gap in pregnancy care for those with a history of PL given that their need for monitoring and support is high in the early weeks of a new pregnancy before they have access to antenatal care, and before they have had multiple PLs and can be referred to the RPL unit. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101028172 for E.K. The Copenhagen Pregnancy Loss Cohort is funded by a grant from the BioInnovation Institute Foundation. H.S.N. has received scientific grants from Freya Biosciences, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, BioInnovation Institute, Ministry of Education, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Augustinus Fonden, Oda og Hans Svenningsens Fond, Demant Fonden, Ole Kirks Fond, and Independent Research Fund Denmark. H.S.N. received personal payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Astra Zeneca, Cook Medical, Gedeon Richter, and Ibsa Nordic. All other authors declare no competing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first population of X-ray binaries (XRBs) is expected to affect the thermal and ionization states of the gas in the early Universe. Although these X-ray sources are predicted to have important implications for high-redshift observable signals, such as the hydrogen 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn and the cosmic X-ray background, their properties are poorly explored, leaving theoretical models largely uninformed. In this paper we model a population of X-ray binaries arising from zero metallicity stars. We explore how their properties depend on the adopted initial mass function (IMF) of primordial stars, finding a strong effect on their number and X-ray production efficiency. We also present scaling relations between XRBs and their X-ray emission with the local star formation rate, which can be used in sub-grid models in numerical simulations to improve the X-ray feedback prescriptions. Specifically, we find that the uniformity and strength of the X-ray feedback in the intergalactic medium is strongly dependant on the IMF. Bottom-heavy IMFs result in a smoother distribution of XRBs, but have a luminosity orders of magnitude lower than more top-heavy IMFs. Top-heavy IMFs lead to more spatially uneven, albeit strong, X-ray emission. An intermediate IMF has a strong X-ray feedback while sustaining an even emission across the intergalactic medium. These differences in X-ray feedback could be probed in the future with measurements of the cosmic dawn 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen, which offers us a new way of constraining population III IMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents experimental and modeling work to complete previously reported work on spray drying. Back-calculated droplet sizes have been verified by measurements with a laser imaging rig. Flow patterns in a cylindrical spray chamber have been simulated by computational fluid dynamics and demonstrated that droplet residence times are much shorter than expected. A droplet tracking population balance model has been implemented in gSOLIDS and shows how drying times vary with droplet diameter. Particle collection by cyclone and bag filter have also been compared experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory spray dryer and a commercial dryer with a production rate 50 times greater, both using two-fluid nozzles, were used to dry the same formulation from organic solvent. Both dryers generated particles of similar size, with tight particle size distributions (span <2), which varied with atomization gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and solids concentration. Small-scale results with an external mixing nozzle were fitted to a correlation based on literature recommendations. This also fitted well for the commercial dryer with external mixing, and an internal mixing nozzle gave a tighter size distribution. Hence, successful verification at scale has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of z > 6 quasars reveals the existence of supermassive black holes of a few 109M⊙. One of the potential pathways to explain their formation in the infant universe is the so-called direct collapse model which provides massive seeds of 105-106M⊙. An isothermal direct collapse mandates that haloes should be of a primordial composition and the formation of molecular hydrogen remains suppressed in the presence of a strong Lyman Werner flux. In this study, we perform high resolution cosmological simulations for two massive primordial haloes employing a detailed chemical model which includes H- cooling as well as realistic opacities for both the bound-free H- emission and the Rayleigh scattering of hydrogen atoms. We are able to resolve the collapse up to unprecedentedly high densities of ~10-3 g cm-3 and to scales of about 10-4 au. Our results show that the gas cools down to ~5000 K in the presence of H- cooling, and induces fragmentation at scales of about 8000 au in one of the two simulated haloes, which may lead to the formation of a binary. In addition, fragmentation also occurs on the au scale in one of the haloes but the clumps are expected to merge on short time-scales. Our results confirm that H- cooling does not prevent the formation of a supermassive star and the trapping of cooling radiation stabilizes the collapse on small scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the solid solubility limit of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Mn-O in Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors. Electrical resistivity and critical temperature measurements; X-ray diffraction patterns of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O polycrystalline precursor powders; Influence of manganese on the resistivity of the superconductor.

An abstract of the study "Understanding Participation in Adolescent Rugby Union using Motion Analysis and Training Diaries," by T. Hartwig, G. Naughton and J. Carlson is presented.

• Automated operant conditioning of pigs was tested under realistic conditions. • Pigs learn a signal discrimination task with only one reinforcement per day. • Resource restriction during the training may spark additional aggression. • Imprecise reward delivery can induce an enduring increase in feeder visits. Signal-feeding is a discrimination task for pigs where individual acoustic signals indicate the availability of feed at an electronic feeding station. It has been shown that this feeding technique has the potential to reduce agonistic interactions between pigs and improve animal welfare. As a side effect, signal-feeding was found to facilitate the accessibility of the feeding stations. Therefore, this feeding system may have the potential to improve the pigs' overall feed supply and productivity. Signal-feeding has been successfully adapted for use with adult sows at conventional electronic feeding stations and was tested under near-practical conditions. The present field study was conducted to test the applicability of signal-feeding under the realistic conditions of a conventional piglet rearing facility. The aim was to verify that sows can cope with the signal discrimination task under the limitations of intensive livestock farming which comprises large groups with high feed concurrence and only one training opportunity per day. Furthermore, the study should confirm any positive effects on the animals' health and welfare and, for the first time, substantiate the economic viability of signal-feeding by demonstrating a reduced workload and increased productivity compared to conventional electronic feeding stations. As a main result of the study, we observed that a single training opportunity per day and training in groups of more than 30 sows resulted in a training duration that ranged from 12 to 38 days for the majority of sows. The liquid feeding system utilised was found to be inadequate for reward delivery. It left feed remains on the station floor and could not provide the feed reward in sufficiently close temporal relation to the animal behaviour. The feed remains in combination with the somewhat random reward delivery created sufficient motivation for some sows to continue visiting the feeding station. As a result, no improvements in the accessibility of the feeder were observed. Under these conditions, we did not find any effects on the productivity of the sows in terms of the number of piglets born alive or the number of weak or crushed piglets. However, the training itself led to an increased number of shallow skin lesions and higher medical costs at the beginning of the study when the majority of sows received their conditioning. This effect disappeared later, when only replacement sows were trained. This study demonstrates that in sows an automated operant conditioning of a complex signal discrimination task is possible even under the considerable limitations of intensive livestock farming. However, future studies should utilise a more direct and better accessible reward system to reduce the training duration and improve the conditioning of the sows. Only then, will it be possible to accurately assess the animal welfare aspects and economic potential of signal-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are becoming increasingly popular among endurance athletes despite unconfirmed accuracy. We assessed the concurrent validity of the FreeStyle Libre 2 worn on 2 different sites at rest, during steady-state running, and postprandial., Methods: Thirteen nondiabetic, well-trained recreational runners (age = 40 [8] y, maximal aerobic oxygen consumption = 46.1 [6.4] mL·kg-1·min-1) wore a CGM on the upper arm and chest while treadmill running for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, and 70% of maximal aerobic oxygen consumption, respectively. Glucose was measured by manually scanning CGMs and obtaining a finger-prick capillary blood glucose sample. Mean absolute relative difference, time in range, and continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis were used to compare paired CGM and blood glucose readings., Results: Across all intensities of steady-state running, we found a mean absolute relative difference of 13.8 (10.9) for the arm and 11.4 (9.0) for the chest. The coefficient of variation exceeded 70%. Approximately 47% of arm and 50% of chest paired glucose measurements had an absolute difference ≤10%. Continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis indicated 99.8% (arm) and 99.6% (chest) CGM data fell in clinically acceptable zones A and B. Time-in-range analysis showed reduced accuracy at lower glucose levels. However, CGMs accurately detected trends in mean glucose readings over time., Conclusions: CGMs are not valid for point glucose monitoring but appear to be valid for monitoring glucose trends during steady-state exercise. Accuracy is similar for arm and chest. Further research is needed to determine whether CGMs can detect important events such as hypoglycemia during exercise.

Purpose: To assess vitamin D, folate, vitamin B 12 , and iron status in Old Order Anabaptist (OOA) pregnant/postpartum women. Methods: Blood was analyzed for plasma 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum vitamin B 12 , and iron status indicators. Dietary intakes (food and supplements) from 3-day estimated records were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes and Canada's Food Guide (2007). Results: Fifty women participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Concentrations of 25(OH)D were low (<50 nmol/L for 20% and < 75 nmol/L for 63%); 42% had total vitamin D intakes < estimated average requirement (EAR). All women had RBC folate above the 1360 mmol/L cut-off. Nineteen percent had folate intakes upper limit. One woman had low serum vitamin B 12 (<148 pmol/L); serum vitamin B 12 was high (>652 pmol/L) for 24%. None had vitamin B 12 intakes 12 . These findings provide guidance to ensure appropriate dietary and supplement intakes in this potentially vulnerable and rarely studied population.