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Building upon earlier work by Camp, Gibbs, and Masters II, (1988). "The Journal of Higher Education" 59(6): 652-667 and Wenger and Girard, (2000). "Research in Higher Education" 41(2):195-207, we present a model for allocating funds for salary increases to faculty lines within an academic unit at a public research university. The model first divides available funds into three separate amounts, based on the unit norms adopted by the faculty of the academic unit. These norms define the relative effort levels to be placed on teaching, scholarship, and service. The model enables individual faculty members to negotiate different effort levels for the respective activities. Within each of these activities, specific weights can be assigned to different types of accomplishments. The result is a flexible approach that allows fair and predictable salary increases to be assigned on the basis of criteria that have been agreed to by the faculty of the academic unit.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the types of foods that constitute a vegan diet and establish patterns within the diet. Dietary pattern analysis, a key instrument for exploring the correlation between health and disease, was used to identify patterns within the vegan diet. Design: A modified version of the EPIC-Norfolk FFQ was created and validated to include vegan foods and launched on social media. Setting: UK participants, recruited online. Participants: A convenience sample of 129 vegans voluntarily completed the FFQ. Collected data were converted to reflect weekly consumption to enable factor and cluster analyses. Results: Factor analysis identified four distinct dietary patterns including: (1) convenience (22 %); (2) health conscious (12 %); (3) unhealthy (9 %) and (4) traditional vegan (7 %). Whilst two healthy patterns were defined, the convenience pattern was the most identifiable pattern with a prominence of vegan convenience meals and snacks, vegan sweets and desserts, sauces, condiments and fats. Cluster analysis identified three clusters, cluster 1 'convenience' (26·8 %), cluster 2 'traditional' (22 %) and cluster 3 'health conscious' (51·2 %). Clusters 1 and 2 consisted of an array of ultraprocessed vegan food items. Together, both clusters represent almost half of the participants and yielding similar results to the predominant dietary pattern, strengthens the factor analysis. Conclusions: These novel results highlight the need for further dietary pattern studies with full nutrition and blood metabolite analysis in larger samples of vegans to enhance and ratify these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiagent simulation model is used to assess the impact on single-family residential development patterns of plans for size, location, and timing of sewer line extensions, policies for extension timing, and of responses to these plans and policies by landowners and developers. The simulation constructs the sewer network over time in relation to the sewerage provider's plans, to the construction of sewers and housing in previous periods, and to the expectations of landowners and developers regarding plans. In comparing the temporal and spatial patterns produced by the simulation, we found: (1) scenario 3 (early extensions not allowed), which was the historical policy in the study area, most closely replicated the historical development pattern; (2) the location of single-family residential development was not constrained by the capacity of the sewer network, but was constrained by the timing policy of sewer expansion; and (3) the developers could afford to pay for early sewer expansion, when allowed, on the basis of expected revenues from single-family residential development. The model succeeded in incorporating multiagent behaviors of landowners and developers sufficient to compare different sewer-expansion policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and contribution of Dr. Richard Saint Barbe Baker on the environment movement. Baker is known as a pioneer of planetary ecology and has been called the world's greatest conservationist, the patron saint of the trees, and one of the great souls of people's age. His early experiences on the prairies had an important effect on his tree sense such as organizing the Men of the Trees in several countries throughout Europe and Africa. His book "Men of the Trees" was the first of 30 books he authored including several award winners and one best seller.

Analysing the climate envelope of plant species has been suggested as a tool to predict the vulnerability of tree species in future urban climates. However, there is little evidence that the climate envelope of a plant species directly relates to the drought and thermal tolerance of that species, at least not at the resolution required to identify or rank species vulnerability. Here, we attempted to predict drought and thermal tolerance of commonly used urban tree species using climate variables derived exclusively from open-source global occurrence data. We quantified three drought and thermal tolerance traits for 43 urban tree species in a common garden experiment: stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit, leaf water potential at the turgor loss point, and leaf thermal tolerance. We then attempted to predict each tolerance trait from variables derived from the climate envelope of each species, using occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. We found no strong relationships between drought and thermal tolerance traits and climatic variables. Across wide environmental gradients, plant tolerance and climate are inherently linked. But our results suggest that climate envelopes determined from species occurrence data alone may not predict drought or thermal tolerance at the resolution required to select tree species for future urban forests. We should focus on identifying the most relevant strategies and traits required to describe tolerance which in combination with climate envelope analysis should ultimately predict growth and mortality of trees in urban landscapes. We were unable to predict the drought and thermal tolerance of common urban tree species using climate variables based on their global distribution. Unlabelled Image • We need methods of selecting tree species which will thrive in future urban climates. • Climate envelope analysis may help with species selection. • We tried to predict drought and thermal tolerance from species climate envelopes • But we found no strong links between climate envelopes and species tolerance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to identify the types of foods that constitute a vegan diet and establish patterns within the diet. Dietary pattern analysis, a key instrument for exploring the correlation between health and disease, was used to identify patterns within the vegan diet., Design: A modified version of the EPIC-Norfolk FFQ was created and validated to include vegan foods and launched on social media., Setting: UK participants, recruited online., Participants: A convenience sample of 129 vegans voluntarily completed the FFQ. Collected data were converted to reflect weekly consumption to enable factor and cluster analyses., Results: Factor analysis identified four distinct dietary patterns including: (1) convenience (22 %); (2) health conscious (12 %); (3) unhealthy (9 %) and (4) traditional vegan (7 %). Whilst two healthy patterns were defined, the convenience pattern was the most identifiable pattern with a prominence of vegan convenience meals and snacks, vegan sweets and desserts, sauces, condiments and fats. Cluster analysis identified three clusters, cluster 1 'convenience' (26·8 %), cluster 2 'traditional' (22 %) and cluster 3 'health conscious' (51·2 %). Clusters 1 and 2 consisted of an array of ultraprocessed vegan food items. Together, both clusters represent almost half of the participants and yielding similar results to the predominant dietary pattern, strengthens the factor analysis., Conclusions: These novel results highlight the need for further dietary pattern studies with full nutrition and blood metabolite analysis in larger samples of vegans to enhance and ratify these results.

Purpose: To identify how person, crash, environment, and population characteristics differ between bicycle-motor vehicle crashes that occur at intersections and non-intersections., Methods: The Iowa Department of Transportation crash database for the years 2001 through 2011 was used to identify bicycle-motor vehicle (BMV) crashes and associated person, crash, and environment characteristics. Population-level data were drawn from the 2010 U.S. Census and the 2010 American Community Survey. Descriptive statistics, GIS mapping, and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine factors associated with crash risk and crash location., Results: Compared to intersections, non-intersection BMV crashes had higher odds of involving young bicyclists (<10 years old; OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-2.6), location outside city limits (OR: 5.7, 95%CI: 3.9-8.3), with driver vision obscured (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.8), reduced lighting on roadway (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-2.4), and lower odds when the bicyclist (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.6) or motorist (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.8) failed to yield right of way., Conclusions: Environmental factors, as well as developmental (age) and behavioral factors of bicycle-motor vehicle crashes vary by location (intersection/non-intersection). Results from this study can be used to tailor and target multiple intervention approaches, such as making infrastructure changes, increasing safety behavior among both motorists and bicyclists, and identifying which age groups and locations would most benefit from intervention.

Objectives: To describe rates of Medicaid-funded services provided by orthodontists in Iowa to children and adolescents, identify factors associated with utilization, and describe geographic barriers to care., Methods: We analyzed enrollment and claims data from the Iowa Medicaid program for a 3-year period, January 2008 through December 2010. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with utilization of orthodontic services as the main outcome variable. Service areas were identified by small area analysis in order to examine regional variability in utilization., Results: The overall rate of orthodontic utilization was 3.1 percent. Medicaid enrollees living in small towns and rural areas were more likely to utilize orthodontic services than those living in urban areas. Children who had an oral evaluation by a primary care provider in the year prior to the study period were more likely to receive orthodontic services. Service areas with lower population density and greater mean travel distance to participating orthodontists had higher utilization rates than smaller, more densely populated areas., Conclusions: Rural residency and increased travel distances do not appear to act as barriers to orthodontic care for this population. The wide variability of utilization rates seen across service areas may be related to workforce supply in the form of orthodontists who accept Medicaid-insured patients. Referrals to orthodontists from primary care dentists may improve access to specialty care for Medicaid enrollees., (© 2013 American Association of Public Health Dentistry.)

Purpose: Pulmonary embolism (PE) has a significant associated morbidity and mortality. The role of diagnostic imaging in PE is being increasingly undertaken by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). An advantage of CTPA is its ability to simultaneously provide information on the lung parenchyma, mediastinum, pleural spaces, and chest wall. A sample of CTPAs was therefore reviewed to identify the types of additional pathology demonstrated., Materials and Methods: One hundred and ninety-eight CTPA examinations were retrospectively reviewed. A record was made of the presence of PE and any additional pathology, with particular interest given to "incidental" pathology, or pathology that was unsuspected but which was significant enough to change the patient's management. A note was also made as to the adequacy of the study. D-Dimer values were recorded when available., Results: PE was demonstrated in 56 studies (28.3%). Additional pathology was seen in 112 studies (56.6%), of which 17 were categorised as incidental. These included multiple pulmonary nodules, solitary lung lesions, destructive bony lesions, pancreatitis, a solid renal mass, mesothelioma, reactivated pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent bronchial carcinoma, pulmonary fibrosis, an SVC filling defect, and a compression fracture of T10., Conclusion: The prevalence of PE in our sample was 28.3%, compared with a reported prevalence, mainly by pulmonary angiography, of between 19% and 79%. Secondary findings were found in 56.6% of scans, with completely incidental findings demonstrated in 17 patients (9%). This emphasizes the usefulness of CTPA in providing additional diagnostic information and alternative diagnoses in patients with suspected PE.