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PurposeMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) may be linked in observational studies. However, the causal association remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study investigates the causal associations between them.MethodsWe performed a two-sample univariable and multivariable bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the associations between MDD and VTE. The summary genetic associations of MDD statistics were obtained from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank. Information on VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) were obtained from the FinnGen Biobank. Inverse-variance weighting was used as the main analysis method. Other methods include weighted median, MR-Egger, Simple mode, and Weighted mode.ResultsUnivariable MR analysis revealed no significant associations between MDD and VTE risk (odds ratio (OR): 0.936, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.736–1.190, p = 0.590); however, after adjusting the potential relevant polymorphisms of body mass index and education, the multivariable MR analysis showed suggestive evidence of association between them (OR: 1.163, 95% CI: 1.004–1.346, p = 0.044). Univariable MR analysis also revealed significant associations between MDD and PE risk (OR: 1.310, 95% CI: 1.073–1.598, p = 0.008), but the association between them was no longer significant in MVMR analysis (p = 0.072). We found no significant causal effects between MDD and DVT risk in univariable or multivariable MR analyses. There was also no clear evidence showing the causal effects between VTE, PE, or DVT and MDD risk.ConclusionWe provide suggestive genetic evidence to support the causal association between MDD and VTE risk. No causal associations were observed between VTE, PE, or DVT and MDD risk. Further validation of these associations and investigations of potential mechanisms are required.

Purpose: To assess the quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to drug therapy for prevention and control of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and compare the differences and similarities between recommendations.Methods: Electronic databases (including PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, Web of Science), guideline development organizations, and professional societies were searched to identify CPGs for VAP from 20 January 2012 to 20 January 2022. The Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument was used to evaluate the quality of the guidelines. The recommendations on drug therapy for prevention and treatment for each guideline were extracted, and then a descriptive synthesis was performed to analyze the scope/topic, and consistency of the recommendations.Results: Thirteen CPGs were included. The median score and interquartile range (IQR) in each domain are shown below: scope and purpose 72.22% (63.89%,83.33%); stakeholder involvement 44.44% (38.89%,52.78%); rigor of development 43.75% (31.25%,57.29%); clarity and presentation 94.44% (77.78%,94.44%); applicability 20.83 (8.34%,33.34%) and editorial independence 50% (33.33%,66.67%). We extracted 21 recommendations on drug therapy for prevention of VAP and 51 recommendations on drugs used for treatment. Some controversies remained among the included guidelines.Conclusion: There is considerable variability in the development processes and reporting of VAP guidelines. Despite many similarities, the recommendations still had some inconsistencies in the details. For the prevention and treatment of VAP, local microbial epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity must be considered, and recommendations should be regularly revised as new evidence emerges.

Genetic data were used to measure the phylogeographic distribution of the limpet, Cellana toreuma along the China coast in order to acsertain impacts of historic events, ocean currents and especially freshwater discharge from the Yangtze River on the connectivity of intertidal species with limited larval dispersal capability.Genetic variation in 15 populations of C. toreuma (n = 418), ranging from the Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), were determined from partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Genetic diversity and divergence based on haplotype frequencies were analyzed using CONTRIB, and AMOVA was used to examine genetic population structure. Historic demographic expansions were evaluated from both neutrality tests and mismatch distribution tests. Among the 30 haplotypes identified, a dominant haplotype No. 1 (H1) existed in all the populations, and a relatively abundant private haplotype (H2) in YS. Pairwise F(ST) values between YS and the other two groups were relatively high and the percentage of variation among groups was 10.9%.The high nucleotide and gene diversity in the YS, with large pairwise genetic distances and relatively high percentages of variation among groups, suggests that this group was relatively isolated from ECS and SCS. This is likely driven by historic events, ocean currents, and demographic expansion. We propose that freshwater discharge from the Yangtze River, which may act as physical barrier limiting the southward dispersal of larvae from northern populations, is especially important in determining the separation of the YS group from the rest of the Chinese populations of C. toreuma.

Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), as one of the most important economic fish, was seriously infected by the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), especially in the larvae stage. PolyI:C is an effective stimulus of the antivirus system, but whether it can work in the larvae stage is still unknown. In this study, the transcriptomic profiles of 10 day-post hatching (dph) cod larvae challenged with polyI:C was analysed using next-generation sequencing technology. After assembly and annotation, a total of 77,562 unigenes were acquired and 780 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 508 upregulated and 272 downregulated genes. The DEGs were involved in diverse pathways including protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, carbon metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathway. Gene expression patterns of five immune relevant genes belonging to IFN signal pathway, such as TLR3, IRF3, MDA5, IPS1 and ATG5, were detected using qPCR. The transcript levels of TLR3, IRF3, MAD5 and IPS1 in cod larvae seems very low, but these genes were upregulated significantly 48h post-challenged with polyI:C, while ATG5 was downregulated 12h after polyI:C challenged. The results indicated that IFN system of cod larvae can be induced by polyI:C, thus considering polyI:C as a potential antivirus agent for cod larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]