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The main focus of this study was to create a stable and efficient nanoemulsion (NE) using Callistemon citrinus essential oil (EO). Various factors affecting the NE's stability were optimized including oil %, Tween 80%, time of sonication, and its accelerated stability was examined. The research also considered the antibacterial, antifungal, and larvicidal effects of the optimized NE (B10). The optimum NE stood out for its stability, featuring a particle size of 33.15 ± 0.32 nm. Analysis via IR spectroscopy confirmed successful EO encapsulation in B10. The formulation remained stable for six months, with B10 showing significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal potency compared to the pure oil. When samples were subjected to tests against Fusarium oxysporum , B10 exhibited a MIC value of 62.5 mg/mL, whereas the pure oil showed a MIC value of 250 mg/mL. This indicates that the B10 formulation was 50 times more effective than the EO. In terms of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli , the MIC value was 0.256 mg/mL for B10 and 4 mg/mL for the EO. Also, pure oil and B10 displayed larvicidal effects against Chilo suppressalis (Walker) larvae, with B10 eliminating 95.2% of larvae in 48 h. Overall, stable and optimum C. citrinus NE with its strong antimicrobial qualities, shows promise as an effective fungicide and insecticide.

Background: Cardiac amyloidosis is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the emergence of novel therapies, there is a growing interest in prognostication of patients with cardiac amyloidosis using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to examine the prognostic significance of myocardial native T1 and T2, and extracellular volume (ECV)., Methods: Observational cohort studies or single arms of clinical trials were eligible. MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were systematically searched from their respective dates of inception to January 2023. No exclusions were made based on date of publication, study outcomes, or study language. The study populations composed of adult patients (≥18 years old) with amyloid cardiomyopathy. All studies included the use of CMR with and without intravenous gadolinium contrast administration to assess myocardial native T1 mapping, T2 mapping, and ECV in association with the pre-specified primary outcome of all-cause mortality. Data were extracted from eligible primary studies by two independent reviewers and pooled via the inverse variance method using random effects models for meta-analysis., Results: A total of 3852 citations were reviewed. A final nine studies including a total of 955 patients (mean age 65 ± 10 years old, 32% female, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 59 ± 12% and 24% had NYHA class III or IV symptoms) with cardiac amyloidosis [light chain amyloidosis (AL) 50%, transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) 49%, other 1%] were eligible for inclusion and suitable for data extraction. All included studies were single centered (seven with 1.5 T MRI scanners, two with 3.0 T MRI scanners) and non-randomized in design, with follow-up spanning from 8 to 64 months (median follow-up = 25 months); 320 patients died during follow-up, rendering a weighted mortality rate of 33% across studies. Compared with patients with AL amyloid, patients with ATTR amyloid had significantly higher mean left ventricular mass index (LVMi) (102 ± 34 g/m 2 vs 127 ± 37 g/m 2 , p = 0.02). N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin T levels, mean native T1 values, ECV and T2 values did not differ between patients with ATTR amyloid and AL amyloid (all p > 0.25). Overall, the hazard ratios for mortality were 1.33 (95% CI = [1.10, 1.60]; p = 0.003; I 2  = 29%) for every 60 ms higher T1 time, 1.16 (95% CI = [1.09, 1.23], p < 0.0001; I 2  = 76%) for every 3% higher ECV, and 5.23 (95% CI = [2.27, 12.02]; p < 0.0001; I 2  = 0%) for myocardial-to-skeletal T2 ratio below the mean (vs above the mean)., Conclusion: Higher native T1 time and ECV, and lower myocardial to skeletal T2 ratio, on CMR are associated with worse mortality in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Therefore, tissue mapping using CMR may offer a useful non-invasive technique to monitor disease progression and determine prognosis in patients with cardiac amyloidosis., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Anemia is common in neurocritically ill patients. Considering the limited clinical evidence in this population, preclinical data may provide some understanding of the potential impact of anemia and of red blood cell transfusion in these patients. We aim to estimate the association between different transfusion strategies and neurobehavioral outcome in animal models., Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of comparative studies of red blood cell transfusion strategies using animal models of traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke or cerebral hemorrhage. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for eligible studies from inception onwards. Two independent reviewers will perform study selection and data extraction. We will report our results in a descriptive synthesis focusing on characteristics of included studies, reported outcomes, risk of bias, and construct validity. Our primary outcome is the neurological function (neurobehavioral performance) and our secondary outcomes include mortality, infarct size, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral blood flow, and brain tissue oxygen tension. If appropriate, we will also perform a quantitative synthesis and pool results using random-effect models. Heterogeneity will be expressed with I 2 statistics. Subgroup analyses are planned according to animal model characteristics, co-interventions, and risks of bias., Discussion: Our study is aligned with the efforts to better understand the level of evidence on the impact of red blood cell transfusion strategies from preclinical studies in animal models of acute brain injury and the potential translation of information from the preclinical to the clinical research field., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018086662 .

Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), particularly non-ST-segment elevation ACS, represent a spectrum of patients at variable risk of short- and long-term adverse clinical outcomes. Accurate prognostic assessment in this population requires the simultaneous consideration of multiple clinical and laboratory variables which may be under-recognized by the treating physicians, leading to an observed risk-treatment paradox in the use of invasive and pharmacological therapies. The routine application of established clinical risk scores, such as the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score, is recommended by major international clinical practice guidelines for structured risk stratification at the time of presentation, but uptake remains inconsistent. This article discusses the methodology of designing, deriving, and validating clinical risk scores, reviews the major validated risk scores for assessing prognosis in ACS, and examines their role in guiding clinical decision-making in ACS management, especially the timing of invasive coronary angiography. We also discuss emerging data on the impact of the routine use of such risk scores on patient management and clinical outcomes, as well as future directions for investigation in this field., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2021. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Systematically review the literature for cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography via distal transradial access (dTRA) and its outcomes., Background: dTRA, via anatomical snuffbox, may have several advantages over conventional transradial access (cTRA) for percutaneous cardiac procedures, including easier left-sided access for aorto-coronary grafts, future proximal radial artery preservation, and patient and operator comfort. However, its procedural characteristics and safety profile remain unclear., Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to September 2018. Two authors independently performed two-stage selection and data extraction. Reports assessing the dTRA approach for cardiac intervention in adults reporting any outcomes were eligible. Descriptive summary statistics were calculated from pooled data., Results: A total of 19 publications comprising 4,212 participants undergoing dTRA were included. Mean age was 63.8 years, and 23.0% were female. dTRA was primarily undertaken for assessment of stable coronary artery disease (87.6%), with 41.7% for diagnostic procedures and 46.9% undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. The overall success rate for undertaking the dTRA approach was 95.4% (69-100%). Complications occurred in 2.4% of cases, of which the leading complications were bleeding/hematoma (18.2%). Complication rates did not significantly differ between dTRA and cTRA. The occurrence of radial artery occlusion in patients undergoing dTRA was low (1.7%)., Conclusions: Observational data demonstrate that dTRA is a safe and feasible method for percutaneous cardiac procedures, with high rates of procedural success and low rates of complication. As data comparing dTRA with cTRA remain limited, future high-quality randomized comparative studies are required., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Coronaviruses may activate dysregulated host immune responses. As exploratory studies have suggested that interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in cases of complicated Covid-19, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the evidence in this field. We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies investigating the immunological response in Covid-19; additional grey literature searches were undertaken. Study selection and data abstraction was undertaken independently by two authors. Meta-analysis was undertaken using random effects models to compute ratios of means with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Eight published studies and two preprints (n = 1798) were eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis of mean IL-6 concentrations demonstrated 2.9-fold higher levels in patients with complicated Covid-19 compared with patients with noncomplicated disease (six studies; n = 1302; 95%CI, 1.17-7.19; I 2 = 100%). Consistent results were found in sensitivity analyses exclusively restricted to studies comparing patients requiring ICU admission vs no ICU admission (two studies; n = 540; ratio of means = 3.24; 95%CI, 2.54-4.14; P < .001; I 2 = 87%). Nine of ten studies were assessed to have at least moderate risk of bias. In patients with Covid-19, IL-6 levels are significantly elevated and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Inhibition of IL-6 may be a novel target for therapeutics for the management of dysregulated host responses in patients with Covid-19 and high-quality studies of intervention in this field are urgently required., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Despite major advances in vaccination over the past century, resurgence of vaccine-preventable illnesses has led the World Health Organization to identify vaccine hesitancy as a major threat to global health. Vaccine hesitancy may be fueled by health information obtained from a variety of sources, including new media such as the Internet and social media platforms. As access to technology has improved, social media has attained global penetrance. In contrast to traditional media, social media allow individuals to rapidly create and share content globally without editorial oversight. Users may self-select content streams, contributing to ideological isolation. As such, there are considerable public health concerns raised by anti-vaccination messaging on such platforms and the consequent potential for downstream vaccine hesitancy, including the compromise of public confidence in future vaccine development for novel pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2 for the prevention of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current position of social media platforms in propagating vaccine hesitancy and explore next steps in how social media may be used to improve health literacy and foster public trust in vaccination.

Background: In ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of the peri-infarct zone, a potential substrate for arrhythmogenesis, may serve as a novel prognosticator and guide the optimal use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the prognostic value of the peri-infarct zone on late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance in ischemic cardiomyopathy., Methods: We searched MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), EMBASE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), and CENTRAL (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) from inception to January 2019 for prognostic studies relating peri-infarct size with clinical outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. Pooled effect estimates were calculated with random effects models, risk of bias and strength of evidence were assessed by the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Education, respectively., Results: Twenty studies were eligible, representing 14 cohort studies (n=1518) with mean follow-up of 3.6 years and 6 cross-sectional studies (n=189). The extent of the peri-infarct zone was significantly predictive of all-cause mortality (3 studies; n=539; hazard ratio, 1.34/10 g [95% CI, 1.13-1.59]; I 2 =0%; high-quality evidence), appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy (5 studies; n=361; hazard ratio, 1.31/10 g [95% CI, 1.17-1.47]; I 2 =0%; high-quality evidence), and inducibility of ventricular tachycardia on electrophysiological study (5 studies; n=167; OR, 2.63/g [95% CI, 1.39-4.96]; I 2 =14%; low-quality evidence). After adjusting for age and left ventricular ejection fraction, the peri-infarct zone, as a percentage of total infarct size, remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (2 studies; n=445; hazard ratio, 1.29/10% [95% CI, 1.15-1.44]; I 2 =0%; high-quality evidence)., Conclusions: There is limited but consistent evidence that quantification of the peri-infarct zone predicts long-term mortality and appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Future studies should confirm whether late gadolinium enhancement-cardiac magnetic resonance assessment may improve implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment decisions., Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/. Unique identifier: CRD42017077337.

Despite vaccination's role in preventing communicable diseases, misinformation threatens uptake. Social media may disseminate such anti-vaccination messages. We characterized trends in pro- and anti-vaccination discourse on Twitter. All tweets between 2010 and 2019 containing vaccine-related hashtags were identified. Pro- and anti-vaccine tweets and users per quarter (3-months) were tabulated; discussion subcommunities were identified with network analysis. 1,637,712 vaccine-related tweets were identified from 154 pro-vaccine and 125 anti-vaccine hashtags, with 86% of users posting exclusively pro-vaccine and 12% posting exclusively anti-vaccine hashtags. Pro-vaccine tweet volumes are larger than anti-vaccine tweets and consistently increase over time. In contrast, anti-vaccine tweet volumes have decreased since 2014, despite an increasing anti-vaccine user-base. Users infrequently responded across pro/anti-vaccine alignment (0.2%). Despite greater volumes of pro-vaccination discourse in recent years, and the anti-vaccination content userbase being smaller, the anti-vaccine community continues to grow in size. This finding coupled with the minimal inter-communication between communities suggests possible ideological isolation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Public health strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) rely on the effective dissemination of evidence-based information to at-risk populations. An improved understanding of the information sources patients use can facilitate content development and promote awareness of effective interventions for CVD prevention, monitoring, and management. We therefore sought to determine the contemporary patterns of CVD information source usage via a prospective, cross-sectional survey study of CVD information sources in a primary care centre in Ontario, Canada. Primary source(s) used for CVD information were defined as: traditional media (television or print media), Internet-based sources, or community resources (community agencies and health care providers). Of 4682 consecutively screened patients aged > 18 years 3189 (68%) participated in the survey. The mean age of the survey respondents was 37 ± 14 years and 54.4% were female. Traditional media (71%) were used more frequently than Internet-based sources (45%) or community health services (23%). Only 20% of respondents identified health care providers as the source of information for CVD. Compared with respondents aged ≥ 55 years, the adjusted odds of Internet-based source use were significantly higher among younger age groups, whereas the adjusted odds of print media and health services usage was lowest among ages 25-34 years. Although traditional print and electronic media remain the primary resource for CVD-related information, younger individuals increasingly rely on Internet-based sources. These findings have important implications for public health policy and resource allocation, highlighting the importance of maintaining traditional media presence in addition to the development of high-quality Internet-based sources of CVD information., (Copyright © 2019 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 45-year-old man with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus presented with progressive weakness and areflexia. Electromyogram revealed reduced motor and sensory amplitudes without demyelinating features. He was clinically diagnosed with the acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Despite intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, he deteriorated with loss of all voluntary motor function and cranial nerve reflexes. Concomitant investigations revealed class V lupus nephritis. Therapy was initiated with plasma exchange, glucocorticoids and further immunosuppression, with gradual neurological recovery. We present the first documented case of fulminant Guillain-Barré syndrome as a neuropsychiatric manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, highlighting how immune-mediated polyneuropathy via diffuse deafferentation may mimic the outward appearance of brain death. While glucocorticoids are not indicated in idiopathic Guillain-Barré, when this neurological disorder is a consequence of systemic lupus erythematosus, immunomodulatory treatment should be initiated to prevent neurological deterioration., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Objectives: Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability, yet many predictors of outcome are not precise enough to guide initial clinical decision-making. Although increasingly used in the early phase following traumatic brain injury, the prognostic utility of MRI remains uncertain. We thus undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the predictive value of acute MRI lesion patterns for discriminating clinical outcome in traumatic brain injury., Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and CENTRAL from inception to November 2015., Study Selection: Studies of adults who had MRI in the acute phase following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Our primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and the Glasgow Outcome Scale., Data Extraction: Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. We calculated pooled effect estimates with a random effects model, evaluated the risk of bias using a modified version of Quality in Prognostic Studies and determined the strength of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation., Data Synthesis: We included 58 eligible studies, of which 27 (n = 1,652) contributed data to meta-analysis. Brainstem lesions were associated with all-cause mortality (risk ratio, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.01-3.15; I = 43%) and unfavorable Glasgow Outcome Scale (risk ratio, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.72-3.58; I = 81%) at greater than or equal to 6 months. Diffuse axonal injury patterns were associated with an increased risk of unfavorable Glasgow Outcome Scale (risk ratio, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.06-5.69; I = 74%). MRI scores based on lesion depth demonstrated increasing risk of unfavorable neurologic outcome as more caudal structures were affected. Most studies were at high risk of methodological bias., Conclusions: MRI following traumatic brain injury yields important prognostic information, with several lesion patterns significantly associated with long-term survival and neurologic outcome. Given the high risk of bias in the current body of literature, large well-controlled studies are necessary to better quantify the prognostic role of early MRI in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition with significant long-term mortality and morbidity. Despite current need for objective indicators to guide initial decision-making, few reliable acute phase prognostic factors have been identified. Early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been investigated as a prognostic tool, but uncertainty remains in both its discriminative predictive value and which acute phase lesion patterns correlate with long-term outcome., Methods: We will conduct a systematic review of observational cohort studies and randomized controlled trials of adult moderate or severe TBI patients who underwent MRI in the acute phase after trauma. A high sensitivity search strategy will be employed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify citations. Two reviewers will independently screen all identified references for eligibility and extract data into a standardized form. Data will be collected on study design, baseline demographics, trauma characteristics, magnetic resonance (MR) technical specifications, lesion patterns, and outcomes as related to acute MRI imaging. If meta-analysis is possible, quantitative data for each outcome will be pooled per type of lesion pattern using random effects models and expressed as Mantel-Haenszel relative risks in order to determine the prognostic value of lesions detected on acute MRI and their strength as discriminatory predictors of long-term outcome. Statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated with the I (2) statistics, and risk of bias and reporting quality will be assessed with standardized scales. Subgroup analyses are planned as a function of TBI severity, MRI-timing post-TBI, MRI field strength, MRI sequence, timing of outcome assessment, and risk of bias., Discussion: We expect significant clinical heterogeneity, as eligible studies will likely encompass different periods in evolving MRI technology in addition to significant variability of image sequence protocols and timing of acquisition between centers. Based on existing studies in TBI, we expect lesions detected in the brainstem to be of significant predictive value as MRI is particularly sensitive for imaging the brain's posterior fossa. Our systematic review will allow clinicians to more accurately interpret MRI in the context of determining prognosis for moderate and severe TBI patients and inform researchers in this domain to improve the methodology of future studies., Systematic Review Registration: Prospero CRD42015017074.