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Abstract: True leaves of Acacia koa (Gray) seedlings play a vital role in the early stages of seedling establishment, particularly in the Hawaiian archipelago where regeneration occurs under very heterogeneous light and moisture conditions. Given the importance of understanding seedling regeneration in the highly disturbed forests of Hawaii, we studied the growth, biomass allocation, physiological, and anatomical characteristics of A. koa seedlings with true leaves in response to three levels of light (low, intermediate, and high sunlight) and two levels of moisture regimes (100% field capacity, 20% field capacity) in a greenhouse experiment. With increasing light intensity, seedlings exhibited greater growth, biomass accumulation, intrinsic water-use efficiency, more foliar C, and higher stomatal density. Their leaflets were thicker, containing more palisade and spongy parenchyma. Low light intensity ameliorated drought-related effects of carbon assimilation on A. koa seedlings, while seedling growth of drought-stressed seedlings was reduced under intermediate and high sunlight. Our results suggest that true leaves of A. koa seedlings are adaptive when light is the only limiting environmental variable. The low adaptive capacity of true leaves to drought stress under high light intensity negatively affected seedling performance, which possibly explains environmental conditions under which phyllodes are likely to emerge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: Carers' satisfaction with psychiatric services related to information and advice is generally poor. This may be particularly true for services trying to meet the needs of ethnically diverse communities. It is important that services attempt to ameliorate carers' concerns as early as possible. The authors aimed to assess the impact of a brief educational and advice support service on carers of patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. METHOD: Carers of all patients identified with a first episode of psychosis in a defined psychiatric catchment area of North London were invited to participate. Following consent from patients and relatives, relatives were randomly allocated to receive (in addition to usual services) a brief intervention comprising education and advice about the disorder from a support team or to usual care from community psychiatric services. RESULTS: One hundred and six carers were recruited to the study. Take-up of the intervention was less than expected and the intervention had little impact. The authors found no differences over time between the randomized arms for relatives' satisfaction (F = 23, p = 0 .4, df = 1) or number of days spent by patients in hospital over nine months from entry to the trial (F= 1.7, p= 0.18, df = 1). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the support and advice intervention for families had little impact on their satisfaction or on patients' outcomes. However, failure to take up the intervention threatens the conclusions as the power to show an effect was reduced. Although family interventions, in general, are considered an important adjunct to the treatment of patients with chronic psychosis, there may be difficulties in providing an educational and support intervention shortly after first onset. How and when psychiatric services provide information and advice to carers of people newly diagnosed with a psychosis requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors report the case of a 31-year-old asymptomatic male who, following investigations for cardiac murmur, was found to have congenitally corrected (status solitus of the atria, left looping of the ventricles, leftward aorta in relation to the pulmonary artery [S,L,L]) transposition of the great vessels with significant right-sided ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to a large aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum. Diagnosis was made with transesophageal echocardiography and confirmed during corrective surgery. The authors review the literature with regard to aneurysms of the membranous ventricular septum and their association with congenital heart disease, and they discuss the use of noninvasive tests aiding the diagnosis.