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The Portuguese Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG), namely Food Wheel Guide, as well as the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016, advise the Portuguese population to substitute animal protein for vegetable protein. At the same time, 10,1% of the Portuguese families suffered from food insecurity issues, mainly due to lack of financial resources. This study will be the first to investigate the possibilities of associating the health impacts of different risks and benefits through a Risk-Benefit Assessment (RBA) with different methodologies that estimate the economic sustainability of substituting unprocessed red meat by legumes produced in Portugal, e.g. beans and chickpeas in the Portuguese population. An overview of the current Portuguese diet as well as a literature review of the RBA methodology was performed, with specific reference to substitution studies, as means of promoting healthy and sustainable diets. For a socio-economic analysis, relevant literature of specific authorities (FAO, EFSA, ECDC), and published studies (Public Health and Environment institutes), was evaluated and the different methodologies, such as the Willingness To Pay (WTP), behavioral economics and a cost analysis were compared amongst them as to their advantages and disadvantages. From the literature review it can be concluded that not only income or food prices are the only factors that explain food choices. However, if healthier diets are proved to be unaffordable for many people's households, especially the Portuguese families, then nutrient adequate consumption dietary patterns will not improve, even in their lowest prices form, with nutrition education and behavioral change. This way, associating a RBA with a cost analysis is a valuable approach to evaluate the health impact in relation to the cost of substituting red meat for legumes in a household, giving estimates that support policies that promote nutritious foods for all.

This report follows up on earlier ETC work on observed air pollution trends in Europe. It builds upon the Eurodelta-Trends modelling exercise (EMEP/TFMM) to attribute air quality evolution in Europe to anthropogenic emission trends, meteorological variability, and intercontinental air pollution.Modelled ozone and particulate matter (PM) trends are compared to observations. Average maps of the evolution between 1990 and 2010 are presented. The attribution analysis demonstrates that emission reductions are the primary driver of both ozone and PM changes. Boundary conditions are mainly important for ozone trends. Depending on the region and pollutant, it can sometimes have a smaller impact than interannual meteorological variability.

International audience

It is assumed that 25% of patients with epilepsy are women of fertile age and 0.3% to 0.6% of all children are born of mothers with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life on pregnant with epilepsy and compare with non-pregnant women with epilepsy. We evaluated two groups (Experimental Group - 29 pregnant women with epilepsy and Control Group - 30 women with epilepsy); they were attended at the HC/UNICAMP. The patients had three meetings to carry out and implement the anamnesis and the application of QQV-65. There were no significant differences in the measurement of quality of life when comparing both groups. However, when we analyzed individually in the pre- and post-partum periods, we observed significant differences in health aspects (p=0.0495), physical (p=0.02868) and emotional (p=0.0253) dimensions in QQV-65. This study shows that pregnancy could be interpreted as a stressor. In late pregnancy when this stressor was removed, women with epilepsy had improvement in their quality of life. Admite-se que 25% dos pacientes com epilepsia sejam mulheres em idade fértil e que 0,3% a 0,6% de todas as crianças nascidas sejam filhas de mães epilépticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida em gestantes com epilepsia e compará-la com a de mulheres com epilepsia não grávidas. Foram avaliados dois grupos (Grupo Experimental - 29 gestantes com epilepsia e Grupo Controle - 30 mulheres com epilepsia) atendidos no HC/UNICAMP. As pacientes foram submetidas a três encontros para a realização de anamnese e a aplicação do QQV-65. Não encontramos diferenças significativas na avaliação de qualidade de vida ao comparar ambos os grupos. No entanto quando avaliados individualmente no período pré e pós-natal, observamos diferenças significativas nos aspectos: saúde (p=0,0495), físico (p=0,02868) e emocional (p=0,0253) no QQV-65. Este estudo mostrou que a gravidez pode ser interpretada como um estressor. No final da gravidez, quando este estressor foi removido, mulheres com epilepsia mostraram melhora na qualidade de vida.

The current report presents the operational and editorial procedures for the Air Quality Web portal in Dakar, operated by the Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l¿Air de Dakar (CGQA). The procedure to set up the Air Quality Index (AQI) in AirQUIS is described and illustrated in Annexe A. In Annexe B a short description of how AirQUIS calculates the AQI for the different measurement station types is given, as well as the procedure CGQA has to follow to determine the AQI for the whole Dakar city to be presented daily on the Air Quality Web portal. The operational and editorial procedures for the Air Quality Web portal in Dakar have been described by Aminata Diokhane, under supervision of NILU and validated by NILU.

The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) is supporting the Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar (CETUD) in establishing a Central Laboratory with an Air Quality Management System for Dakar. This is the report of the second mission to Dakar, Senegal, 3 - 12 October 2005. The main purpose of this mission was to undertake an air pollution screening study in Dakar, to meet with relevant local experts and institutions, to discuss the air quality laboratory and personnel with DEEC and to collect further information on emissions as well as the organisation of the environmental work in Senegal.

The third mission to Dakar was undertaken from 27 February to 10 March 2005. The main activities in this mission were: - Siting study for the placement of the monitoring stations; - Stakeholders seminar and workshop; - Training workshops of the Lab expert. Alternative sites for permanent monitoring of air quality in Dakar were identified. A seminar and a stakeholders workshop took place the 6 March and 7 March, respectively. 51 institutions, identified as main stakeholders within air quality in Dakar, were invited. Of these 28 institutions (excluding the direct partners of the project) participated in the seminar and 19 in the workshop. Four days of Mission 3 were dedicated to training workshops for the experts of the Laboratory, where CETUD and DEEC were also invited to attend. Training was given in the following subjects.

NILU has carried out dispersion calculations for three different stack heights (28, 40 and 50 m) of the Fume treatment plant of a planned aluminium smelter in Reyðarfjördur. Two emission alternatives were considered: for a production of 280 000 and of 420 000 tons of aluminium per year. The maximum estimated concentrations drop drastically with an increase of the stack height from 28 to 40 m, especially near the source and under high wind speeds. NILU recommends that the FTC stack is at least 40 m high, in order to avoid trapping of the plume in the cavity zone of adjacent buildings and improve the ground level concentrations near the source. For a stack height of 40 m, the calculated maximum SO2 hourly concentration is 200 μg/m^3 for all meteorological conditions and bigger distances than 500 m from the source, considering the contribution from FTC.