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The growing importance of the influence of the media on the Catholic faithful calls for an answer to the question of to what extent the church’s activity in initiating messages of faith is subordinated to the logic and pragmatics of the media, which change the forms of the presence of religion in the lives of Catholics and the contexts in which it is positioned? As a result, it should force reflection: how to form and distribute religious messages using the tools of the media and, more generally, to manage the process of building relationships with the faithful. In this process, it is crucial to identify the factors influencing the faithful and especially the validity of existing values in their lives. The authors of this article focus on the concept of authority, identifying it in the research process conducted in Generation Z, aiming to form a conclusion as to whether it can constitute a value in the initiated media messages. The conducted study and its conclusions are considered from a Catholic perspective, referencing the importance of authority as one of the Church’s fundamental values. This value strengthens the building of a community of believers, as religious authorities, their behaviors, and views reinforce the transmitted ideas. The authority, which serves to enhance the conveyed messages, frequently appears in media transmissions. The concept of authority is explored in the theoretical section of the article.

The article addresses the issue of the level of trust in the Catholic clergy in Poland among the youngest adult Catholics. The authors formulate their conclusions on the basis of a literature review and their own extensive research conducted among young adult Catholics born after 1995 (Generation Z). The research focused on the level of trust assessed with regard to the hierarchical division of the clergy in the Catholic Church as well as scandals involving priests exposed in recent years. The performed analyses took into account the level of religious commitment of young Catholics and their attitudes towards the role of the hierarchical Church in solving their problems. The research results indicate a significant level of trust in the Pope, a slightly lower level of trust in parish priests, and a very low level of trust in bishops and the institution of the Catholic Church in general. The decisive majority of those following religious observances and declaring compliance with the moral principles in line with Church teachings maintain trust in the institution of the Church. The final conclusions point to the need to manage the trust of the faithful as beneficiaries and clients of religious organisations such as the Church.

This paper discusses findings of studies concerning religious attitudes of Polish Catholics belonging to the so-called Generation Z, i.e., people born during the digital revolution. The authors present religious attitudes of Generation Z representatives against the background of other European states relating to religious practices and opinions concerning the acceptability of abortion, euthanasia, divorce, contraceptives and other conduct not consistent with the Catholic Church teachings. The findings prove that even though the Polish society, including those of Generation Z, is distinguishable from European countries with its high percentage of people engaging in religious practices, the observed trends and the dominance of attitudes contrary to the teachings of the Catholic Church indicate the possibility of maintaining a downward trend in the number of Catholics in Poland.

The concept of open innovations has enjoyed significant popularity among both researchers and management practitioners for two decades, as evidenced by numerous research papers and case studies. The progressive development of the concept also applies to the tourism industry, which, faced with problems and changing expectations of tourists, needs to implement innovative solutions not only at the enterprise level, but taking into account all stakeholders of the tourist destination. The purpose of the article is to identify the opinions of tourism experts towards the prospect of knowledge sharing in open innovations and the differences in approaches to this issue. The results of the research are discussed in two comparative dimensions, dividing the experts into representatives of a specific tourist destination (Prague and Cracow) and representatives of the public and private sectors. Experts from two similar tourist destinations differ in their opinions, both in terms of the way they approach the implementation of the concept of open innovations in the city, as well as the scope of application of the implemented innovations. On the other hand, the differences in opinions of representatives representing the public and private sectors of the tourism industry coincide – although they do not resolve whether it should be a bottom-up or top-down initiative, they unequivocally indicate that the implementation of open innovations should involve all stakeholders in a tourism destination. The authors also put forward a proposal to create innovation exchange centers as part of the activities of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs), supported by the local administration of the tourist destination.

ABSTRACT: The global events of the third decade of the 21st century prove that the specter of humanitarian problems caused by health and military crises is real, and even very probable. Contemporary tourist entities, however, are not doomed only to a destructive reaction, but can also assume a significant social role for humanitarian aid. The aim of this article is to assess the changes taking place in the business models of spa services companies in the context of crisis situations caused by organizational changes and the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted in 2018 and 2020, based on in-depth interviews as part of the generic contingency principle (GCP) methodology. In the course of the research, it was found that business models are not a frequently used management tool in spa enterprises. Based on the findings, a business model for spa businesses was created, followed by a more sustainable version, that can be shared in the form of open innovation. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic during the project, further research was done on spa enterprises regarding the use of the spa infrastructure for supporting the health system during epidemic threats.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the way tourism activities are conducted. Restrictions on moving from place to place have likely limited the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus but have also led to economic crisis in many countries around the world. In this article, we assessed the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the activities of cultural heritage tourism sites in Europe. Scientific research was carried out in industrial heritage tourism sites associated with the European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH). Analysis of the literature and the results of our own research indicated a strong impact of the pandemic on the examined sites, expressed in the limitation of the operating time of the sites, a decrease in the number of tourists attended to, and a decrease in revenues. No significant reduction in employment was noticed. These sites were not generally used in preventive actions during the health crisis. Only some managers took an active part in supporting emergency services in a difficult situation. We concluded that taking up innovative functions by tourism enterprises should be open innovation.

Global changes around the world have demanded various transformations, including in the area of higher education. The aim of academic education is no longer to prepare people to work in particular occupations, but to create the appropriate abilities which are useful in the labor market. This kind of education must embody a multi-aspect character, because it prepares people for life-long learning. Therefore, when creating a “learning society”, one should make an effort to think of axiological dimension of scientific-technical advance. One ought to take into account the human elements of education, especially ethical issues. Practice shows that human relationships bereft of a transcendent and ethical dimension, and which focus only on financial, economic goods, on profit, the market and competition, do not bring anyone happiness. Hence there is an enormous demand in the academic community for ethical reflection, thanks to which, man is not only improved in the anthropological dimension, but also in the socio-economic aspect.

Lately, the subject of responsibility has gained importance in the context of the economic crisis. In economy, it took the form of social responsibility. It concerns activities additionally undertaken by organizations in order to establish correct relations with their employees and society, as well as with regard to the natural environment. Therefore, a very important role is played by the ethos of the undertaken socially responsible actions. To a large extent, it is reflected in the ethical dimension. Thus, in enterprises, codes of ethics have become a base of axiology in the building of the organizational cultures. Unfortunately, Polish companies—as shown in the paper—still attach a lesser role to the ethical dimension of business.