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The marine foraminiferal isotope record displays a positive [[sigma].sup.18]O shift early in the Oligocene, which has been identified as the onset of the Antarctic Oi-1 glaciation. Reported here are the first oxygen isotope-derived summer paleotemperatures for continental freshwater in the Northern Hemisphere (Hampshire Basin, Isle of Wight, UK) leading up to and across this event. These paleotemperatures are derived from multiple paleoproxies (rodent tooth enamel, gastropod shells, charophyte gyrogonites, and fish otoliths) and are independent of freshwater evaporation effects and changes in ice volume. We conclude that a fluctuating mesothermal climate existed, but that there was no significant decrease in summer temperatures across the Oi-1 glaciation. This result is concordant with several other studies in suggesting that the majority of the isotopic shift in the marine realm across the Oi-1 glaciation is linked to changes in Antarctic ice volume and not to global temperature change. Our new approach has allowed us to derive numerical values for summer temperatures as well as to reconstruct relative temperature change across this key interval of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Keywords: Eocene-Oligocene transition, stable isotopes, teeth, mammals.

[1] The west Texas segment of the Grenville orogen includes an oblique, dextral, transpressive zone. The orogen exposed near Van Horn, Texas, displays a transition from the mid-amphibolite-facies metamorphic core to a foreland fold and thrust belt. In this paper, detailed structural mapping and analyses, presented for key exposures of the metamorphic rocks, the Mesoproterozoic Carrizo Mountain Group, show a southeastward increase in number of deformational phases and intensity of deformation. The central portion is dominated by oblique northwest convergence, which produced two phases of northwest verging folds and synchronous, oblique reverse and dextral shearing. The thick parts of pre-tectonic mafic plutons, which had been emplaced as locally discordant sills, control the spatial distribution of structures. Two dominant phases of folds form Type 0 interference patterns (essentially coaxial and coplanar; i.e., fold tightening was dominant). This central belt also contains en echelon reverse to oblique shear zones and comprises a transfer zone within the orogen between structurally higher and lower major shear zones. Overall, the mapped part of the central Carrizo Mountains represents localized dextral transpression within a larger region dominated by reverse motion, possibly indicating a change through time from orthogonal to oblique contraction. Further south in the Bass Canyon region, the earlier fold generations are refolded into Type 2 ('mushroom') interference patterns. These structures show a westward vergence and are kinematically linked to those further north across a zone ofdisharmonic folding and heterogeneous shear. The structure and kinematics of the polyphase deformation and ductile shearing in the metamorphic portion of the orogen is compatible with that seen in the foreland fold-thrust belt, suggesting that in both foreland and hinterland, transpression was a characteristic feature of the west Texas Grenville orogeny. The timing and kinematics of deformation in the Van Horn exposures contrasts with that seen in the Llano uplift, but compares favorably with those of the Natal belt, South Africa, a relationship with implications for recently proposed reconstructions of Rodinia. INDEX TERMS: 8102 Tectonophysics: Continental contractional orogenic belts; 8159 Tectonophysics: Evolution of the Earth: Rheology--crust and lithosphere; 8005 Structural Geology: Folds and folding; 9619 Information Related to Geologic Time: Precambrian; KEYWORDS: Grenville, Texas, transpression, Precambrian, Carrizo, Van Horn.

• MAS-1 adjuvant with 9 µg per hemagglutinin in 0.3 mL was safe and immunogenic in the elderly. • Antibodies to adjuvanted vaccine peaked by 85 days and were durable at 169 days. • Responses to adjuvanted vaccine appeared better than high dose influenza vaccine. • Adjuvanted vaccine induced seroresponses to non-study vaccine strains. • Late injection site reactions occurred with adjuvanted vaccine 0.5 mL dose volume. Increased influenza vaccine efficacy is needed in the elderly at high-risk for morbidity and mortality due to influenza infection. Adjuvants may allow hemagglutinin (HA) dose-sparing with enhanced immunogenicity. MAS-1 is an investigational water-in-oil emulsion-based adjuvant/delivery system comprised of stable nanoglobular aqueous droplets. A phase 1, randomized, double-blind, safety and immunogenicity, adjuvant dose escalation trial was conducted in persons aged 65 years and older. MAS-1 adjuvant dose volumes at 0.3 mL or 0.5 mL containing 9 µg per HA derived from licensed seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (IIV, Fluzone HD 60 µg per HA, Sanofi Pasteur) were compared to high dose (HD) IIV (Fluzone HD). Safety was measured by reactogenicity, adverse events, and safety laboratory measures. Immunogenicity was assessed by serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers. Forty-five subjects, aged 65–83 years, were randomly assigned to receive 9 µg per HA in 0.3 mL MAS-1 (15 subjects) or HD IIV (15 subjects) followed by groups randomly assigned to receive 9 µg per HA in 0.5 mL MAS-1 (10 subjects) or HD IIV (5 subjects). Injection site tenderness, induration, and pain, and headache, myalgia, malaise and fatigue were common, resolving before day 14 post-vaccination. Clinically significant late-onset injection site reactions occurred in four of ten subjects at the 0.5 mL adjuvant dose. Safety laboratory measures were within acceptable limits. MAS-1-adjuvanted IIV enhanced mean antibody titers, mean-fold increases in antibody titer, and seroconversion rates against vaccine strains for at least 168 days post-vaccination and enhanced cross-reactive antibodies against some non-study vaccine influenza viruses. MAS-1 adjuvant provided HA dose-sparing without safety concerns at the 0.3 mL dose, but the 0.5 mL dose caused late injection site reactions. MAS-1-adjuvanted IIV induced higher HAI antibody responses with prolonged durability including against historical strains, thereby providing greater potential vaccine efficacy in the elderly throughout an influenza season. Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02500680. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MAS-1 water-in-oil adjuvant with reduced doses of hemagglutinin (HA) was evaluated. • HA + MAS-1 was safe and more immunogenic than standard dose unadjuvanted vaccine. • Antibody responses were maintained up to 6 months with adjuvanted vaccine. • Antibodies to some non-study vaccine strains were higher in adjuvanted vaccine groups. • MAS-1 adjuvant offered HA dose-sparing effects and durable immunity in young adults. New influenza vaccines are needed to increase vaccine efficacy. Adjuvants may allow hemagglutinin (HA) dose-sparing with enhanced immunogenicity. MAS-1 is an investigational low viscosity, free-flowing, water-in-oil emulsion-based adjuvant/delivery system comprised of stable nanoglobular aqueous droplets. A phase 1, double-blind, safety and immunogenicity, HA dose escalation, randomized clinical trial was conducted. MAS-1 adjuvant with 1, 3, 5 or 9 µg per HA derived from licensed seasonal trivalent high dose inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV, Fluzone HD 60 µg per HA) in a 0.3 mL dose were compared to standard dose IIV (Fluzone SD, 15 µg per HA). Safety was measured by reactogenicity, adverse events, and clinical laboratory tests. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers were measured for immunogenicity. Seventy-two subjects, aged 18–47 years, received one dose of either 0.3 mL adjuvanted vaccine or SD IIV intramuscularly. Common injection site and systemic reactions post-vaccination were mild tenderness, induration, pain, headache, myalgia, malaise and fatigue. All reactions resolved within 14 days post-vaccination. Safety laboratory measures were not different between groups. Geometric mean antibody titers, geometric mean fold increases in antibody titer, seroconversion rates and seroprotection rates against vaccine strains were in general higher and of longer duration (day 85 and 169 visits) with MAS-1-adjuvanted IIV at all doses of HA compared with SD IIV. Adjuvanted vaccine induced higher antibody responses against a limited number of non-study vaccine influenza B and A/H3N2 viruses including ones from subsequent years. MAS-1 adjuvant in a 0.3 mL dose volume provided HA dose-sparing effects without safety concerns and induced higher HAI antibody and seroconversion responses through at least 6 months, demonstrating potential to provide greater vaccine efficacy throughout an influenza season in younger adults. In summary, MAS-1 may provide enhanced, more durable and broader protective immunity compared with non-adjuvanted SD IIV. Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02500680. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variscan shear zones in the Armorican Massif represent sites of strong fluid‐rock interaction. The hydrogen isotope composition of muscovite (δDMs) from syntectonic leucogranite allows to determine the source of fluids that infiltrated the footwall of three detachment zones and the South Armorican Shear Zone. Using temperatures of hydrogen isotope exchange estimated from microstructural data, we calculate the hydrogen isotope ratios of water (δDwater) present within the shear zones during high‐temperature deformation. A ~40‰ difference in δDwater values from deep to shallow crustal level reveals a mixing relationship between deep crustal fluids with higher δD values that range from −34 to −33‰, and meteoric fluids with δD values as low as −74‰ in the upper part of detachment footwalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of the Earth system to greenhousegas- driven warming is of critical importance for the future trajectory of our planetary environment. Hyperthermal events - past climate transients with global-scale warming significantly above background climate variability - can provide insights into the nature and magnitude of these responses. The largest hyperthermal of the Cenozoic was the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM ~56 Ma). Here we present new high-resolution bulk sediment stable isotope and major element data for the classic PETM section at Zumaia, Spain. With these data we provide a new detailed stratigraphic correlation to other key deep-ocean and terrestrial PETM reference sections. With this new correlation and age model we are able to demonstrate that detrital sediment accumulation rates within the Zumaia continental margin section increased more than 4-fold during the PETM, representing a radical change in regional hydrology that drove dramatic increases in terrestrial-to-marine sediment flux. Most remarkable is that detrital accumulation rates remain high throughout the body of the PETM, and even reach peak values during the recovery phase of the characteristic PETM carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Using a series of Earth system model inversions, driven by the new Zumaia carbon isotope record, we demonstrate that the silicate weathering feedback alone is insufficient to recover the PETM CIE, and that active organic carbon burial is required to match the observed dynamics of the CIE. Further, we demonstrate that the period of maximum organic carbon sequestration coincides with the peak in detrital accumulation rates observed at Zumaia. Based on these results, we hypothesise that orbitalscale variations in subtropical hydro-climates, and their subsequent impact on sediment dynamics, may contribute to the rapid climate and CIE recovery from peak-PETM conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of the Earth System to greenhouse-gas driven warming is of critical importance for the future trajectory of our planetary environment. Hypethermal events - past climate transients with significant global-scale warming - can provide insights into the nature and magnitude of these responses. The largest hyperthermal of the Cenozoic was the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM ~ 56 Ma). Here we present a new high-resolution cyclostratigraphy for the classic PETM section at Zumaia, Spain. With this new age model we are able to demonstrate that detrital sediment accumulation rates within this continental margin section increased more than four-fold during the PETM, representing a radical change in regional hydrology that drove dramatic increases in terrestrial to marine sediment flux. During the body of the PETM, orbital-scale variations in bulk sediment Si/Fe ratios are evidence for the continued orbital pacing of sediment erosion and transport processes, most likely linked to precession controls on sub-tropical hydroclimates. Most remarkable is that detrital accumulation rates remain high throughout the body of the PETM, and even reach peak values during the recovery phase of the characteristic PETM carbon isotope excursion (CIE). Using a series of Earth System Model inversions, we demonstrate that the silicate weathering feedback alone is insufficient to recover the PETM CIE, and that active organic carbon burial is required to match the observed dynamics of the CIE. Further, that the period of maximum organic carbon sequestration coincides with the peak in detrital accumulation rates observed at Zumaia. Based on these results, we hypothesize that precession controls on tropical and sub-tropical hydroclimates, and the sediment dynamics associated with this variation, play a significant role in the timing of the rapid climate and CIE recovery from peak-PETM conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]