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Background Fish telemetry using electronic transmitter or data storage tags has become a common method for studying free-swimming fish both in the wild and in aquaculture. However, fish used in telemetry studies must be handled, anaesthetised and often subjected to surgical procedures to be equipped with tags, processes that will shift the fish from their normal physiological and behavioural states. In many projects, information is needed on when the fish has recovered after handling and tagging so that only the data recorded after the fish has fully recovered are used in analyses. We aimed to establish recovery times of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after an intraperitoneal tagging procedure featuring handling, anaesthesia and surgery. Results Based on ECG and accelerometer data collected with telemetry from nine individual Atlantic salmon during the first period after tagging, we found that heart rate was initially elevated in all fish and that it took an average of ≈ 4 days and a maximum of 6 days for heart rate to return to an assumed baseline level. One activity tag showed no consistent decline in activity, and two others did not show strong evidence of complete recovery by the end of the experiment: baseline levels of the remaining tags were on average reached after ≈ 3.3 days. Conclusion Our findings showed that the Atlantic salmon used in this study required an average of ≈ 4 days, with a maximum interval of 6 days, of recovery after tagging before tag data could be considered valid. Moreover, the differences between recovery times for heart rate and activity imply that recovery time recommendations should be developed based on a combination of indicators and not just on e.g. behavioural observations. © The Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Both percussive and electrical stunning have been highlighted as methods that can be used to quickly render fish unconscious before being killed. However, accurately assessing unconsciousness in animals following stunning remains challenging, and thus methods for reliable interpretation and validation of different stunning methods are urgently needed. Here, we used a non-invasive technique to continuously record electroencephalograms (EEG) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) enabling us to compare the effects of both percussive stunning, using a captive bolt gun, and various combinations of electrical stun parameters delivered in water. The EEG signals were assessed for the absence or presence of an epileptic-like seizure and for visually evoked responses (VERs). No epileptic-like seizures or VERs were observed after captive bolt stunning. We found that it is possible to reliably induce an epileptic-like seizure and an immediate, but short lasting, loss of VERs following a 1 s exposure to an electrical field strength of at least 2.8 V-RMS cm(-1) and current density of 0.22 A(RMS) dm(-2) in water of conductivity of similar to 1000 mu S cm(-1) using a 50 Hz AC current. However, to avoid recovery of VERs shortly after the stun, it was necessary to increase the duration of the stun application (>= 30 s), the electrical field strength (10.2 V-RMS cm(-1)) and the current density (0.84 A(RMS) dm(-2) respectively). We found no clear relationship between presence and absence of ventilation and VERs following electrical stunning in rainbow trout, highlighting that loss of ventilation may not be a good indicator of brain failure in rainbow trout. Our results clearly show that the presence of an epileptic-like seizure following an electrical stun does not guarantee a prolonged period where the fish is unresponsive to visual stimulation (i.e. absence of VERs). It was further found that VERs can return before the end of the seizure. As both presence of a seizure and absence of VERs have been used independently as indicators of unconsciousness in fish, we emphasize the necessity to carefully consider and evaluate the reliability of neurophysiological indicators of unconsciousness when validating methods to stun fish.

Few studies have addressed how reduced water salinity affects cardiovascular and metabolic function in marine euryhaline fishes, despite its relevance for predicting impacts of natural salinity variations and ongoing climate change on marine fish populations. Here, shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) were subjected to different durations of reduced water salinity from 33 to 15 ppt. Routine metabolic rate decreased after short-term acclimation (4–9 days) to 15 ppt, which corresponded with similar reductions in cardiac output. Likewise, standard metabolic rate decreased after acute transition (3 h) from 33 to 15 ppt, suggesting a reduced energetic cost of osmoregulation at 15 ppt. Interestingly, gut blood flow remained unchanged across salinities, which contrasts with previous findings in freshwater euryhaline teleosts (e.g., rainbow trout) exposed to different salinities. Although plasma osmolality, [Na+], [Cl−] and [Ca2+] decreased in 15 ppt, there were no signs of cellular osmotic stress as plasma [K+], [hemoglobin] and hematocrit remained unchanged. Taken together, our data suggest that shorthorn sculpin are relatively weak plasma osmoregulators that apply a strategy whereby epithelial ion transport mechanisms are partially maintained across salinities, while plasma composition is allowed to fluctuate within certain ranges. This may have energetic benefits in environments where salinity naturally fluctuates, and could provide shorthorn sculpin with competitive advantages if salinity fluctuations intensify with climate change in the future.

We investigated the relationship between telemetry measurements of heart rate and swimming activity and the physiological status in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to assess the potential to use telemetry measurements as proxies for stress. Sensor tags measuring heart rate and swimming activity were surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of Atlantic salmon individuals kept in tanks. Four tanks were stocked with three tagged fish and four untagged cohabitants, while two additional tanks containing 16 untagged fish were used as reference groups. Following surgery, tagged fish were kept undisturbed for 14 days as acclimation period. All fish were then subjected to physical stress by reducing the tank water level in 4 consecutive rounds, after which they were left undisturbed for another ten days before the experiment ended. Plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate and osmolality were measured to assess stress levels from fish in the reference groups before and after being subjected to stressing and from all fish at the end of the experiment. Both heart rate and swimming activity rose after the stress treatment, remaining elevated for 24.5 and 16.2 Hrs respectively. Glucose, plasma cortisol, lactate and osmolality levels were significantly greater when measured immediately after stress. Results from the experiment indicate that heart rate and swimming activity can be used as proxies for fish stress, thus opening the possibility for on-line stress monitoring in full scale production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735804 Available online 09 August 2020 0044-8486/ © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

I Sverige produceras cirka 11 100 ton matfisk per år, varav ungefär 89 % regnbåge, 11 % fjällröding och en mycket liten andel övrig fisk. Huvuddelen av den svenska matfiskproduktionen sker i s.k. kassodling d.v.s. flytande nätkassar. Bedövning, strupskärning och avblodning sker som regel på den plats där fisken hållits. Majoriteten av all matfisk från svenska producenter bedövas med koldioxid medan en dryg tredjedel bedövas med elektricitet, räknat per vikt. Endast en mindre del bedövas mekaniskt, även om manuell klubbning är en vanlig metod i småskalig produktion. Bedövning med kemiska metoder, eller med nedkylning, förekommer sannolikt inte. Bedövningsmetoden sammanhänger i viss mån med andra steg i slaktprocessen som då också behöver beaktas vid jämförelse av olika bedövningsmetoder. Samhällets ökande krav på god djurvälfärd gäller även fiskproduktion och näringen försöker möta dessa krav. Fiskar är en heterogen grupp och det går inte att definiera välfärdskriterier generellt utan dessa måste vara artspecifika. Ny teknik gör det dock möjligt att studera välfärdsfaktorer även hos fisk och under alla delar av uppfödningen, inklusive slaktprocessen. Detta kan leda fram till artspecifika rekommendationer och på sikt öka välfärden för odlad fisk. Synliga indikatorer på medvetande, såsom beteendemässiga reaktioner, kan användas för att under praktiska förhållanden avgöra om en bedövning har misslyckats, men avsaknaden av sådana reaktioner är inte bevis på att fisken är medvetslös. I brist på vetenskapligt utvärderade och praktiskt tillämpbara indikatorer för att med säkerhet avgöra att en bedövning har lyckats, att fisken är medvetslös, krävs i dagsläget mätningar av hjärnaktivitet, vilket hittills endast har kunnat utföras under försöksmässiga betingelser. Det saknas studier som visar att gas är lämplig för bedövning av laxfiskar och sådan bedövning bör därför tills vidare undvikas. Induktionstiden är alltid flera minuter lång. Koldioxidexponering orsakar kramper, flyktbeteende och fysiologisk stress hos laxfiskar, oavsett koncentration och kombination med andra gaser. Placering i kar med vattenlösning av koldioxid är därför inte en etiskt acceptabel metod för bedövning eller avlivning. Trots detta bedövas majoriteten av all svenskproducerad matfisk med koldioxid. Information om hur exponering för kvävgas och kolmonoxid påverkar fiskarna är knapphändig och motstridande. Dessutom är det oklart hur gasbedövning med kvävgas och kolmonoxid påverkar medvetandet hos fisk, varför det inte går att avgöra om gaserna har potential att ge en effektiv bedövning eller ej. Fler studier av hur kvävgas och kolmonoxid påverkar fiskarnas välfärd fordras innan lämpligheten hos någon av dessa gaser kan bedömas. Kolmonoxid är också farlig för de personer som hanterar gasen och är därför olämplig ur ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv. Baserat på de få mätningar av medvetande som gjorts i samband elektrisk bedövning av fisk kan den inte rekommenderas som ensam bedövnings- eller avlivningsmetod om man samtidigt vill bibehålla en hög köttkvalitet, vilket är relevant om produkten ska säljas. Trots detta bedövas drygt en tredjedel av all svenskproducerad matfisk med enbart elektricitet. Däremot kan elektricitet eventuellt användas för att kortvarigt förbedöva fisken så att den blir mer hanterbar under efterföljande bedövning och avlivning. Det förutsätter dock att elbehandlingen sker på ett sätt så att inte köttkvaliteten försämras. Mekanisk bedövning är en av de få nu använda bedövningsmetoderna för fisk (dock ej i bruk vid storskalig kommersiell slakt av laxfisk i Sverige) som genererar omedelbar och irreversibel medvetslöshet. För att lyckas med bedövningen behövs kunskap om fiskens anatomi och att kraften i slaget är tillräckligt stor. Eventuellt kan större precision erhållas genom att använda en handhållen tryckluftspistol eller automatiserad slagmaskin, jämfört med en manuell klubba. För att underlätta hanteringen, maximera slagprecisionen och minimera fiskarnas stress inför bedövning skulle dessutom möjligen förbehandling med ett lugnande kemiskt bedövningsmedel kunna användas. Nejlikolja och dess aktiva komponenter euginol och isoeuginol tycks kunna sänka fiskens stressnivå. Informationen om hur dessa substanser kan användas i fiskuppfödning är knapphändig och ibland motsägelsefull. Det saknas kunskap om huruvida de faktiskt inducerar medvetslöshet, liksom hur de skulle kunna användas för att reducera fiskens stress. Det saknas också information om hur vattentemperaturen påverkar substansens effektivitet. Den vetenskapliga litteraturen är mycket sparsam när det gäller bedövningsmetodernas påverkan ur ett hållbarhets- och konkurrensperspektiv. Den samlade kunskapen är för liten för att tydliga slutsatser ska kunna dras. Möjligen skulle de lokala förutsättningarna för en relativt småskalig svensk fiskproduktion kunna skapa konkurrensfördelar på den internationella marknaden, om en djurvälfärdsmässigt acceptabel bedövning i samband med slakt kan uppnås utan alltför stora investeringar i utrustning och kompetens, samt om mervärdena från en sådan produktion kan realiseras genom påverkan på efterfrågan eller betalningsviljan. Dessa effekter har dock inte studerats vetenskapligt. Utveckling av bedövningsmetoder som kan bidra till en hållbar och konkurrenskraftig svensk matfiskproduktion kräver sannolikt samarbete mellan forskare och fiskproducenter.

Common slaughter procedures for African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) include asphyxiation, ice chilling and exsanguination, which may all cause substantial suffering over prolonged periods of time before death. Therefore, comprehensive evaluations of potentially more humane slaughter procedures for this species are urgently needed. Here, we use a non-invasive electroencephalographic (EEG) method to assess the state of sensibility in African sharptooth catfish in response to various stunning methods (e.g. ice chilling, electrical stunning, electrical stunning followed by exsanguination, percussive stunning, and immersion in isoeugenol). Based on the abolition of visually evoked responses (VERs) on the EEG, ice slurry immersion induced insensibility between 2.6 and 7.6 min, during which catfish exhibited aversive behaviours. Once VERs were lost, they remained absent so long as catfish remained immersed in the ice slurry. Electrical stunning (i.e. exposure to similar to 1.7 A dm(-2) at a water conductivity of similar to 997 mu S cm(-1)) induced insensibility immediately but not irreversibly. Depending on the duration of the stun (i.e. from 1 to 10 s), catfish either regained VERs immediately or within 4.9 min after the completion of the electrical insult. However, when a 10 s electrical stun was immediately followed by exsanguination and immersion in an ice slurry, the duration of insensibility was sufficient to humanely kill catfish. When administered correctly, manual percussive stunning with a fish priest induced insensibility immediately and irreversibly. However, 36% of catfish regained VERs, which is likely explained by the difficulty associated with administering an accurate manual percussive stun of sufficient force on a live and struggling catfish. Catfish appeared to be sedated following immersion in isoeugenol (i.e. catfish were calm and easy to handle), yet VERs remained present at doses exceeding that recommended for euthanasia in salmonids, which indicates that this substance may not be suitable for stunning catfish. However, the potential for using isoeugenol as a pre-stunning sedative for improving handleability and reducing handling stress of this species warrants further investigation. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that when singularly administered, none of the abovementioned stunning methods could reliably induce insensibility immediately and/or irreversibly without welfare implications. Yet, our findings indicate that these shortcomings can be resolved by using a combination of methods. This could include an electrical or percussive stun to immediately induce insensibility that should be immediately followed by exsanguination and immersion in an ice slurry to maintain insensibility until death.

Small-scale fisheries face problems with declining fish stocks in poor condition, increasing interactions with seals and cormorants and partly non-efficient distribution systems, resulting in low profitability. One potential method to increase the value of their catch is rear the fish in farms until fish reach a size that render a higher price. This may not only provide a higher value of each animal but also a steadier supply of fish to consumers and retailers. In addition, by-catch of unwanted species may be used as feed ingredient to the farmed fish. This will not only cut the costs for the feed but is also a more sustainable alternative as it will both make use of by-catches that otherwise is discarded, and recirculate nutrients on a regional scale instead of importing new nutrients. Farming of wild caught fish and shellfish (grow-out or capture-based aquaculture) constitute a large part of aquaculture on a global scale. Except for eel is this type of aquaculture still limited in Sweden and Europe, with relatively little development. Here we make an overview of species that could be interesting for farming of wild caught fish, and identify benefits and challenges. The species we find most suitable for further development are cod, perch, whitefish, pike and pikeperch for which we can identify evident benefits of farming. In common for all these species is the need for an efficient feed system to ensure early and rapid weight gain and minimizing initial mortality. We speculate that a feed based on insect larvae could be one way to improve the feeding system for several species of wild caught fish. However, there are ethical and welfare issues related to farming wild born fish. As wild caught fish are not domesticated for life in captivity they can suffer from distress and increased susceptibility and transmissions of disease. Safeguarding the health and welfare of fish in capture-based aquaculture is a key to making it economically feasible, as an increased value for the end-consumers is necessary to compensate the fishermen for the additional costs associated with farming of wild caught fish. In addition, removal of wild fish may also impede natural stock size and recruitment of the natural stocks. Although our aim is to develop a farming system where local by-catches is used as a feed ingredient, local eutrophication effects and water pollutions (feed and fish residues) can cause degradation of local water quality. In conclusion, we find potential for farming of wild caught fish with local-by-catches as a feed ingredient. To be economically feasible there is a need for developing feeding systems, investigate stress responses and ethical and sustainability aspects important for marketing of such products.

European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) is an aquaculture species with the potential for expanded cultivation in the fresh and brackish waters of Northern Europe. Yet, relatively little species-specific information is available regarding the stress responses and associated welfare implications for this species in captivity. We addressed this knowledge gap by using a combination of implantable heart rate bio-loggers and a range of traditional stress indicators (e.g. haematological parameters and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and ions) to comprehensively evaluate the physiological responses of freely swimming whitefish in captivity, as well as when subjected to aquaculture practices and stressors that commonly occur prior to and during slaughter. Whitefish appeared to recover rapidly from surgery, as resting heart rate decreased within 36 h to stabilize at similar to 25 beats min(-1) for the next 18 days when fish were left relatively undisturbed (i.e. personnel were only present when feeding fish). In contrast with previous studies on farmed rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, whitefish did not exhibit a clear circadian heart rate rhythm, which may be related to species-specific differences in diurnal locomotor activity. Whitefish also appear to have a well-developed capacity for thermal acclimation of heart rate, as daily resting heart rate did not change during the undisturbed period despite an increase in body temperature from similar to 6.8 to 11.2 degrees C. Following acute stressors such as crowding and transportation, the physiological response of whitefish typically involved transient elevations in heart rate, plasma cortisol and glucose, and red blood cell swelling, while plasma [K+] decreased. In contrast, the heart rate of whitefish plummeted following the combination of brailing (i.e. to haul in fish with a brail/net) and CO2 exposure prior to slaughter, while plasma cortisol, glucose and [Ca2+] significantly increased. An unforeseen finding concerns the substantial and long-lasting physiological stress response observed in whitefish when held in close proximity (i.e. within similar to 10 m) to a rainbow trout net pen, as the mean heart rate of whitefish increased from similar to 32 to 43 beats min(-1) (i.e. an increase of similar to 34%). This may represent an innate physiological response to the threat of predation, which consequently increases the allostatic load and energetic expenditure of whitefish when farmed alongside salmonids. To conclude, this study highlights the importance of performing long-term, species-specific evaluations of freely swimming fish in real aquaculture settings, and provides a platform for further research aiming to determine the welfare implications of simultaneously farming predatory and prey species in close proximity.

This thesis investigates the possibility of utilizing data from multiple modalities to enable an automated recycling system to separate ferrous from non-ferrous debris. The two methods sensor fusion and hallucinogenic sensor fusion were implemented in a four-step approach of deep CNNs. Sensor fusion implies that multiple modalities are run simultaneously during the operation of the system.The individual outputs are further fused, and the joint performance expects to be superior to having only one of the sensors. In hallucinogenic sensor fusion, the goal is to achieve the benefits of sensor fusion in respect to cost and complexity even when one of the modalities is reduced from the system. This is achieved by leveraging data from a more complex modality onto a simpler one in a student/teacher approach. As a result, the teacher modality will train the student sensor to hallucinate features beyond its visual spectra. Based on the results of a performed prestudy involving multiple types of modalities, a hyperspectral sensor was deployed as the teacher to complement a simple RGB camera. Three studies involving differently composed datasets were further conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. The results show that the joint performance of a hyperspectral sensor and an RGB camera is superior to both individual dispatches. It can also be concluded that training a network with hyperspectral images can improve the classification accuracy when operating with only RGB data. However, the addition of a hyperspectral sensor might be considered as superfluous as this report shows that the standardized shapes of industrial debris enable a single RGB to achieve an accuracy above 90%. The material used in this thesis can also be concluded to be suboptimal for hyperspectral analysis. Compared to the vegetation scenes, only a limited amount of additional data could be obtained by including wavelengths besides the ones representing red, green and blue.

It is well known that fish can learn to avoid angling gear after experiencing a catch‐and‐release event, that is, after a private hooking experience. However, the possible importance of social information cues and their influence on an individual's vulnerability to angling remains largely unexplored, that is, social experience of a conspecific capture. The effects of private and social experience of hooking on the stress response of fish and subsequent catch rates were examined. Hatchery‐reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were implanted with heart rate loggers and experimentally subjected to private or social experience of hooking. Private and social experience of angling induced an increased heart rate in fish compared with naïve control fish. While private experience of hooking explained most of the reduced vulnerability to capture, no clear evidence was found that social experience of hooking affected angling vulnerability in fish that had never been hooked before. While both private and social experiences of angling constitute significant physiological stressors for rainbow trout, only the private experience reduces an individual's vulnerability to angling and in turn affecting population‐level catchability.

This thesis evaluates if and how drug name recognition can be used to find drug names in verbatims from reports on concomitant medication in clinical trial studies. In clinical trials, reports on concomitant medication are written if a trial participant takes other drugs than the studied drug. This information needs to be coded to a drug reference dictionary. Coded verbatims were used to create the data needed to train the drug name recognition models in this thesis. Labels for where in each verbatim the coded drugs name was, were created using a Levensthein distance. The drug name recognition models were trained and tested on verbatims with labels. Drug name recognition was performed using a logistic regression model and a bidirectional long short-term memory model. The bidirectional long short-term memory model performed the best result with an F1 score of 82.5% on classifying which words in the verbatims that were drug names. When the results were studied from case to case, they showed that the bidirectional long short-term memory classifications sometimes outperformed labels it was trained on in single word verbatims. The model was also tested on manually labelled golden standard data where it performed an F1-score of 46.4%. The results indicate that a bidirectional long short-term memory model can be implemented for drug name recognition, but that label reliability is an issue in this thesis.