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Cristina Bermejo Boixareu,1,* Cristina Ojeda-Thies,2,* Ainhoa Guijarro Valtueña,3 Bernardo Abel Cedeño Veloz,4 María Gonzalo Lázaro,4 Laura Navarro Castellanos,5 Rocío Queipo Matas,5,6 Paloma Gómez Campelo,5 Ana Royuela Vicente,7 Juan Ignacio González-Montalvo,5,8 Pilar Sáez-López5,9,10 1Geriatrics Department, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 2Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 3Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 4Geriatrics Department, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; 5La Paz Institute for Health Research - IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 6European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 7Biostatistics Unit, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; 8Geriatrics Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 9Geriatrics Department, Fundación Alcorcón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 10Spanish National Hip Fracture Registry, Madrid, Spain*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cristina Bermejo Boixareu, Head of Geriatrics Department, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, 28224, Spain, Email Cristina_bermejo@hotmail.com

Cristina Bermejo Boixareu,1,&ast; Cristina Ojeda-Thies,2,&ast; Ainhoa Guijarro Valtueña,3 Bernardo Abel Cedeño Veloz,4 María Gonzalo Lázaro,4 Laura Navarro Castellanos,5 Rocío Queipo Matas,5,6 Paloma Gómez Campelo,5 Ana Royuela Vicente,7 Juan Ignacio González-Montalvo,5,8 Pilar Sáez-López5,9,10 1Geriatrics Department, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 2Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 3Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 4Geriatrics Department, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; 5La Paz Institute for Health Research - IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 6European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; 7Biostatistics Unit, Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, IDIPHISA, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; 8Geriatrics Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 9Geriatrics Department, Fundación Alcorcón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 10Spanish National Hip Fracture Registry, Madrid, Spain&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cristina Bermejo Boixareu, Geriatrics Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain, Email cristina_bermejo@hotmail.comObjective: The primary objective was to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of centenarians with fragility hip fracture and compare them to other age groups. The secondary objective was to determine the variables associated with length of stay, in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality.Materials and Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Spanish National Hip Fracture Registry. We included patients ≥ 75 years admitted for fragility hip fractures in 86 Spanish hospitals between 2017 and 2019, dividing the sample into four age groups. The variables studied were baseline characteristics, type of fracture, management, length of stay, in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality.Results: We included 25,938 patients (2888 were 75– 79 years old; 14,762 octogenarians; 8,035 nonagenarians and 253 centenarians). Of the centenarians, 83% were women, 33% had severe dementia, 9% had severe dependency and 36% lived in residential care homes. Six out of ten had intertrochanteric fracture. Length of hospital stay was 8.6 days; in-hospital mortality was 10.3% and 30-day mortality 20.9%. Older age groups had more women, severe functional dependency, severe dementia, intertrochanteric fracture, living in care facilities and being discharged to nursing care. They had less frequent early mobilization, osteoporosis treatment and discharge to rehabilitation units. In-hospital and 30-day mortality were higher with increasing age. In centenarians, time to surgery > 48 hours was independently associated with length of stay (correlation coefficient 3.99 [95% CI: 2.35– 5.64; p< 0.001]) and anaesthetic risk, based on an ASA score of V, was related to 30-day mortality (ASA score II [OR 0.25, 95% CI: 0.09– 0.70; p=0.009] and ASA score III [OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19– 0.96; p=0.039]).Conclusion: Centenarians had different clinical characteristics, management and outcomes. Although centenarians had worse outcomes, nearly 4 out of 5 centenarians were alive one month after surgery.Keywords: centenarians, fracture, registry, mortality, ASA grade

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time to surgery (TTS) on 30-day mortality in a cohort of patients from the Spanish National Hip Fracture Registry (SNHFR)., Methods: Retrospective study of a prospective database of hip fracture patients ≥ 75 years old between 2017 and 2019. Exclusion criterion was nonsurgical treatment. Association between TTS and 30-day mortality was assessed with a univariate analysis. Effect size was calculated using the probability of superiority. Regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between TTS and 30-day vital status. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the discrimination of mortality based on TTS., Results: A total of 29,695 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median TTS was 53.8 h. Surgery within 48 h was performed in 51.8 % of cases. Patients with delay of surgery more than 2 days rather than within 2 days were more likely to present an ASA score above 2 (58.9 % vs. 41.1 %, p < 0.001), less likely to achieve postoperative mobilization within 24 h (63 % vs. 67.4 %, p < 0.001), more likely to develop pressure ulcers (10.7 % vs. 6.9 %, p < 0.001), and had longer length of stay (10.7 days vs. 6.9 days, p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 7.8 %. Median TTS was significantly higher in decedents (66 h) than in survivors (56.5 h). There were higher statistically significant differences in 30-day mortality between patients who underwent surgery after 2 days (7.5 %) and those who underwent surgery within 2 days (5.4 %). The 30-day mortality was 5.2 % in patients operated within 24 h and 9.2 % in patients operated more than 120 h. Probability of superiority value was 0.44. Area under the curve reached a value of 0.55., Conclusions: The associations between TTS and 30-day mortality were weak. Hip fracture surgery performed within 2 days was significantly associated with remobilization on the day after the hip fracture, with fewer postoperative pressure ulcers and shorter hospital stays. Despite the weakness of the TTS and 30-day mortality association, there are benefits to consider if surgery is performed within 2 days. Our results suggest that patients should be fit for surgery as soon as possible., Level of Evidence: IV., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to design and validate a predictive model for 30-day mortality in a cohort of patients from the Spanish National Hip Fracture Registry (RNFC) with variables collected at the Emergency Department., Methods: Retrospective study of a prospective database of hip fracture patients ⩾75 years old between 1 January 2017 and 30 September 2019. Patient characteristics, type of fracture and osteoprotective medication were collected at the Emergency Department. Univariate analysis compared the results between patients alive and deceased 30 days after hospital discharge. The variables associated with 30-day mortality in the regression analysis were age >85 years, male sex, indoors pre-fracture mobility, dementia, ASA score >3, pathological fracture, and vitamin D intake. A score scale was created with these variables. Discriminative performance was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC), calibration was assessed by applying Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and predicted-to-observed mortality was compared., Results: A total of 29,875 hip fracture cases were included in the study. The 30-day mortality of the overall cohort was 7.7%. A scale of 0-9 points was created, with a cut-off point of 4 points for the determination of patients at high risk of mortality. The AUC was 0.886. RNFC score presented good level of calibration ( p  = 0.139). The predicted-to-observed ratio was 1.09., Conclusions: The RNFC predictive model with variables collected at the Emergency Department showed an excellent predictive capacity for 30-day mortality in patients after hip fracture., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: A study analyzing the application of a protocol of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in older patients with lymphoma was carried out to allow frailty-based patient classification and individualized treatment., Methods: Lymphoma patients older than 70 years referred to the Geriatric Clinic at a tertiary hospital between May 2016 and March 2021 were included. The assessment protocol included comorbidity, polypharmacy, nutritional, functional, and mental status, geriatric syndromes, and life expectancy. CGA enabled patient classification into four groups (Type I to Type IV) based on frailty assessment instrument scoring and clinical, functional, and mental status. Variables were compared using parametric and non-parametric statistical tests and Kaplan-Meier survival curves., Results: Ninety-three patients (55.9% women) were included. Median age was 81.1 years (± 5.7). 23 patients (24.7%) were classified as robust (type I), 30 (32.3%) as pre-frail (type II) with potentially reversable deficits, 38 (40.9%) as frail (type III), and 2 (2.2%) as requiring palliative care (type IV). Patients received oncospecific treatment with modifications carried out in 64.5% of cases based on CGA results. Differences in overall survival (p = 0.002), response to treatment (p < 0.001) and likelihood of increased frailty (p = 0.024) were observed, with type III-IV patients showing significantly worse outcomes., Conclusion: Performance of standardized, systematic CGA by geriatricians permits older lymphoma patients to be classified according to frailty, with significant differences in terms of clinical outcomes across groups. We propose incorporating CGA performed by geriatricians as part of the multidisciplinary care team to optimize therapeutic strategy for these patients., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Muscle strength is a possible predictor of adverse events. It could have prognostic value in patients with hip fracture (HF). The aim of this study was to determine if handgrip strength is associated with functional impairment, readmissions, and mortality at one year in elderly patients with HF., Design: A prospective observational study was carried out. It included a cohort of patients aged 65 years or older with a diagnosis of fragility HF, consecutively from January 2013 to February 2014 and seen in follow-up at one year. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v21 software., Main Outcome Measures: Five hundred and nine patients with a mean age of 85.4 ± 0.3 years were included, of whom 403 (79.2 %) were women. Clinical and functional outcomes, laboratory parameters and anthropometric measurements were collected., Results: Of the total sample, 339 (66.6 %) had reduced handgrip strength, and these patients were older, more frequently institutionalized, had poorer functional and cognitive status, higher comorbidity, higher surgical risk, lower body mass index and a greater intra-hospital mortality (all p < 0.01). At one year, patients with lower handgrip strength had a major change in their ability to walk (32.7 % vs. 10.9 %, p < 0.001) and a higher mortality rate (30.4 % vs. 8.8 %, p < 0.001). However, in patients over 91 years of age, there was no association between lower handgrip strength and change in ability to walk. There were no differences in the number of readmissions., Conclusion: Low handgrip strength in elderly patients with HF predicts greater functional disability and higher long-term mortality., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To examine the prognostic value of different profiles of hip fracture patients for recovery of pre-fracture functional level and for post-fracture mortality., Design: Observational, longitudinal study., Setting: University hospital., Participants: Five hundred and eight patients who received surgery for hip fracture and were followed for 24 months post-fracture. MEASUMENTS: Patients were assessed according to age, number of independent activities of daily living (ADLs) and dementia. The probability of recovery of previous ambulation level and mortality was established at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-fracture. Patients were first classified according to the seven different profiles previously established by Penrod. A new patient classification system was then created using different patient groups: persons aged 75 or older were first classified based on the number of independent ADLs they could perform (4, 3-2 and 1-0) and were then subdivided according to age (75-84 years and >84 years) and presence of dementia., Results: Mean age was 84.5 (SD 6.3) years. Almost all (90.6%) patients walked independently before the fracture. At 24 months' follow-up, the probability of recovery to previous level of ambulation was 73.6%. The new classification into seven groups had higher prognostic value than Penrod's system. Patients under 75 had 95.1% probability of functional recovery and 9.6% of dying. At the other extreme, those over 84 years with 0-1 independent activities of daily living and dementia had 23.9% probability of recovery and 71.4% of dying., Conclusion: Hip fracture patients can be classified into homogeneous groups with different prognostic profiles based on pre-fracture characteristics. This new classification improves Penrod's previous system by establishing groups of patients hierarchically ordered by the probability of recovery and mortality at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post-fracture.

Most of the present screening tests for the detection of dementia fail with mild dementia. Jorm et al. recently presented the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), a simple instrument with good diagnostic validity that uses a close relative to obtain information on the cognitive decline of a patient. We used a Spanish adaptation of this questionnaire (S-IQCODE) validated in a population-based sample, and a shortened form (SS-IQCODE) obtained after analyzing the items and reducing them to only 17. The S-IQCODE and the SS-IQCODE have greater diagnostic validity for mild dementia than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (sensitivity: 86% for both versus 57%; specificity: 92 and 91% versus 84%, positive predictive value: 54 and 50% versus 29%; negative predictive value: 91 and 90% versus 81%) and, unlike the MMSE, are independent of the age, education, and previous intelligence of the subjects. According to the results of this study, the SS-IQCODE could be a useful screening test for the detection of mild dementia in the Spanish-speaking aged population, with greater diagnostic power and less contamination by independent variables than the MMSE.