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Aim: To examine the diagnostic accuracy of the BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) assessment of ultrasonography and/or mammography according to US-guided core needle biopsy. Materials and Methods: 463 patients who had ultrasonography and/or mammography imaging and subsequent US-guided core needle biopsy between June 2011 and June 2020 in the Radiology Departments of two different centers in our town were studied retrospectively. BI-RADS assessment of ultrasonography and/or mammography were compared with histopathological diagnoses. When both examination existed, the higher score was determined as the final BIRADS category. The diagnostic efficiency of ultrasonography and/or mammography for determining malignancy were calculated. Results: Of the 463 lesions 222 (47.9%) were malignant and 241(52.1%) were benign. Based on ultrasonographic examination, malignancy was observed in 5 of the 86 (5.8%), 89 of 178 (50%), 4 of 63 (6.3%), 26 of 26 (100%) and 86 of 86 (100%), cases reported as BI-RADS 3, 4, 4A, 4C and 5. Based on mammography results, all of 50 masses (100%) classified as BI-RADS 5 and 38 of 47 masses (80.8%) classified as BI-RADS 4 were malignant. The frequency of malignancy in BI-RADS 3 masses was 5.8% based on ultrasonographic examination and 0.7% with both modalities. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy for ultrasonography were 92.2, 61.0, 69.1, 89.2, and 76.2%; for mammography were 96.7, 41.1, 89.8, 70.0, and 88.0%; for combined radiological evaluation were 99.5, 53.5, 66.3, 99.2 and 75.5% respectively. Conclusion: When mammography and ultrasonography were evaluated together, the rate of malignancy in BIRADS 3 lesions decreased from 5.8% (only ultrasonography) to 0.7%. In addition, sensitivity and negative predictive value increased statistically significantly (p<0.001). This finding showed the importance of the co-evaluation of mammography and ultrasonography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The nuchal ligament (NL) extends from the external occipital protuberance and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebrae. In this study, we evaluated the incidence, location level, and size of ossifications of the NL (ONL) in patients who underwent cervical computed tomography (CT) for various reasons. Materials and Methods: The present study included 481 patients (187 females and 294 males) who underwent cervical CT from February 2011 to November 2016 due to reasons such as trauma, cervical spondylosis, neck pain, and screening for metastasis. CT was performed using 2- or 8-slice scanners. Archive images of patients on picture archiving and communication system were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists. The structures in bone density and form detected in NL were evaluated as nuchal ossification. ONL location levels, numbers, and dimensions were determined. The relationship between both sexes and age and the incidence of ONL was investigated. Results: ONL was detected in 44 patients (9.14%). The mean ages of patients with ONL and without ONL were 62.27±13.92 (23-86) and 41.78±20.76 (4-101) years, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between ONL and age (p<0.001). Thirty-six patients had one ONL, seven patients had two, and one patient had three. The most common ONL location was the C5 spinous process level (n=12) followed by the C6 spinous process level (n=8). The longest ONL in craniocaudal direction was 20.9 mm, and the shortest one was 3.1 mm. Conclusion: ONL is a smooth-contoured ovoid or round bone structure extending parallel to the longitudinal axis that can frequently be observed as one or multiple occurrences with different sizes on cervical CT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Humeral head cysts are not uncommon in individuals with rotator cuff disorders. The cysts are usually considered an indicator of rotator cuff pathologies; however, they may have different meanings in different regions.Purpose: To determine the frequency of cysts within and adjacent to the lesser tuberosity and the relationship between these cysts and subscapularis, supraspinatus, and long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) disorders.Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 760 consecutive shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. Among these MRIs, we selected a group of patients with cysts located around the lesser tuberosity. The study population was also divided into two subgroups, patients with cysts within the lesser tuberosity and those with cysts adjacent to the lesser tuberosity. In addition to the number and size of cysts, the MRI appearance of the tendons was evaluated.Results: Eighty-one (10.7%) patients had cysts within and/or adjacent to the lesser tuberosity, 34 (42%) patients had cysts within the lesser tuberosity, and 47 (58%) patients had cysts adjacent to it. LHBT and subscapularis tendon disorders were significantly related to more than one cyst. In a univariate analysis, cysts within the lesser tuberosity were significantly associated with LHBT and subscapularis tendon disorders; however, multivariate analyses showed that only LHBT disorders were significantly associated with cysts within the lesser tuberosity.Conclusion: Cysts within the lesser tuberosity were less common than cysts adjacent to it. LHBT and subscapularis tendon disorders were more frequently found in patients with more than one cyst within and/or adjacent to the lesser tuberosity. In addition, cysts within the lesser tuberosity were associated with LHBT disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoid osteoma is a small, benign osteoblastic tumor consisting of a highly vascularized nidus of connective tissue surrounded by sclerotic bone. Three-quarters of osteoid osteomas are located in the long bones, and only 7-12% in the vertebral column. The classical clinical presentation of spinal osteoid osteoma is that of painful scoliosis. Other clinical features include nerve root irritation and night pain. Osteoid osteoma has characteristic computed tomography (CT) findings. Because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the osteoid osteomas causing intense perinidal edema can be confusing, these patients should be evaluated with clinical findings and other imaging techniques. In this study, we present X-ray, CT, and MRI findings of a case with osteoid osteoma located in thoracic 1 vertebra left lamina and transverse process junction leading to brachial neuralgia symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast, accurate and reliable identification and sorting of materials is still a challenge in recycling sector. Scrap metals are often classified through density and colour, which cause notable financial burdens to the companies in most cases. Within the scope of this research, a novel method based on thermal conductivity is presented for material identification in scrap industry. The unit consists of a constant heat flux source and a cooling system, in which axial heat conduction is enabled and radial heat transfer is eliminated. For the steady-state conditions, temperature gradient across the sample metals is measured along with the constant heat flux value, and the thermal conductivity of the samples is determined via the Fourier’s heat conduction law. Copper, brass and stainless steel samples are considered in this research to verify the accuracy of the results. For a reliable and scientific approach, three independent sets of experiments are conducted, and the results are evaluated in terms of accuracy and consistency. Experimental thermal conductivity values of the said samples are compared with the reported data in literature and a good accordance is achieved. Error in measurements is calculated to be 1.37, 3.31 and 4.46% for copper, brass and stainless steel sample, respectively which is acceptable. The tests are repeated with highly sensitive probes for aluminium sample, and the measurement error is calculated to be 0.56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold standard method for the treatment of critical-sized bone defects is the autogenous bone grafting procedure. A number of new and potentially useful adjuncts currently are being investigated to enhance the success of bone grafting. We propose to evaluate the effect of the most known and easily obtained 2 biological materials, fat graft and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), on bone graft healing. Twenty-seven New Zealand male rabbits were included in this randomized, controlled study. Two-sided 15-mm diameter bone defects were created in the parietal bones and the bones taken were replaced right-to-left and vice versa with 1 control group, 1 fat graft applied group, and the last one PRP applied group. Histologic evaluation and 3-dimensional maxillofacial computerized tomography were performed and bone density was calculated. In radiologic analysis, bone density was significantly different in the PRP group compared with the control and fat graft group in the 12th week ( P <0.05). In histologic scoring analysis, the PRP group had a better score than the control and fat graft group, while the fat graft group was worse than the control group in the 6th week ( P <0.05). The addition of PRP had a positive effect whereas fat graft had a negative effect on bone graft healing compared with the control group., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR) and chronic inflammation. Although familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients have no symptoms in the periods between attacks, their subclinical inflammation continues. The aim of the present study was to determine the NAFLD frequency in FMF patients and to evaluate their MetS, IR and lipid profiles., Methods: The study included 54 FMF patients and 54 control subjects. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the subjects were recorded, and the patients' Pras disease severity score was calculated. IR was determined using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. MetS was diagnosed using the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP ATP III). Hepatic ultrasonography was used to diagnose NAFLD., Results: NAFLD was observed in 15 FMF patients (27.8%) and 14 controls (25.9%). The difference between the groups was not significant (p=0.828). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the two groups for MetS frequency and HOMA index levels. Fasting plasma glucose was significantly higher in FMF patients, whereas differences between the two groups were not significant for lipid levels and other parameters. When FMF patients with and without NAFLD were compared, no significant difference was found in Pras disease severity score, duration of the disease and daily colchicine dose., Conclusion: The present study showed that NAFLD frequency was not increased in FMF patients, and that patients' MetS frequency, IR and lipid profiles were not different from control subjects., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Aim: To evaluate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cranial intraosseous meningiomas (IOMs)., Material and Methods: This study included ten patients (six females and four males) with IOMs who underwent cranial CT and/ or MRI examinations during May 2009?June 2018. Lesions were classified based on the following locations: the sphenoid ridge, the calvarial convexity, other skull base bones, and the sphenoid ridge + calvarial extension. Bony extension, contour irregularity or radial bone spiculation, bony changes (hyperostotic, lytic, or mixed patterns), dural calcification, cerebral edema, and the presence of soft tissue were evaluated., Results: A total of eleven IOMs were identified in ten patients. The age of patients was 46?80 (mean: 55.30 ± 9.84) years. Five of the lesions were located in the sphenoid ridge + calvarium, three in the sphenoid ridge, two in the skull base, and one in the calvarial convexity. Seven lesions exhibited radial bone spiculation. Moreover, nine lesions exhibited hyperostotic CT pattern; while, two exhibited a mixed pattern. Three IOMs were accompanied with dural calcification, and peritumoral edema was observed in six IOMs., Conclusion: IOMs are predominantly low-grade tumors, commonly located in the periorbital area and often accompanied by soft tissue components and dural infiltrations. They most commonly lead to radial bone spiculation and bone expansion. Patients primarily have single lesions but may occasionally have multiple ones.

Aim: To present the radiological findings of fibrous dysplasia (FD) patients who had computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans., Material and Methods: This study included a total of 25 patients (17 female and 8 male) who were found to have FD based on CT examinations between March 2010 and July 2018. Involved bones, type of involvement (single or multiple) and CT appearance features (ground-glass, sclerotic, cystic or mixed type) were evaluated., Results: Age range of the patients with FD was 14-55 (mean: 29.92 ± 12.63) years. Sixteen patients had single bone and nine patients had multiple bones affected. Single bone most frequently involved maxillary bones. Multiple bone involvement affected up to four bones, sphenoid bone being the most frequent. Fifteen lesions were mixed type, eight were ground-glass and two were sclerotic on CT. Intense contrast-enhancement was observed in four patients on MRI., Conclusion: Craniofacial FD is more frequent in young adults and women, and more commonly involves single bone, mostly maxillary and sphenoid bones. Craniofacial FDs could be of different types on radiological examinations depending upon their compositions.

Aim: To evaluate radiological imaging findings of patients who had been found to have pineal cyst (PC) in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Methods: A total of 9546 patients who had brain MRI examination in March 2010-January 2018 period were studied. Fifty-six patients (44 female and 12 male) found to have PC were evaluated. Eighteen of the patients had had follow-up examinations of 2-94 mo (mean 30.50 ± 28.83). PC dimensions and volume, radiological imaging features (signal intensities, contours, internal septation-loculation and contrast-enhancement features) and natural history in cases who had been followed-up were evaluated by two radiologists., Results: Of 9546 patients, 5555 were female (58.2%) and 3991 male (41.8%). Age range was 1-99 (mean 43.18 ± 20.94). PC frequency was calculated to be 0.58%. Forty-four of the 56 patients (78.57%) with PC were female and 12 male (21.43%), and their age range was 5-61 (mean 31.26 ± 12.73). Thirty-five of the PCs were typical (62.50%) and 21 (37.50%) were atypical. No significant difference was found between initial and final imaging sizes of PCs which were monitored by follow-up examinations ( P > 0.05)., Conclusion: PCs are cysts which do not show clear size and natural changes and are more frequently observed in females and in adult ages. Most of them are isointense with cerebrospinal fluid on T1 and T2A weighted images, hyperintense compared to cerebrospinal fluid on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; sequence and smoothly contoured. Their typical forms have peripheral rim and multilocular ones may have septal contrast-enhancement., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Aim: To find accompanying anomalies of typical and atypical Scheuermann's disease (SD) is reported in the present study., Methods: Study included 20 patients (16 men and 4 women) who had radiological imaging radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography, if available, due to back pain, curved back and low back pain in November 2011-February 2016 period. Patients were categorized into typical and atypical patterns based on the region involved. Thoracic kyphosis values were measured using real Cobb angle. Accompanying disc degeneration, herniations and spinal cord pathologies were studied using MRI., Results: Age of the patients ranged from 11.0 to 23.0 (mean 17.2 ± 3.0). Typical pattern of SD were detected in 15 patients while atypical pattern were detected in 5 patients. Cobb angle range was 40.2-67.2 (mean 55.5 ± 8.7) in typical Scheuermann's patients and 24.7-49.9 (mean 36.7 ± 10.8) in atypical ones. Intervertebral level was affected and had the measures of 3-8 (mean 5.3 ± 1.6) and 7-9 (mean 8.2 ± 0.8) in typical and atypical Scheuermann's patients, respectively. Level of degenerative disc disease in MRI was 1-7 discs (mean 4.1 ± 1.7) in typical patients and 5-10 discs (mean 7.6 ± 1.9) in atypical patients., Conclusion: SD can be seen in typical and atypical patterns, typical being more frequent. Because degenerative disc diseases, herniations and cord pathologies such as syringomyelia can accompany SD (albeit more common in atypical pattern), it is necessary to evaluate these patients with plain radiography and MRI together., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: We have no financial relationships to disclose.

Aim: To investigate the frequency of anatomical variations in sinonasal region and association of these variations with mucosal diseases., Methods: The study included 400 cases (191 female and 209 male) who were considered to have preliminary diagnoses of sinonasal pathology and who had paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) examination in axial plane. Reformatted CT images were studied in all planes., Results: Age range of the patients was 20-83 (mean 40.26 ± 14.85). Most commonly detected anatomical variation was Agger nasi cell (74.8%). There was a significant association between clinoid process pneumatization and protrusion of internal carotid arteries and optic nerves into sphenoid sinus (P < 0.001). Besides, the relationships between pterygoid process pneumatization and protrusion of vidian nerve into sphenoid sinus, and between pneumatization of large sphenoid wing and protrusion of maxillary nerves into sphenoid sinus were also significant (P < 0.001). Uncinate bulla and giant ethmoid bulla were found to be significantly associated with sinonasal mucosal diseases (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively)., Conclusion: Sinonasal region has a great number of variations, and some of them have been determined to be associated with sinonasal mucosal disease. It is necessary to know that some of these variations are associated with protrusion of significant structures such as carotid artery or optic nerve into the sinus and care should be observed in surgeries on patients carrying these variations.