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The limiting indicator for the course of biological wastewater treatment is easily obtainable organic matter. If the wastewater entering the sewage treatment plant is depleted in terms of the content of easily accessible organic matter, then a set of measures aimed at their enrichment is required. Prefermentation of raw sludge was considered as a method of increasing the proportion of readily available organic matter. The influence of the main technological parameters of anaerobic digestion on the amount of volatile fatty acids formed was studied.

This article discusses the results of a scientific research work on the use of various types of small wastewater treatment plants for objects of various purposes in conditions of periodic use. The study was carried out on model and real wastewater with subsequent refinement of the characteristics using the calculation methods of the DWA standard.The results of the operation of laboratory facilities operated in the restart mode after a certain time are presented. As a result, the duration of restoration of the operating mode under periodic operating mode was considered for each plant under study and the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment was determined. More promising technological solutions for small wastewater treatment plants under intermittent use conditions have been identified. According to the sum of the characteristics, the operation of the flooded biofilter system, which is capable of entering the operating mode within 5 days after a long shutdown, is highlighted. These technologies are recommended for use in resort areas and hotels.

Nowadays, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications have provided tools to integrate information, visualize scenarios, present powerful ideas, and develop effective solutions like never before so that it supports strategic decision making. Based on the advantages of GIS applications, the main goal of database management framework is simulation and visualization combined sewerage system and water quality data of Phu Loc river, Da Nang city via QGIS software. Although the length of the river is only 1.9 km, the Phu Loc river was discharge point of drainage basin in the northwest area of Da Nang city with a total area of more than 3500 hectars, which included 5 urban lakes, the municipal wastewater treatment plant with capacity over 40000 m3/d. After transform and organize data from other source to QGIS, the researchers created a database management framework for sewerage system with relation model for each group of data. Based on process digitalization data of water quality, QGIS software should presented type of digital map of Phuloc basin area with construction of combined sewerage system for basin area and water quality index for river and urban lakes.

All around the world, the constructed wetland is a variation for for reusing treated water by irrigation the landscaping. Based on the synthesis and metabolism of different plant species, nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, in wastewater has been removed. Therefore, the article evaluates the ability of reusing municipal treated water from combined sewerage system for technology constructed wetland. Based on building and operating model wetland in municipal wastewater treatment plant for 2 months, adaptability of 2 selected plant species in model include Canna generalis and Portulaca grandiflora has been determined. At first, the experiment evaluates of the growth and development of plants. After that, based on operated model with with hydraulic rention time was 48 hours and hydraulic loading rate is approximately 0.2 m3/m2/d, the efficiency transformation of Nitrogen in range 30 – 40% with Canna generalis and 20 – 30% with Portulaca grandiflora. Moreover, the preformance removing ortho phosphorus of both models in range 40 – 60%. Sumerize, the synthesis and metabolism of nutrients by these plants will reduce the loading of biological reactor in wastewater treatment plants.

The flow of biogenic elements with wastewater into water bodies leads to an increase in the content of biogenic and organic compounds, a decrease in the oxygen content, the appearance of anaerobic zones, an increase in water turbidity, discoloration, pollution with microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, so the research area was the methods of treating wastewater that is highly loaded with nitrogen. Anammox process was considered as the most promising method of treating wastewater highly concentrated on nitrogen compounds. The analysis of the main existing technologies is carried out, the advantages, disadvantages and features of the application (operation) of these methods are revealed. The treatment of return streams as an alternative to the classical solution and an effective tool for improving the quality of wastewater treatment from nutrients is considered. The experience of implementation and operation of Anammox process at aeration stations in different countries is described.

Due to the increase in the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds into water bodies in many countries, the problem of eutrophication has become the most relevant in the field of biological treatment technologies. To solve this problem, many technological schemes for purification from biogenic elements have been developed, based on different methods. The concept of biological purification, the composition and process of nutrition of heterotrophic microorganisms, as well as the course of the process of methanogenesis are analyzed. The analysis of the methods of the two countries, Russia and Germany. Most of the facilities in Russia are designed in accordance with SNiP 2.04.03.85, while Germany offers a different biological treatment method developed by the German Water Association DWA A131.

This article discusses the topic of sewage sludge digestion. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge makes it possible to obtain biogas, which can later be used to generate heat or electricity. this approach to resource use is recognized worldwide as more environmentally friendly. The article discusses the experience of European countries in the production and use of biogas. In the Russian Federation, the situation is complicated by the fact that wastewater contains a small amount of organic matter, which is a product for biogas production. Therefore, methods have been proposed for increasing the content of organic matter in sediments, for example, by means of separate waste collection and disposal of organic waste through grinders into the sewerage system. Or, the amount of organic matter in the sewage sludge can be increased by adding manure from animal farms. The stages of sediment fermentation are considered. The topic of rationality and payback of the use of biogas is raised. Projects already working in different countries are being considered. Possible volumes of gas production and methods of air purification during sludge treatment are considered.

The paper is devoted to the study of small wastewatertreatment plants, in particular the study of wastewater treatment processes with the wastewater with low concentration of organic contaminations entering treatment plants. The primary goal of the study is to select the reactor operation mode to ensure the deep biological treatment quality of treated wastewater. The three-step experiment has been conducted in a licensed laboratory using high quality equipment. The results of the experiment and the analysis of the data obtained are presented.

The paper is oriented towards the study of certain small wastewater-treatment plants, in particular the study of some treatment processes where the wastewater has low concentration of organic contamination. The primary goal of this paper was to obtain the characteristics of a biological treatment system which comply with the laws of enzyme kinetics. The design formulas of the Sequencing Batch Reactor with an inflow of wastewater and low concentration of organic contaminations has been obtained.

This article describes the use of the stochastic approach, in particular, mass service theory and the development of its methods, adapted directly to the coagulation process as a mathematical tool. The coagulation process will be concerned as a) supplying water to the mixer, b) processing it with reagents (coagulants), c) settling for the mathematical analysis of water clarification effectiveness.

To maintain a comfortable life it is necessary to pay special attention to environmental aspects. This issue is as relevant for small towns as it is for big cities. The most important tasks are studies of wastewater treatment based on the principles of energy efficiency. The article presents research on the choice of loading material (methods of selection and analysis of loading material). Also described is effective wastewater treatment technology from nitrogen compounds, methods of intensification of the biofilters. Technological schemes are given. The main attention is paid to the study of the four-zone scheme, in which the processes of denitrification-nitrification occur sequentially. Along with the control reactors with the sanitary and chemical analyses, implemented regular monitoring of the microbiological investigations of biomass, using light and electron microscopy. An energy-efficient solution for deep wastewater treatment using biofilters has been developed. Calculation methods are given. The studies will significantly reduce the amount of energy consumed, the cost of processing precipitation. And the achieved effect of wastewater treatment will prevent eutrophication of water bodies and therefore reduce the cost of drinking water treatment.

Process removal nutrients, especially nitrogen – ammonia in municipal wastewater treatment is a challenger of design and operate wastewater treatment plant. Nowadays in Vietnam, technology SBR has been wide applied in biological wastewater treatment but the concentration of nitrogen – ammonia in treated water cannot achieve the discharge standard. For the purpose to reach the Vietnamese Standard A, the modification of SBR has been added the anoxic phase into operated cycle to create the denitrification’s environment and enhance performance of ammonia – nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater treatment at present and in the near future. The results of experiment shows that, the efficiency of N – NH4 removal in reactors sustainable in range 75 – 80% with the nitrogen loadings rate from 0.07 – 0.25 kg N – NH4/kg sludge/d. However, in 3 hours of anoxic phase, the value of specific denitrification rate is 0.10 – 0.15 kg N – NO3/kg sludge/d with the organic loadings rate in range 0.3 – 1.0 kg BOD/kg sludge/d and can reach the maximum is 0.2 kg N – NO3/kg sludge/d when the organic loadings rate increase to 2.0 kg BOD/kg sludge/d.

All around the world, activated sludge is the classical and traditional biological wastewater treatment for municipal and industrial wastewater. With the development of social and technology, the concentration of pollutants has been increased, so the performance of the old wastewater treatment plants not guaranteed. Therefore, upgrade and reconstruction wastewater treatment system becomes the main task of protection environment, especially in the developing countries. Application biofilms in process biological wastewater treatment is one of technology method and it has many advantages. In the Sequencing Batch Reactor, the Mutag BioChip 25TM provides to the bacteria an optimal habitat at the surface area, increasing rate of Utilization of Substrates 20 – 30% and efficiency of organic matter removal from 10 – 15%.

This article considers the ecological situation, which has developed around a unique natural object - Lake Baikal. There are studied physical and geographical characteristics of this lake, because it is one of the greatest lakes in the world and the largest freshwater lake in Russia. Lake Baikal is 1.7 times larger the Lake Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe. Baikal is the largest fresh water lake in the world. Its volume is 23 600 cubic kilometers, which is about 20% of the planets’ fresh lake water - much more than in all the freshwater lakes of the world. There are described the most large-scale tributaries, which fill the lake, as well as the only river, flowing from it. There are studied basin areas of this valuable lake, which are under protection. There are four main periods identified by analyzing the dynamics of wastewater performances.

The article touches upon the issues of wastewater treatment on the facilities of small capacity. The brief analysis of the current state is given. The paper reveals main problems to be solved that consider small treatment plant operation, its influence on environment and most prospective solutions. The article considers the developed wastewater treatment technologies, as well as the implementation of these technologies on the patented small plants for deep biological treatment, including with the removal of phosphates at the tertiary treatment stage.

At least 70% of WWTP of small capacity in Russia include biofilters, that's why development of new technologies for treatment and methods of reconstruction are the points of great interest This abstract describes the methods and techniques of biofilters reconstruction to achieve desired water quality. The presence of biogenic compounds (NH4, PO4) in the water body are one of the causes of eutrophication. The article considers the methodology of modeling processes of wastewater treatment in the biofilters: The results of sanitary - chemical researches and researches of the formed biomass are given. Based on the obtained data, laboratory models for hydraulic modeling and simulation of denitrification-nitrification processes on biofilters were developed. Modified mathematical model for calculating the height of the biofilters received specific mathematical dependences for the studied feed material.

The current information in the field of wastewater from phosphates and nutrients removal. The paper presents the results of research aimed at understanding the deep removal of phosphates from household wastewater. Provides a method for wastewater treatment using reinforced boot material. In this paper, we investigated metal corrosion in iron-loading materials under different operating conditions. The paper presents the results of scientific work dedicated to the removal of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater. Based on the results of research were built characteristics of the process of biological treatment with nitrification and denitrification of. The paper presents charts showing the operation of the cleaning system with nitrifying bacteria heterotrophs. The results of studies of processes of wastewater treatment from biogenic elements at small treatment plants that operate in seasonal mode are presented.

The paper offers update information on wastewater removal from phosphates. The writers describe the most commonly used efficient methods to remove phosphates from wastewater based on principles of biology, chemistry, physical chemistry and biological chemistry. The paper presents the results of research on phosphate-removing wastewater treatment methods using iron-bearing reinforced charge material.

This work presents the results of microbiological studies aimed at exploring the deeper removal of ammonium nitrogen and phosphates from domestic wastewater. This document presents the results of the study of heterotrophic removal of ammonium nitrogen from wastewater for the single sludge technological scheme of biological wastewater treatment. We offered the method of deep wastewater treatment using feed material reinforced by steel wire. Steel wire in the feed material has a significant impact on the quantity and diversity of species composition of protozoans in activated sludge, and leads to intensive development of Chlorella sp. as well.

Protection of water bodies has a strict dependence on reliable operation of engineering systems and facilities for water supply and sewage. The majority of these plants and stations has been constructed in 1970-1980's in accordance with rules and regulations of that time. So now most of them require reconstruction due to serious physical or/and technological wear. The current condition of water supply and sewage systems and facilities frequently means a hidden source of serious danger for normal life support and ecological safety of cities and towns. The article reveals an obtained experience and modern approaches for reconstruction of waste water and sludge treatment plants that proved their efficiency even if applied in limited conditions such as area limits, investments limits. The main directions of reconstruction: overhaul repair and partial modernization of existing facilities on the basis of initial project; - restoration and modernization of existing systems on the basis on the current documents and their current condition; upgrade of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) performance on the basis of modern technologies and methods; reconstruction of sewage systems and facilities and treatment quality improvement.

The article deals with innovative methods, technologies and materials intended to reduce the adverse ecological impact of human waste and various industrial waste situated in municipal solid waste landfills (MSW), on water bodies, soil, and atmosphere. The existence of these factors makes the region less attractive for urban development. A comparison has been made of the methods intended to reduce the damage caused to the environment, in order to provide for sustainable development of cities, using the example of an actual landfill situated in the territory of Moscow. A scheme of reconstruction is recommended for the drainage water treatment plant at this landfill, which will lead to improvement of the environmental situation and contribute to the development of territories in the adjacent districts, and to reduction of pollution load on the river and atmosphere.

Filamentous bulking of activated sludge is one of the most common problems in the world of biological wastewater treatment. The authors examine one of innovative ways of suppressing the sludge bulking. Unlike conventional methods, this technology is aimed at the attainment of a positive effect without changing the external factors that lead to the dominance of filamentous bacteria species or the quantitative composition of the sludge. This method is based on the selective oxidative effects of ozone produced on the cells of filamentous bacteria. The authors present the experimental data obtained in the studies performed at Uppsala University.Нитчатое вспухание активного ила является одной из наиболее распространенных проблем в мировой практике биологической очистки сточных вод. Рассматривается один из нетрадиционных способов борьбы со вспуханием ила. В отличие от традиционных методов, данная технология предусматривает достижение положительного эффекта без изменения внешних факторов, приводящих к преобладанию нитчатых бактерий в видовом и количественном составе активного ила. Способ основывается на селективном окислительном воздействии озона на клетки нитчатых бактерий и подавлении их жизнедеятельности. В статье приведены экспериментальные данные, полученные в ходе исследований на базе Уппсальского университета

Wastewater treatment facilities using the activated sludge process are the most widely used solutions worldwide, regardless of the region. According to statistics, the most common option for Vietnam's conditions is the sequenced batch reactor, which is used at a third of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Thus, studies of treatment processes in SBRs that seek high-quality treatment may have a wide range of further applications in practice. Another reason is that wastewater treated to meet Vietnamese standards has a significant negative impact on water resources. The research was carried out in relation to Hoaxuan wastewater treatment plants, where pilot models were installed that worked on influent wastewater. Studies of the nitrification process in SBRs (cycle duration 4 h) have shown that the highest efficiency of removal of pollutants (organic pollution by 90%, ammonium nitrogen by 80%) is achieved at a pH value close to 8.0. The increase in pH also had a positive effect on the increase in the specific rate of nitrification. At the second stage of the research, the process of denitrification in SBRs (cycle duration of 6.5 h) was considered. The results demonstrated that treatment quality corresponded to the standards for the Russian Federation, which are stricter than Vietnamese standards (3.0 mg/L vs. 30 mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand; 0.4 mg/L vs. 5 mg/L of ammonium nitrogen). For the second part of the study, a specific denitrification rate was determined in order to establish its dependence on the main parameters of the SBR model performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the research on the possibility of using a trickling filter for high efficiency treatment of dairy sewage. Nowadays, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is possible to change the activated sludge system to the trickling filter technology, especially in small dairy plants with lower raw sewage parameters in comparison to larger plants. In the research, dairy wastewater after dissolved air flotation (DAF) process was treated with a laboratory scale Gunt CE701e research model which allows to control the basic parameters of the treatment with a trickling filter (TF). The conducted study included determining the changing sewage parameters during the DAF process, as well as the trickling filter (TF) efficiency. Such parameters as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total Organic Carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorous (TP) were checked. The research results confirmed the possibility of high efficiency treatment of dairy sewage with DAF and trickling filter technologies. The average efficiency of DAF treatment was 59.3% for BOD, 49.0% for COD and 80.0% for TP, while the average treatment efficiency of TF was 87.3%, 78.3% and 27.9% without recirculation and 95.2%, 85.5% and 42.0% with 100% recirculation applied, respectively. The load of TF during the operation without recirculation was on average 0.22 kgBOD5·m-3·d-1 and 0.25 with 100% recirculation. Applying recirculation allowed to reach the BOD, COD and total phosphorus standards for the sewage discharged to a receiver from Bielmlek dairy WWTP. On the other hand, the concentration of total nitrogen exceeded the permitted standards in this facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the operational stability of laboratory oxidation ditches, designated for synthetic and real wastewater and operable at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The project encompassed the stability monitoring of activated sludge depending on sedimentation characteristics and hydrobiological indicator microorganisms, determining (1) the size of sludge floccules and (2) the main functional groups of microorganisms identified in the course of the PCR analysis and reaction rates, plotted using the Michaelis–Menten enzymatic kinetics for the mixed culture biomass. The most stable system involves a bioreactor featuring dissolved oxygen gradients that range from 1.9 to 0.15 mg/L s, a specific organic load of 0.21 gBOD/g/d and a hydraulic retention time of 12 h. A built-in settling tank allows the consideration of the potential generation of large floccules of activated sludge in oxidation ditches (at least 300 μm) that increase the efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Thus, the obtained reaction rates can be used in calculations and simulations of the operation of oxidation ditches at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]