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Background and Objectives: This study aims to identify types of bacterial species in women visiting obstetrics/gynecology centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, during different pregnancy trimesters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and nonpregnant women seeking care at Alyamamah Hospital, obstetrics/gynecology center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 110 [pregnant = 90 and nonpregnant = 20] individuals were recruited based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Personal data, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were recorded. Bacterial samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points from the gingival sulcus of pregnant females during the first, second, and third trimesters and compared to a control group of nonpregnant females. Thioglycolate broth containing the absorbent paper points was incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h. After growth, the microorganisms were subjected to a Gram stain. The VITEK 2 system and conventional methods were used to identify various types of bacterial species from the gingival sulcus of pregnant and nonpregnant women. Chi-square tests and nonparametric tests were applied to the data. Results: The bacterial characterization indicated that Actinomyces naeslundii (AN) was the most predominant bacteria found in the study participants, followed by Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) (23.6%), Veillonella (VL) (10%), and unidentified organisms (9.1%). When the presence of subgingival bacterial species was compared between pregnant and nonpregnant women, a statistically significant difference was observed (p < 0.001). LF was the predominant bacteria in 9 nonpregnant women (45%) and 8 pregnant women in the first pregnancy trimester (44.4%). However, during the second (17 women: 48.6%) and third pregnancy (17 women: 45.9%) trimesters, AN becomes the predominant bacteria. A statistically significant difference was observed when the prevalence of various bacterial species was compared across the three pregnancy trimesters (p = 0.010). The plaque and gingival scores of pregnant and nonpregnant women showed no significant difference. Conclusions: In different trimesters of pregnancy, pregnant women's gingival crevices showed significant microbial changes without affecting gingival inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the most common and serious complications of pregnancy, leading to mortality and severe morbidities that can impact lifelong health. PTB could be associated with various maternal medical condition and dental status including periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to identify major predictors of PTB among clinical and dental variables using machine learning methods. Prospective cohort data were obtained from 60 women who delivered singleton births via cesarean section (30 PTB, 30 full-term birth [FTB]). Dependent variables were PTB and spontaneous PTB (SPTB). 15 independent variables (10 clinical and 5 dental factors) were selected for inclusion in the machine learning analysis. Random forest (RF) variable importance was used to identify the major predictors of PTB and SPTB. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values were calculated to analyze the directions of the associations between the predictors and PTB/SPTB. Major predictors of PTB identified by RF variable importance included pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), modified gingival index (MGI), preeclampsia, decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) index, and maternal age as in top five rankings. SHAP values revealed positive correlations between PTB/SPTB and its major predictors such as premature rupture of the membranes, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age, and MGI. The positive correlations between these predictors and PTB emphasize the need for integrated medical and dental care during pregnancy. Future research should focus on validating these predictors in larger populations and exploring interventions to mitigate these risk factors.

Introduction: Saliva, a versatile biological fluid, has gained recognition as an invaluable medium for point-of-care diagnostics, offering insight into the complex dynamics of periodontal tissue inflammation. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary lactoferrin (LF) concentration among individuals diagnosed with periodontitis (PDS) compared to a control group. Materials and Methods: A randomized, observational study enrolled 441 participants residing in Southern Sweden, aged 20 and 89 years and diagnosed with PDS. Clinical examination was performed following a standardized periodontal protocol, measuring key periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), and marginal alveolar bone level/bone loss using posterior intraoral bitewing radiographs. Stimulated saliva samples were analyzed for LF concentration using enzyme e-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation and ANOVA variance with a 95% confidence interval. Results and Discussion: We found no significant difference among the studied groups in mean salivary LF concentration (P > 0.05), whereas we observed a negative association between PI and salivary LF concentration (Pearson correlation = 0.110, P = 0.024), suggesting that increased plaque scores were associated with decreased LF level. In addition, smokers exhibited lower LF levels (P = 0.001). Notably, salivary LF concentration did not correlate with selected clinical parameters of PDS, including BI and PPD. Conclusions: These results underscore the multifaceted nature of salivary components and emphasize the need to consider various factors when evaluating the impact of PDS on saliva. Further research is imperative to validate risk factors contributing to the development of PDS and the diagnostic potential of salivary biomarkers, considering the intricate interplay between saliva and periodontal status. This study contributes valuable insight into the potential utility of saliva as a diagnostic medium.

Background: In the last quarter of the 20th century, dedicated efforts have been made to use phytochemicals in the prevention of periodontal diseases, but the darker side of the coin is that we have hardly encountered studies with a scientific basis to prove the specific role of phytochemicals against dental plaque. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antiplaque activity of Curcuma longa, Spilanthes acmella, and Quercus infectoria and to determine the antigingivitis activity of the extract, which shows high antiplaque potential. Materials and Methods: Sixteen volunteers were selected as subjects in this biphasic study. In the first phase, 10 volunteers were subjected to topical application of aqueous ethanolic extract (1%) of C. longa, Q. infectoria, and S. acmella on the labial/buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of 28 teeth. In the second phase, the extract showing the highest efficacy was selected to assess its antigingivitis activity on all the surfaces of six mandibular anterior teeth of six gingivitis patients. The percentage plaque reduction was calculated by dividing the difference of the base and end scores by the baseline scores. Results: C. longa demonstrated superior results as it showed the maximum reduction in plaque formation. Antigingivitis activity of long-term topical application of 1% C. longa was depicted in independent clusters in different volunteers selected for the study. Only after 2 weeks, the treatment score was found to be statistically significant to depict optimal results. Conclusion: C. longa can be considered the best at reducing plaque. The antigingivitis activity of C. longa ranked reasonably satisfactory and comparable to the existing data for commercially available drugs.

Background Although fixed orthodontic therapy offers numerous advantages, inadequate adherence to specific guidelines can lead to negative consequences, primarily affecting the gums. To enhance periodontal health, several surgical and non-surgical approaches, including scaling, have been employed.The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the adjunctive role of scaling therapy on (the improvement of gum health parameters among patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment(FOT) during the period of 6 months.Methods In this interventional study,78 patients were randomly assigned to either case or control groups. Oral hygiene techniques were taught to both groups. Periodic scaling was done were performed at three times (1,3 and 6 months) after the starting of orthodontic treatment in the intervention group. Periodontal indices were measured and compared at baseline and all follow-up times between groups. The data were analysed with the repeated measure test at the significant level of 0.05 in the SPSS software (ver.22).Findings This study was conducted on 78 patients with a mean age of 21 ± 9 years old, including 37 women and 41 men that assigned to two equal groups of 39. The results of repeated measured analysis showed that the mean of GI and BOP indices increased significantly during the follow-up period of the study in the control group, but a non-significant decrease was obtained in the intervention group. But, the average of Pl.I index decreased significantly during the follow-up period in the intervention group, compared to the control group.Conclusions Scaling as an adjunct therapy helps to improve clinical periodontal parameters in patients undergoing FOT.

Abstract This study evaluates the efficacy of 3D-printed band and loop space maintainers (3D-BLSMs) to mitigate concerns caused by early primary tooth loss in children when compared to their conventional equivalents. Over 9 months, 62 participants aged 6 to 12 years participated in a randomized clinical study. This study evaluated their failure rates (de-cementation, debonding, solder breakage, loop breakage, band breakage, and abutment tooth fracture), gingival health, and patient overall satisfaction. Random assignments were made to place the participants in two groups: traditional band and loop space maintainers or the 3D-BLSMs. The findings show that at 9 months, 3D-BLSMs provided significantly higher survival rates (77.4%) than conventional maintainers (51.6%, p

• Dental plaque is the main factor in initiating and progressing oral diseases. • Inflammatory periodontal diseases (periodontitis and gingivitis) are significant public health-related problems. • Dentifrices and mouthwashes are supplements for brushing and flossing, reducing plaque and calculus and limiting gingivitis. • The efficacy and safety of this herbal mouthwash in maintaining oral health were assessed and compared with 0.2% Chlorhexidine. • Herbal mouthwash showed a sustainable effect. Oral health is a vital indicator of overall well-being, quality of life, and general health, with historical roots in Unani medicine (i.e. preventive measures, oral hygiene, and treatment). This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of prepared herbal mouthwash in maintaining oral health among school children. 110 schoolchildren were randomly assigned to the test group (treated with herbal mouthwash - Anacyclus pyrenthrum DC, Punica granutum (pericarp), Capparis spinosa (root bark), and Quercus infectoria Oliv (galls)) and the control group (treated with 0.2 % Chlorhexidine Mouthwash) for 30-days. The response was assessed by DMFT, Salivary pH, Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), Plaque index (Loe & Silness) (PI), Plaque index simplified (O'Leary et al., 1972) (PI-S), Gingival Index (Löe-Silness) (GI), and Bleeding on probing (BOP) on baseline and 30th day GI and PI were further assessed on 60th, 90th and 120th days to determine the sustainable effect of the intervention. After treatment, Mean OHI-S, PI, PI-S, GI and BOP significantly reduced on the 30th day from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) in both groups. After discontinuing intervention, both groups showed significantly lower PI and GI scores on the 120th day from baseline. (p < 0.001). This study revealed that prepared mouthwash is safe and significantly effective in maintaining oral health, and it could be used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene measures. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digit ratio (2D:4D), as endocrine fingerprint, can indicate prenatal androgen exposure. It serves as an anatomical marker for various systemic diseases and a few studies relating it to oral health. The present study aims to evaluate the association between digit ratio and susceptibility to dental plaque formation. The study was conducted on young adults aged between 18 and 25 years. Digit ratio and reproductive hormones were measured; dental plaque score and gingival index (GI) were recorded. Data were analysed using the MedCalc. v.20. Male and female participants were categorized into two groups based on their digit ratios being either above or below the calculated average (0.99 for females, 0.98 for males). Those with a digit ratio below the average had a significantly higher mean dental plaque score (p < 0.0001) than those with ratios at or above the average. However, there was no significant difference in the GI between the two groups. Reproductive hormone profiles varied significantly between the higher and lower digit ratio groups for both sexes. Digit ratio may find potential to be used as an anatomical marker to identify the susceptibility to dental plaque build-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral microbiota of people with diabetes may be disturbed by oxygen tension, pH, redox potential, and latent nutrient supply in the microbial environment may influence changes in the microbiome. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and types of lactobacilli spp in chronic diabetic periodontitis, along with their effect on Biochemical and anti-inflammatory markers in saliva. Methods: This case-control study encompassed 100 participants recruited from patients who visited Kirkuk College of Dentistry outpatient dental clinics. The participants were categorized into two groups: 50 patients have chronic periodontitis with confirmed diabetes mellitus and a control group with diabetes but without periodontitis, as judged by their; Williams Index, Plaque Index and Gingival Index. For both groups, we measured salivary Fetuin-A, Ceruloplasmin, and Preptin and we cultured saliva samples for six Lactobacillus species. Result: The patient group showed improved plaque control (P < 0.001) according to the Plaque Index. Moreover, the Gingival Index indicated heightened inflammation in the patient group (P < 0.001), as did the Pocket Probing Depth (P < 0.001), signifying deeper periodontal pockets. Furthermore, the patient group has shown significant attachment loss in the patient group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study highlighted the nexus between diabetes Mellitus Lactobacillus species prevalence improving our understanding of the disease pathology and subsequent contribution in oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective oral care is important for maintaining a high quality of life. Therefore, plaque control can prevent the development and recurrence of periodontitis. Brushing with a toothbrush and toothpaste is a common way to remove plaque; however, excessive brushing or brushing with abrasive toothpaste can cause wear and tear on the dental crown. Hence, we aimed to quantitatively compare the plaque-removal efficiency and tooth wear of toothbrushes using the bioelectric effect (BE) with those of electric–mechanical toothbrushes. To generate the BE signal, an electronic circuit was developed and embedded in a toothbrush. Further, typodonts were coated with cultured artificial plaques and placed in a brushing simulator. A toothpaste slurry was applied, and the typodonts were eluted with tap water after brushing. The plaques of the typodonts were captured, and the images were quantified. For the tooth wear experiment, polymethyl methacrylate disk resin blocks were brushed twice a day, and the thickness of the samples was measured. Subsequently, statistical differences between the experimental toothbrushes and typical toothbrushes were analyzed. The BE toothbrush had a higher plaque-removal efficiency and could minimize tooth wear. This study suggests that the application of BE may be a new solution for oral care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Removal of plaque and food particle between teeth represent interdental cleaning. Every patient's self‐care program includes plaque removal efficiently and systematically. Periodontal disease, tooth decay and tooth loss may result from the absence of interdental cleaning or even an irregular and unsuccessful interdental cleaning. Aim: The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of inter‐dental aids, including dental floss and toothpicks, on gingival and plaque indices. Methods: A questionnaire including age, gender, education level and other information was obtained from 150 male subjects who were systemically and periodontally healthy. Clinical periodontal parameters (including plaque index and gingival index) were taken from each subject. The participants were categorized into different groups according to the use of inter‐dental aids (dental floss, dental picks and without any interdental aids). The participants were divided into the toothbrush‐alone group, including participants who did not use either dental floss or toothpicks; the dental floss group, including participants who used dental floss; and the toothpick group including participants who used toothpicks. Plaque and gingival indices compared among groups. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the maximum mean of Plaque index was found in the toothbrush‐alone group (1.09 ± 0.43), while the lowest mean of Plaque index was found in the dental floss group (0.87 ± 0.39). Plaque index of the toothpick group was (0.99 ± 0.41) with statistically significant difference among groups (p‐value = 0.04*). Conclusion: In conclusion, dental floss is the most effective mean of removing interdental plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Saliva, a versatile biological fluid, has gained recognition as an invaluable medium for point-of-care diagnostics, offering insight into the complex dynamics of periodontal tissue inflammation. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary lactoferrin (LF) concentration among individuals diagnosed with periodontitis (PDS) compared to a control group. Materials and Methods: A randomized, observational study enrolled 441 participants residing in Southern Sweden, aged 20 and 89 years and diagnosed with PDS. Clinical examination was performed following a standardized periodontal protocol, measuring key periodontal parameters such as plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), and marginal alveolar bone level/ bone loss using posterior intraoral bitewing radiographs. Stimulated saliva samples were analyzed for LF concentration using enzyme e-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation and ANOVA variance with a 95% confidence interval. Results and Discussion: We found no significant difference among the studied groups in mean salivary LF concentration (P > 0.05), whereas we observed a negative association between PI and salivary LF concentration (Pearson correlation = 0.110, P = 0.024), suggesting that increased plaque scores were associated with decreased LF level. In addition, smokers exhibited lower LF levels (P = 0.001). Notably, salivary LF concentration did not correlate with selected clinical parameters of PDS, including BI and PPD. Conclusions: These results underscore the multifaceted nature of salivary components and emphasize the need to consider various factors when evaluating the impact of PDS on saliva. Further research is imperative to validate risk factors contributing to the development of PDS and the diagnostic potential of salivary biomarkers, considering the intricate interplay between saliva and periodontal status. This study contributes valuable insight into the potential utility of saliva as a diagnostic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that bacterial plaque is the main etiological factor that causes the appearance of periodontal diseases and carious disease. Periodontal diseases can affect children and adolescents and are manifested in the form of gingivitis, but also the early form of chronic periodontitis as well as aggressive marginal periodontitis associated with local or general factors. Early periodontitis is frequently undiagnosed by clinicians due to a lack of knowledge of the specific symptoms. Certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, can create favorable conditions for the appearance and progression of severe manifestations of periodontal disease; also, recent research highlights that individuals with periodontal disease present an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Children with congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases are at increased risk for complications resulting from the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity, presenting a risk of infective endocarditis. The specific aim was to highlight the existing differences between the periodontal health of children with cardiovascular diseases and that of children without these diseases. The analyzed group included 124 patients, represented by children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17 years, who were divided into four subgroups depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease. A specialized clinical examination was performed for each patient, and periodontal clinical parameters were quantified (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival index, community periodontal index of treatment needs) and associated with the diagnosis of general condition. Patients diagnosed with periodontal disease underwent specialized treatment and were called to a control visit 3 months after treatment. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between subgroups with much higher values of clinical parameters for patients with cardiovascular disease. Also, the response to the treatment was better in the case of patients in the control subgroup without cardiovascular diseases. The present study highlighted the interaction of three factors in the progression of periodontal diseases: subgingival microbiota, immune system response and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the last quarter of the 20th century, dedicated efforts have been made to use phytochemicals in the prevention of periodontal diseases, but the darker side of the coin is that we have hardly encountered studies with a scientific basis to prove the specific role of phytochemicals against dental plaque. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antiplaque activity of Curcuma longa, Spilanthes acmella, and Quercus infectoria and to determine the antigingivitis activity of the extract, which shows high antiplaque potential. Materials and Methods: Sixteen volunteers were selected as subjects in this biphasic study. In the first phase, 10 volunteers were subjected to topical application of aqueous ethanolic extract (1%) of C. longa, Q. infectoria, and S. acmella on the labial/buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of 28 teeth. In the second phase, the extract showing the highest efficacy was selected to assess its antigingivitis activity on all the surfaces of six mandibular anterior teeth of six gingivitis patients. The percentage plaque reduction was calculated by dividing the difference of the base and end scores by the baseline scores. Results: C. longa demonstrated superior results as it showed the maximum reduction in plaque formation. Antigingivitis activity of long-term topical application of 1% C. longa was depicted in independent clusters in different volunteers selected for the study. Only after 2 weeks, the treatment score was found to be statistically significant to depict optimal results. Conclusion: C. longa can be considered the best at reducing plaque. The antigingivitis activity of C. longa ranked reasonably satisfactory and comparable to the existing data for commercially available drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth decay happens when bacteria in the mouth create acid from carbohydrates that can be fermented. Along with factors related to the person (like genetics or oral hygiene habits) and saliva, this process leads to cavities. During Ramadan fasting, when eating habits change, there could be effects on health, particularly on the salivary biomarkers that are important for dental well-being. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to detect the activity and concentrations of salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A and Statherin during and after Ramadan fasting and to evaluate the association between these biomarkers with dental caries. Methods: The study comprised 40 individuals, aged 20-25 years, diagnosed with dental caries. Participants were assessed for periodontal parameters using the Plaque Index and the Gingival Index. Saliva samples were collected during the fourth week of Ramadan fasting and two weeks after Ramadan fasting. The concentrations of both secretory IgA and Statherin were measured in salivary samples using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay . Results: A significant decrease in the mean concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A was observed during Ramadan fasting (2.14±0.21 ng/L) compared to post-fasting (3.34±0.35 ng/L) (p=0.001). However, there was a non-significant difference (p=0.05) in statherin levels between the fasting state (2.25±0.18 ng/L) and the post-fasting state (2.85±0.22 ng/L). No statistically significant difference was found concerning both the Plaque Index and the Gingival Index within fasting and post-fasting state. Conclusion: Low concentration of sIgA and Statherin during Ramadan fasting may indicate altered salivary gland activity or systemic response to fasting, potentially affecting oral health.

Aim: Comparative analysis of two gingival indices with different diagnostic thresholds and methods of application in recording the gingival status of the whole dentition in children aged 10-14 years. Materials and methods: The subjects of the current study were 457 children. The clinical periodontal examination is performed in 4 levels. Gingival status is objectified by inspection and probing using (1) provoked gingival bleeding by the full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) with a diagnostic threshold above 10% bleeding gingival units and (2) gingival index according to Loe and Silness (GILS), with a diagnostic threshold above 0. Results: Gingival inflammation could be detected in 64.3% of the children studied, with a mild form of plaque-induced gingivitis in 40% of them, concentrated mainly on the vestibular surfaces in the frontal regions of both jaws. In 87% of the same children studied, we recorded an initial degree of gingival inflammation with a gingival GILS index value above 0, also concentrated in the frontal areas of both dental arches.

It is well known that bacterial plaque is the main etiological factor that causes the appearance of periodontal diseases and carious disease. Periodontal diseases can affect children and adolescents and are manifested in the form of gingivitis, but also the early form of chronic periodontitis as well as aggressive marginal periodontitis associated with local or general factors. Early periodontitis is frequently undiagnosed by clinicians due to a lack of knowledge of the specific symptoms. Certain systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, can create favorable conditions for the appearance and progression of severe manifestations of periodontal disease; also, recent research highlights that individuals with periodontal disease present an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Children with congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases are at increased risk for complications resulting from the growth of microorganisms in the oral cavity, presenting a risk of infective endocarditis. The specific aim was to highlight the existing differences between the periodontal health of children with cardiovascular diseases and that of children without these diseases. The analyzed group included 124 patients, represented by children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17 years, who were divided into four subgroups depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease. A specialized clinical examination was performed for each patient, and periodontal clinical parameters were quantified (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival index, community periodontal index of treatment needs) and associated with the diagnosis of general condition. Patients diagnosed with periodontal disease underwent specialized treatment and were called to a control visit 3 months after treatment. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between subgroups with much higher values of clinical parameters for patients with cardiovascular disease. Also, the response to the treatment was better in the case of patients in the control subgroup without cardiovascular diseases. The present study highlighted the interaction of three factors in the progression of periodontal diseases: subgingival microbiota, immune system response and environmental factors.

Background and purpose: Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of gingivitis caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaques. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is one of the oldest and most effective treatments for this disease. Considering the adverse effects of chemical mouthwashes and turning to plant extracts, this study compared the anti-inflammatory effects of Lippia citrodora and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 72 patients with plaque-induced generalized chronic gingivitis were randomly divided into three groups of 24 patients receiving Lippia citrodora, chlorhexidine, and placebo mouthwashes. Gingival (GI), plaque (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) indexes were measured for the Ramfjord teeth of each patient on days 0, 7, and 21 and inputted to SPSS software (Version 22). Comparisons before and after interventions in each group were performed by paired t-test or its non-parametric equivalent for GI and PI, as well as the McNemar test for BOP. An intergroup comparison was performed by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for GI and PI, and chi-square for BOP. Moreover, a comparison of treatment results between different measurements was carried out by repeated measures ANOVA for GI and PI, as well as the Cochran test for BOP. Results: During all study periods, GI, PI, and POB significantly decreased in all three groups (P

Background and Objectives: This study aims to identify types of bacterial species in women visiting obstetrics/gynecology centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, during different pregnancy trimesters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and nonpregnant women seeking care at Alyamamah Hospital, obstetrics/gynecology center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 110 [pregnant = 90 and nonpregnant = 20] individuals were recruited based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Personal data, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were recorded. Bacterial samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points from the gingival sulcus of pregnant females during the first, second, and third trimesters and compared to a control group of nonpregnant females. Thioglycolate broth containing the absorbent paper points was incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h. After growth, the microorganisms were subjected to a Gram stain. The VITEK 2 system and conventional methods were used to identify various types of bacterial species from the gingival sulcus of pregnant and nonpregnant women. Chi-square tests and nonparametric tests were applied to the data. Results: The bacterial characterization indicated that Actinomyces naeslundii (AN) was the most predominant bacteria found in the study participants, followed by Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) (23.6%), Veillonella (VL) (10%), and unidentified organisms (9.1%). When the presence of subgingival bacterial species was compared between pregnant and nonpregnant women, a statistically significant difference was observed (p < 0.001). LF was the predominant bacteria in 9 nonpregnant women (45%) and 8 pregnant women in the first pregnancy trimester (44.4%). However, during the second (17 women: 48.6%) and third pregnancy (17 women: 45.9%) trimesters, AN becomes the predominant bacteria. A statistically significant difference was observed when the prevalence of various bacterial species was compared across the three pregnancy trimesters (p = 0.010). The plaque and gingival scores of pregnant and nonpregnant women showed no significant difference. Conclusions: In different trimesters of pregnancy, pregnant women’s gingival crevices showed significant microbial changes without affecting gingival inflammation.

Background: Orthodontic treatment is commonly associated with an increased risk of dental caries and gingivitis due to the presence of fixed appliances, which can impede proper oral hygiene maintenance. Understanding the prevalence of caries and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment is crucial for implementing effective preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 200 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at a dental clinic. Clinical records were reviewed to assess the prevalence of caries and gingivitis. Dental caries were evaluated using the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) index, and gingivitis severity was assessed using the Gingival Index (GI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 200 patients, 65% exhibited caries, with an average DMFT score of 3.5 ± 1.2. Gingivitis was present in 80% of patients, with an average GI score of 2.7 ± 0.8. The most affected teeth by caries were the molars, while the highest gingival inflammation was observed in the interdental areas. Conclusion: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have a high prevalence of both caries and gingivitis. Proper oral hygiene education and regular dental check-ups are essential to prevent and manage these conditions effectively during orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Good oral hygiene is vital for overall health, and interdental floss is a key tool for maintaining a healthy mouth by removing plaque and food particles from between teeth. However, the success of floss depends on patient compliance, which is crucial for its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and patient compliance after dental health education of interdental floss when used alongside toothbrushing for dental plaque control. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational comparative study was conducted, involving 52 participants randomly divided into toothbrush and dental floss (TB + DF) and toothbrush (TB) groups. The participants underwent professional prophylaxis, and interdental floss education was provided to the TB + DF group. Results: Results showed significant differences between the groups at 7 days and 1 month, favoring the floss group in terms of approximal plaque index. However, the toothbrush group exhibited better outcomes for interdental bleeding at 7 days. Patients' perceptions of cleaning capacity, comfort, and Visual Analog Scale scores were also evaluated. While no significant difference was observed in cleaning capacity perception at 7 days, the floss group showed significantly better results at 1 month. Comfort favored the floss group at both time points. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of dental health education in improving compliance and underscores the efficacy of interdental floss in conjunction with toothbrushing for comprehensive plaque control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study aimed to determine the burden of oral health parameters such as dental caries, dental plaque, gingivitis, periodontitis, mouth opening, and dental fluorosis among children and early adolescents belonging to upper and lower-middle-class private schools of Karachi Methods: A cross-sectional study with 550 study subjects was conducted among schools to assess dental caries, the presence of dental plaque, gingivitis, dental fluorosis, and mouth opening. The sample was selected through a nonprobability sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were male and female students from class 6 to class 10, students present on the day of the examination, and students given verbal consent for the study; the exclusion criteria included students with dental anomalies such as amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, supernumerary teeth, congenitally absent teeth or teeth missing due to fracture or trauma. An open epi was used to calculate the sample size. The study was performed in private schools belonging to various localities near Ziaud-din University. Dental examination was carried out using a disposable dental examination kit. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis, and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to analyse the variables. Results: The mean age of the study sample is 12.96 ± 2.30, the mean DMFT (Decayed missing and filled tooth) score is 1.07 ± 2.04, the mean plaque score is 0.38 ± 0.90, and the gingival index is 0.21 ± 0.79, the mean mouth opening is 36.16±8.65. The gender-wise distribution of oral health parameters presented the statistically significant difference in mean mouth opening among male and female study subjects p<0.0001, whereas mean decayed tooth and mean DMFT scores were statistically insignificant p<0.44 and p<0.36, respectively. The comparison of oral health parameters of study subjects among upper and lower class shows statistically significant differences among mean mouth opening, mean plaque index, mean decayed teeth, mean DMFT score, and mean dental fluorosis. Whereas the mean gingival index, mean missing teeth and mean filled teeth were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The current study concludes that children and early adolescents suffer from oral diseases such as dental caries, plaque, and limited mouth opening. There is a need to conduct oral health intervention studies among schools and local communities to spread oral health awareness and disease prevention. As well as to introduce preventive measures among high-risk subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The link between oral infections and systemic disease is a well-proven hypothesis in the current literature. This relationship is the result of interaction between periodontal microbe that triggers inflammatory processes leading to the secretion of cytokines and other mediators of inflammation resulting in the systemic effects of pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: In this study, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), probing pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index, and the parameters were assessed initially and 1 month after scaling and root planing (SRP). Statistical Analysis Used: The paired t-test and the Pearson correlation were needed to examine and compare measured data. Results: The data from the study reveal that all the clinical parameters like the plaque index, the gingival index, and the probing pocket depth were statistically significantly reduced after 1 month of SRP with respect to baseline. While ESR mean value was also reduced, that is, 3.27 ± 1.24 mm/hr which was also considered statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings from the study showed a positive correlation between periodontal inflammation and ESR.

A combinatorial biofilm treatment involving a low dose of antibiotics along with a small amount of electricity is known as the bioelectric effect (BE). When an external electric field or current is applied, biofilms can be affected by the resulting electrostatic force. Our group is researching the maximization of electrostatic force through the integration of both alternating and direct currents, with a voltage below the electrolysis threshold (0.82 V). To validate the efficacy of this technology, in the present work we investigated two major biofilm applications: (1) dentistry for oral biofilm infection and (2) hygiene for aerobic biofilm contamination. For each application, testing devices were developed in the form of a toothbrush and an evaporator cleaner, respectively. The dental clinical results demonstrated a 75% reduction in gingivitis compared to the non-BE applied group (n = 40, ANOVA, paired t-test, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the hygiene testing result demonstrated an 81.8% increase in biofilm removal compared to the initial untreated sample (n = 6, ANOVA, paired t-test, p < 0.05). In conclusion, this new BE technology showed efficacy in both dental- and hygiene-associated biofilms without causing electrolysis. Further investigation and development of the BE system should continue in both the medical and hygiene fields.

Background: Frequent bacterial plaque buildup at the gingival margin and crevice can provoke an inflammatory reaction in gingival tissues which manifests as gingivitis. Probiotics could serve as a beneficial complementary therapy for treating gingival inflammation. The main aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the Lactobacillus plantarum MK06 probiotic strain on the treatment of gingivitis. Methods: Patients with gingivitis, who were referred to a private clinic and were systematically healthy, were included in this randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. They were instructed to use either placebo or Lactobacillus plantarum suspensions for one minute two times a day after tooth-brushing for four weeks. Then, the clinical parameters of gingivitis, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and oral hygiene index (OHI-s), were measured in the first, second, and fourth weeks. A total of forty-two patients were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 21) groups. The mean age of the experimental and control groups was 29.10 and 28.48, respectively. Results: The mean scores of BOP, GI, PI, and OHI-s reduced over time in both the control and test groups. However, according to the Mann-Whitney test, the difference between the two groups was not significant at the same time intervals (P ≥ 0.05) and only GI showed a significant difference in the fourth week (GI-3, P = 0.006). Nevertheless, the experimental group experienced a higher overall reduction rate than the control group. The BOP, GI, PI, and OHI-s scores decreased by 0.081, 0.204, 0.186, and 0.172 times in the second week, respectively, resulting from the interaction of time and the intervention, which considerably diminished these indices. Conclusion: This study shows the potential of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum MK06 suspension as a promoting therapeutic adjuvant in the treatment of gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is among the risks of periodontal diseases. The relationship between the inflammatory load of the diet and inflammation has been shown in previous studies, but the relationship between periodontal diseases and the inflammatory load of the diet is not clear. In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and periodontal health. Board approved the protocol. Information about the study was given to the patients who met the criteria of the study and agreed to participate in the study. Oral health status was evaluated by measuring the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT). Periodontal health status was determined using the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). Twenty‐four‐hour dietary record was taken for 1 day to calculate the inflammatory load gained from daily diet, and the DII score was used. The study group consisted of 138 participants. DMFT scores were found with median 4.0, and no statistically significant difference was observed between DII quartiles. 65.8% of the participants had absence or small amount of plaque accumulation, while 39.2% had moderate or dense amount of plaque accumulation according to the PI classification. While DII did not differ by PI classification, DII quartile between second and third found a difference according to the GI classification. The new definition of periodontal health has been proposed as the absence of clinically detectable inflammation. It seems that pro‐inflammatory properties of the diet and periodontal health are related. But future randomized controlled trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diyala Journal of Medicine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare dental indexes of pediatric Down syndrome (DS) patients to those who are healthy. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guidelines. The researchers searched title and abstract of major databases, including ProQuest (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Full Text: Health and Medicine, ProQuest Nursing and Allie Health Source), PubMed, Google Scholar, clinical key, up to date, springer, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (ISI), up to September 2020 with restriction to English and Persian language This meta-analysis study had three outcomes: decay/miss/filled index, plaque index, and gingival index. Effect size, including mean difference and its 95% of confidence interval, was calculated. The Newcastle--Ottawa Scale measured the quality of the selected studies. Heterogeneity was performed using the Q test and I2 index, and reporting bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger and Begg's tests. Results: Fifteen studies conducted were included in the meta-analysis process. Conclusion: It showed that DS patients had a higher plaque index and gingival index than healthy individuals, which means that the oral health status of these patients is worse and needs more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combinatorial biofilm treatment involving a low dose of antibiotics along with a small amount of electricity is known as the bioelectric effect (BE). When an external electric field or current is applied, biofilms can be affected by the resulting electrostatic force. Our group is researching the maximization of electrostatic force through the integration of both alternating and direct currents, with a voltage below the electrolysis threshold (0.82 V). To validate the efficacy of this technology, in the present work we investigated two major biofilm applications: (1) dentistry for oral biofilm infection and (2) hygiene for aerobic biofilm contamination. For each application, testing devices were developed in the form of a toothbrush and an evaporator cleaner, respectively. The dental clinical results demonstrated a 75% reduction in gingivitis compared to the non-BE applied group (n = 40, ANOVA, paired t-test, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the hygiene testing result demonstrated an 81.8% increase in biofilm removal compared to the initial untreated sample (n = 6, ANOVA, paired t-test, p < 0.05). In conclusion, this new BE technology showed efficacy in both dental- and hygiene-associated biofilms without causing electrolysis. Further investigation and development of the BE system should continue in both the medical and hygiene fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal (NEU Dent J) is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University Dental Journal (NEU Dent J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

17,21,28 In a recent study by Kudirkaite et al, 18 16- to 18-yearold orthodontic patients appeared to have better oral health than those who were 12-15 years of age during their treatment. Doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b965741 129 Effects of Self-ligating Orthodontic Appliances on the Periodontal Health of Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study Aikaterini Papadimitriou a / Georgios Kouvelis a / Theodora Fanaropoulou a / Ioannis Doulis b / Merakou Kyriakoula c / Anastasia Mparmpouni c / Dimitrios Kloukos d Purpose: To evaluate the association between orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and periodontal health during treatment by examining gingival inflammation indices and saliva properties. 15,30 The primary objective of this study was to illustrate the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on the oral health of adolescent patients with self-ligating orthodontic appliances in the first trimester of treatment. The primary objective of this study was to identify the effect of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal health of adolescent patients with self-ligating brackets after placement of appliances. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health in adult patients who applied to the Department of Restorative Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry at Suleyman Demirel University. Methods The study included 500 subjects. The dental anxiety levels of the patients were determined using a modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS). Information on sociodemographic details, oral hygiene and nutritional habits were recorded. Intraoral examinations of the subjects were performed. Caries prevalence of individuals was determined using the decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing, or filled surfaces (DMFS) indices. Gingival health was evaluated using the gingival index (GI). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation analysis. Results The ages of the 276 female and 224 male participants ranged from 18–84 years. The median MDAS value was 9.00. The median DMFT and DMFS values were 10.00 and 23.00, respectively. The median MDAS values ​​of women were higher than those of men. Individuals who postponed their appointment had a higher MDAS median value than those who did not (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between dental anxiety level (MDAS) and GI, DMFT and DMFS index scores (Spearman correlation analysis, p > 0.05). Conclusion The MDAS values of individuals who did not remember the reason for their dental visit were higher than those who visited the dentist for routine control. Based on the findings of this study, further research on the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health is necessary to determine the factors that pose a risk for dental anxiety and to ensure the regular benefits of dental services.

Abstract Background Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have higher plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of a light emitting diode (LED) toothbrush with a manual toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances, and to investigate the effect of the LED toothbrush on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in vitro. Methods Twenty-four orthodontic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) started with manual and (2) started with LED toothbrushes. After a 28-day usage and 28-day wash-out period, the patients switched to the other intervention. The plaque and gingival indices were determined at baseline and 28 days after each intervention. The patients’ compliance and satisfaction scores were collected using questionnaires. For the in vitro experiments, S. mutans biofilm was divided into 5 groups (n = 6) with 15-, 30-, 60-, or 120-sec LED exposure, and without LED exposure as a control group. Results There was no significant difference in the gingival index between the manual and LED toothbrush groups. The manual toothbrush was significantly more effective in reducing the plaque index in the proximal area on the bracket side (P = 0.031). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in other areas around the brackets or on the non-bracket side. After LED exposure in vitro, the percentages of bacterial viability after LED exposure for 15–120 s were significantly lower compared with the control (P = 0.006). Conclusion Clinically, the LED toothbrush was not more effective in reducing dental plaque or gingival inflammation than the manual toothbrush in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. However, the blue light from the LED toothbrush significantly reduced the number of S. mutans in biofilm when it was exposed to the light for at least 15 s in vitro. Clinical Trial Registration Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20210510004). Registered 10/05/2021.

Background/purpose: Zirconia crowns (ZrC) without veneering porcelain have become an effective alternative in clinical practice. Monolithic zirconia restorations fabricated by the dry milling method do not have acceptable clinical properties. This study evaluated the periodontal qualities of three-dimensional printed ZrC using the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Materials and methods: A total of 15 patients who required dental crowns were recruited, and all 15 teeth were restored with digital 3D-printed ZrC. All crowns were assessed at the time of crown placement and 2, 6, and 24 weeks post-placement. Clinical parameters, including plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, crown marginal integrity, and attrition of the antagonist's teeth, were evaluated and recorded. Results: According to the Modified California Dental Association quality evaluation system, 100% of the crowns received satisfactory grades. Despite the significant increase in plaque index and gingival index at two weeks post-ZrC placement, there was no deterioration in probing depth. Moreover, there was discard usage of ZrC on the antagonist's teeth at 24 weeks posttreatment. Of the 15 crowns, one tooth had to be extracted due to a vertical root fracture. Overall, the digital 3D-printed crowns showed no adverse effects on periodontal tissues after 24 weeks of follow-up. Conclusion: The 3D-printed ZrC showed no periodontal problems. It can serve as an alternative for patients, particularly those with high esthetic expectations.

Dental crowding is one form of malocclusion characterized by disparities between the size of the tooth and the arc dimension. It is commonly found in the anterior region. Keeping the crowded and misaligned tooth is hard, leading to more plaque accumulation and increasing the risk of gingival inflammation. This research aims to find the effects of anterior dental crowding on the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and Gingival Index scores of Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang students. This is a cross-sectional study performed by observational analytical study design. The population was the student of Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang with anterior crowding. Using 70 samples were chosen using purposive sampling technique. The result showed that most of the students had moderate anterior crowding (45.7%), followed by mild crowding (30%) and severe crowding (20%). The chi-square test showed a significant effect of anterior crowding toward OHI-S (p=0.03) and GI scores (p=0.04). While Socio-economical aspect also showed a significant effect (p=0.00) on OHI-S scores. A significant effect of socioeconomic status was also recorded on GI score (p=0.00). An observation of the students' oral hygiene intention showed that they mostly had a moderate intention (72.9%) to keep their mouth clean, and the rest, 27.1% had high oral hygiene intention. This aspect also significantly affects their scores of OHI-S (p=0.00) and GI (p=0.01). This study concluded that anterior crowding, socioeconomic status, and oral hygiene intention can affect OHI-S and GI scores of the students of Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance on craniofacial structures, bite force and periodontal status in Class II malocclusion patients.Methods:In this prospective interventional follow-up study, thirteen (13) Class II Division 1 patients in their post-adolescent age group with average age of 17.10 ± 1.63 year was treated with Forsus FRD. They were assessed for craniofacial changes, bite force and periodontal status at baseline, after alignment and leveling, after removal of FRD.Results:Improvement in soft tissue profile was due to significant dentoalveolar changes. There were significant decreases in overjet, overbite, reference line to upper first molar, H angle (p

Effective oral care is important for maintaining a high quality of life. Therefore, plaque control can prevent the development and recurrence of periodontitis. Brushing with a toothbrush and toothpaste is a common way to remove plaque; however, excessive brushing or brushing with abrasive toothpaste can cause wear and tear on the dental crown. Hence, we aimed to quantitatively compare the plaque-removal efficiency and tooth wear of toothbrushes using the bioelectric effect (BE) with those of electric–mechanical toothbrushes. To generate the BE signal, an electronic circuit was developed and embedded in a toothbrush. Further, typodonts were coated with cultured artificial plaques and placed in a brushing simulator. A toothpaste slurry was applied, and the typodonts were eluted with tap water after brushing. The plaques of the typodonts were captured, and the images were quantified. For the tooth wear experiment, polymethyl methacrylate disk resin blocks were brushed twice a day, and the thickness of the samples was measured. Subsequently, statistical differences between the experimental toothbrushes and typical toothbrushes were analyzed. The BE toothbrush had a higher plaque-removal efficiency and could minimize tooth wear. This study suggests that the application of BE may be a new solution for oral care.

Context: The link between oral infections and systemic disease is a well-proven hypothesis in the current literature. This relationship is the result of interaction between periodontal microbe that triggers inflammatory processes leading to the secretion of cytokines and other mediators of inflammation resulting in the systemic effects of pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: In this study, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), probing pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index, and the parameters were assessed initially and 1 month after scaling and root planing (SRP). Statistical Analysis Used: The paired t-test and the Pearson correlation were needed to examine and compare measured data. Results: The data from the study reveal that all the clinical parameters like the plaque index, the gingival index, and the probing pocket depth were statistically significantly reduced after 1 month of SRP with respect to baseline. While ESR mean value was also reduced, that is, 3.27 ± 1.24 mm/hr which was also considered statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings from the study showed a positive correlation between periodontal inflammation and ESR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental health problems in dogs. Clinical studies in humans have shown that aged garlic extract (AGE), which contains stable and water-soluble sulfur-containing bioactive compounds, improves the symptoms of periodontal diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that oral administration of AGE in healthy Beagle dogs at 90 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks had no adverse effects such as hemolytic anemia, which is well known to occur as a result of ingestion of Allium species, including onions and garlic, in dogs. However, the therapeutic potential of AGE in canine periodontal disease remains unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the therapeutic effects of AGE in Beagle dogs with mild gingivitis. Feeding 18 mg/kg/day of AGE for 8 weeks resulted in the improvement of gingival index score, level of volatile sulfur compounds in exhaled air, and enzyme activity of periodontal pathogens without any adverse effects on clinical signs and hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Moreover, AGE increased the concentration of salivary cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to the oral innate immune response. These results suggest that AGE could be a potential therapeutic agent for canine gingivitis.

Aim: Planning the surgical operation, choosing the type of implant, and the effectiveness of the implant all heavily rely on the quantity and quality of the accessible bone. This study's goal was to determine how promptly inserted dental implants affected postoperative changes in bone density and crestal bone level by Cone bean computed tomography (CBCT) gray-scale value during a follow-up of three to six months. Method: A prospective clinical-radiographic investigation was conducted. Twenty participants with a partly edentulous arch who were also systemically healthy were chosen from the OPD of the Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology. Each patient's oral hygiene status was noted, and a preoperative CBCT was performed to assess bone density. The following clinical parameters were noted before surgical procedures: plaque index (PI) (Silness and Loe, 1964), gingival index (GI) (Loe and Sillness, 1964), probing pocket depth (PPD), and primary stability. Result: A weak connection between Hounsfield unit (HU) in three months and six months was found. Moreover, a slender positive connection between baseline primary stability and three months was found. PI was shown to have a statistically significant difference between the means at several follow-ups (P value of 0.0001). PI and probing depth were not statistically different between baseline and six months (P values = 0.0001) or between three months and six months (P values = 0.050), respectively. Conclusion: The main outcome of this study shows that insertion torque is directly proportional to bone density and crestal bone level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.: Limited data are available on the effect of mouthwashes containing Iranian propolis on plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) in patients with chronic gingivitis. The present study compared the effects of propolis and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes in patients with chronic gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. Methods.: In the present interventional study, 28 patients 18‒50 years of age with generalized chronic gingivitis were assigned to two groups (n=14). Periodontal parameters, including PI and GI, were determined in all the subjects at baseline. Groups A and B received CHX and propolis mouthwashes, respectively. All the subjects used the mouthwashes for two weeks. Then all the parameters were evaluated gain. Independent t-test was used to compare the periodontal parameters between the two groups. Paired t-test was used for intra-group comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P <0.05> Results.: Two weeks after using the mouthwashes, the mean PI in the CHX group (21.71±1.63) was significantly lower than that in the propolis group (33.91±5.96). However, the mean PI and GI in the propolis group decreased significantly compared to the baseline (P =0.00). Conclusion.: Propolis significantly decreased the mean plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with chronic gingivitis. Although the reduction in PI in the propolis group was a little less than in the CHX group, the efficacy of propolis in reducing GI was comparable to CHX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dogs frequently have oral diseases, especially periodontal diseases. Medications for oral health are being used in dogs to prevent infections. Oral microbiota plays a major role in dental health. The present study displayed the effect of gallic acid-containing mouth spray (GAMS) on healthy dogs' oral health and microbiota. The mouth spray improved the gingival and calculus indexes in healthy dogs. GAMS altered the dental microbiota. Further studies are obligatory to claim that the GAMS could be used to maintain the oral health of healthy dogs. The pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of GAMS on oral microbiota in healthy dog subjects. Thirty-eight dogs were recruited and randomly allocated to the placebo (n = 19) and treatment groups (n = 19). The dogs were treated with mouth spray once daily for 42 days. The changes in the gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and calculus index (CI) were measured at baseline (day 0) and end of the study (42nd day). The changes in the oral microbial composition of representative dogs (placebo, n = 7; and treatment, n = 7) were also evaluated at baseline and end of the study. Oral microbial composition was assessed by sequencing. The sequences were annotated using the QIIME 2.0TM. The GI, PI, and CI indexes were reduced after the GAMS usage. The abundance of the commensal bacterial phylum Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, genera Frederiksenia, and Bergeyella was improved after six weeks of GAMS usage. GAMS reduced the pathogenic bacterial species, including Neisseria sp., Desulfobulbus sp., Capnocytophaga canis, and Corynebacterium mustelae. Moreover, some pathogenic bacterial abundances were increased at the end of the study. All the microbial variations were observed within the group. The inter-group analysis revealed that the changes were unrelated to GAMS usage. Further studies need to be carried out using more experimental subjects to confirm the effectiveness of GAMS. More metagenomic data are required to evidence the GMAS impact on the oral microbiome of healthy dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic periodontitis share common risk factors and evidence exists showing an association between the two conditions. Aims: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the gingival and periodontal status of patients having COPD and their comparison with nondiseased individuals. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study recruited 60 patients (30–60 years) with COPD (Group A) and 60 healthy controls (Group B). Patients having cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and other comorbid illnesses except COPD were excluded from the study. A complete general physical and medical examination of all the patients was completed, case history was recorded, and investigations such as total blood count, chest X-ray, and pulmonary function tests were undertaken. Each patient's gingival and periodontal status as evaluated by an experienced periodontist and oral hygiene simplified index, gingival index (GI) (Loe and silliness), and periodontal index (PI) (Russell's) were recorded. Results and Discussion: Group A patients were significantly older than Group B. There was no statistically significant difference in both groups concerning gender. Group A had 45%, whereas, in Group B, 36.7% of the patients had lower socioeconomic status. In Group A, a higher body mass index >30 kg/m2 was observed in 38.6% of the patients as compared to 26.9% in Group B (P > 0.05). In Group A, higher values of oral hygiene simplified index (2.97 ± 0.02), mean GI (1.96 ± 0.01), and mean PI (4.85 ± 0.01) were observed as compared to Group B (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The study supports an association between COPD and chronic periodontitis. Early detection and treatment of chronic periodontitis may benefit patients with COPD.

Objective: To assess the clinical anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Nigella sativa oil compared with chlorhexidine in patients with gingivitis. Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients having chronic generalized gingivitis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive Nigella sativa oil (n=18) or chlorhexidine (n=19). The following assessments were made on day 0 and day 15: plaque index, gingival index, gingival IL-6 and IL-18 levels were measured using ELISA, plaque colony-forming units, and alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus strains. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests and Fisher's exact test. Results: Both interventions reduced plaque index and gingival index scores (P0.05). The post-intervention plaque index and gingival index scores and inflammatory cytokine levels between the two groups were not significantly different. Both interventions caused a significant reduction in the plaque colony-forming units (P

Background: Salivary biomarkers can be used to diagnose illnesses, track their course, and gauge a patient's response to therapy. Inflammatory circumstances result in higher sCD44 levels. The most typical inflammatory disorder connected to periodontal tissue is called periodontitis. Therefore, the purpose “of the current study was to compare the levels of sCD44 in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after scaling and root planing. Objectives: 1) Determining CD44 concentrations in healthy individuals' spit. 2) To quantify CD44 levels in the saliva of individuals with persistent periodontitis. The third objective is to compare the levels of CD44 that can be dissolved in saliva between those with healthy gums and those with active periodontitis. 4) Assessing CD44 levels in saliva after “scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis.” Materials and Methods: Half of the study participants were classified as having chronic periodontitis, while the other half had healthy gums. Participants with healthy gums and those with chronic periodontitis had their plaque levels, gingival status, and testing depths measured. All the same, data were calculated in persons with chronic periodontitis one month after they had “scaling and root planing done. Clinical attachment levels were evaluated before scaling and root planing was performed on patients with chronic periodontitis and again one month afterwards. Patients with chronic periodontitis,” those whose condition had not improved following scaling and root planing (SRP), and healthy individuals all had spit tests conducted after a month. The concentration of sCD44 in the saliva was determined with a chemically coupled immunosorbent assay. Results: Salivary sCD44 levels were substantially greater in people with chronic periodontitis than in people without the condition. After one month of scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis, sCD44 levels drastically dropped (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Chronic periodontitis is linked to elevated levels of salivary sCD44. sCD44 can be employed as a possible salivary biomarker for chronic Periodontitis.

Aim: Planning the surgical operation, choosing the type of implant, and the effectiveness of the implant all heavily rely on the quantity and quality of the accessible bone. This study's goal was to determine how promptly inserted dental implants affected postoperative changes in bone density and crestal bone level by Cone bean computed tomography (CBCT) gray-scale value during a follow-up of three to six months. Method: A prospective clinical-radiographic investigation was conducted. Twenty participants with a partly edentulous arch who were also systemically healthy were chosen from the OPD of the Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology. Each patient's oral hygiene status was noted, and a preoperative CBCT was performed to assess bone density. The following clinical parameters were noted before surgical procedures: plaque index (PI) (Silness and Loe, 1964), gingival index (GI) (Loe and Sillness, 1964), probing pocket depth (PPD), and primary stability. Result: A weak connection between Hounsfield unit (HU) in three months and six months was found. Moreover, a slender positive connection between baseline primary stability and three months was found. PI was shown to have a statistically significant difference between the means at several follow-ups (P value of 0.0001). PI and probing depth were not statistically different between baseline and six months (P values = 0.0001) or between three months and six months (P values = 0.050), respectively. Conclusion: The main outcome of this study shows that insertion torque is directly proportional to bone density and crestal bone level.

Abstract Background Gingivitis is a reversible condition; however, if left untreated, it progresses to periodontitis, which a serious infection that leads to bone destruction. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) measurement may be of value in the early assessment of gingivitis in children, thereby minimizing risk of tooth loss. Objectives In this observational study, we assessed salivary and serum concentrations of suPAR for the diagnosis of gingivitis and correlation of salivary suPAR with the periodontal clinical parameters. Methods Ninety children participated in the study, with 20 healthy subjects as controls and 70 patients with gingivitis. The gingivitis group was divided into mild, moderate, and severe cases. According to the gingival index (GI), salivary and serum samples were analyzed for the suPAR and C-reactive protein levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The salivary suPAR was significantly higher in patients with gingivitis (10.8 ± 2.9 ng/mL) than in the control group (7.0 ± 1.1 ng/mL) as P