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An important task of precision farming is the management of the production process, based on the use of information and digital technologies. The most significant components of predictive models of crop yields include agrometeorological and soil-climatic conditions of the area where they are cultivated. The paper gives an example of substantiating the optimal location for an automatic weather station. The weather station is an integral element of the integrated management system for a digital agricultural enterprise - the educational and production base of the agricultural university. Students and staff do not have user rights. For the possibility of using agrometeorological data for a wider range of people, an accessible version of the database is proposed. The database is a shared directory of Excel files. They contain monthly information on all parameters registered by the agrometeorological complex on the territory of the educational and production base of the university. The use of original forecasting models, based on controlled agrometeorological factors, provides a reduction in agricultural risks and an increase in the productivity of cultivated crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have developed a technique for the synthesis of an aggregatively stable sol containing nanoparticles of both manganese dioxide and cobalt oxide. The paper considers the several colloidal chemical properties of sol and properties of the final layers. X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed the presence of Mn, Co, and O on the membrane surface. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction diagram showed that the particles of the synthesized sol consist of manganese and cobalt compounds: MnO2 and Co3O4. Samples of deposited membranes were tested, in which the membrane showed the presence of catalytic activity in the reaction of dye oxidation. Due to atomic absorption spectroscopy, the leaching of each of the metals in the reaction mixture after the reaction is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of new technologies, designs of agricultural machines, as well as the correction of the situation that developed in 1990-2015, led to the need for an accelerated renewal of the machine-tractor fleet in the agricultural production of Russia. One of the instruments of this process is state support. Therefore, it is required to develop the state regulation new methods that stimulate the purchase of new equipment by agricultural producers. Our study purpose is to determine the possibilities of using the commodity lending mechanism to upgrade the machine-tractor fleet in modern conditions. The following tasks are supposed to be solved: - consideration of the using commodity lending experience as a state agrarian policy element; - formulating a mechanism for commodity lending, taking into account the lending object (equipment) characteristics; - determination of this mechanism parameters. One of the effective tools is commodity lending, adapted to the lending object characteristics. It is rational to use the repayment of the principal amount, both in cash and in products. Why use a grain equivalent, the basis of which will be the price of the 4th class wheat grain. In 2022, the purchase of an average tractor requires 324 tons of grain, and the purchase of a grain combine requires 657 tons (or 64.7 tons and 131.4 tons per year, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, a very topical environmental problem is the increase in formation of industrial and solid municipal waste. Therefore, the purpose of research and development projects is the creation of resource-saving technology, technological systems and special equipment for integrated processing and recycling of various man-made materials. One of the areas of recycling technogenic raw materials is their use in the production of composite materials for additive technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the diversity of coniferous plants in the dendroflora of parks and other green spaces of the South-Eastern coast of Crimea. Conifers are represented by 3 families, 14 genera, 31 species and 22 cultivars. Cupressaceae includes 8 genera and 16 species; Pinaceae - 5 genera and 14 species; Taxaceae - 1 genus and 1 species. The frequency of occurrence of coniferous trees and shrubs in different types of green spaces was estimated. Six species are very often used in landscaping: Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus arizonica, C. sempervirens, Pinus brutia, P. nigra subsp. pallasiana, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. They are found everywhere and are represented by a large number of specimens (tens and hundreds). The botanical-geographical origin of the species was analyzed. The largest number (12 or 38.7%) of coniferous woody plants are of Mediterranean origin. Trees and shrubs of the native Crimean flora (archaeophytes and neophytes) make up 10 species, or 32.3%, of which cedars, cypresses and pines play a significant role in cultural cenoses and emphasize the Mediterranean character of local landscapes. The form of conifers diversity in the study region is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the task of increasing the thermal efficiency of flat solar collectors in heat supply systems by optimizing their operating parameters under conditions when their weight and size characteristics and thermal engineering parameters are already well developed in world practice, studied and reached values close to the limit values. It is shown that an increase in the efficiency of flat solar collectors in heat supply systems can be achieved in two ways: 1) due to a single heating of water in solar collectors at low flow rates and a high temperature gradient along the direction of fluid movement; 2) by improving the uniformity of the distribution of the coolant flow through the liſting pipes and reducing the temperature gradient perpendicular to the direction of fluid movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the basics of vortex formation for practical use in vortex wind power plants (VWPP). The analysis of existing structures of VWPP with limited tower-type vortex systems, solar-wind vortex power plant (SWVPP) is carried out with the use of horizontal-axial and vertical-axial propeller wind turbines. A simpler and energetically efficient VWPP is proposed using an openwork cylindrical vortex tube (OCVT) permeable to atmospheric air, an air solar collector (ASC) and a combined H-Darrier-Savonius rotor (CRDS) with much greater efficiency. The proposed vortex plants of small and medium power can be used for autonomous power supply of facilities. Their use will be able to significantly save fuel and energy resources in autonomous power supply systems practically without harming the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movable straight-sided splined joints are widely used in designs of modern tractors, automobiles and agricultural ma-chines for transmission of the rotational moment, whereas their wear can reach significant values during operation. Electromechanical hardening of the working surfaces of the splines can be considered a rational way to increase wear resistance and durability of spline couplings and joints as a whole. The paper considers results of practical implementation of the method of electromechanical hardening of the working surfaces of the flange coupling splines of 150.41.275-1 PTO drive. As a result of the research, it was revealed that hardness of the working surfaces of the couplings splines increased significantly after electromechan-ical hardening. Based on the obtained results and taking into account the above technology of electromechanical hardening, a scheme was proposed with three production options of spline couplings. A comparative effectiveness analysis of the existing methods and the proposed method of production of PTO drive flange couplings was carried out. Couplings with a hardened working surface of the splines are installed on the machinery and are currently being tested in real operating conditions at the enterprises of Ulyanovsk region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current state of society is characterized by the rapid development of various kinds of technologies. At the same time, such a rhythm of social progress affects a significant increase in the development of the manufacturing sector, which has both positive and negative consequences. In particular, this leads both to an increase in the development of environmental protection issues and environmentalists in individual states, and to an increase in the negative impact on the environment. This necessitated the development of both theoretical and applied measures to preserve and protect the environmental safety of society. Therefore, at the present stage of social development, the international community has developed and is implementing a significant number of organizational and technical measures in the field of environmental safety, which will require a systematic and objective study. Documented provision of environmental safety in view of the emergence of new diseases is very relevant and promising. The article discusses and analyzes in detail the current issues of ensuring environmental safety and environmental protection. Specific recommendations are presented to improve the efficiency of technogenic regulation of environmental safety issues in regional territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designers of modern DC-DC converters for automotive and industrial systems challenges the issue of electromagnetic compatibility. Improper conducted emission level estimation leads to changes in the layout and the schematic of the device, which entails additional costs or increase the module development time. The paper solves the problem of increasing the accuracy of a conducted EMI simulation results for DC-DC converters by using component models that take into account parasitic parameters. A proposed approach for DC-DC converters design automation is using RLCG-models of printed circuit board traces and a library of reference layout solutions. The paper proposes a modified DC-DC converter design flow in order to reduce product development time. The measured results of conducted EMI from the designed step-down buck DC-DC converter module are presented and it is shown that including in the simulation circuit of preliminary estimated parasitic parameters at the pre-layout design stage helps to obtain an EMI profile close to profile obtained as a circuit simulation with extracted PCB parasitic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers fluctuations in the resources of heat and moisture supply of the Republic of Turkmenistan based on the data of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Turkmenistan for the period of the beginning of the 21st century. Average annual temperatures and precipitation were analyzed for 34 meteorological stations. The results obtained made it possible to identify five agro-climatic zones of heat and moisture supply in the study area according to the conditions of the thermal regime and moisture regime. At the same time, the leading factors that determine the regimes of moisture and precipitation are global, as well as azonal factors (mountain systems and highlands of Iran, the proximity of the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia). The nature of moisture supply is determined by the value of the Selyaninov HTC. The analysis showed that the entire territory of Turkmenistan is currently located in a very arid climate zone with a coefficient of less than 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique urban forests of Almaty, being part of the Ile-Alatau National Park, have the highest not only ecological, but also recreational value, which often causes their degradation. There are many rare and endemic species in the forests. Relic forests of Schrenk spruce, unique mountain deciduous and fruit forests, including relict forests dominated by Sievers apple trees, apricots, carcasses, whose areas have significantly decreased over the past century, need special protection. To study the spatial distribution and dynamics of urban forests of different species composition for 2014-2020, remote sensing methods, geoinformation analysis, mapping, statistical methods implemented by GIS tools were used. Forest inventory materials, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images were involved. Two maps have been constructed showing the distribution of heterogeneous forests in 2014 and 2020. For quantitative assessments, algorithms for statistical processing of the attributes of the obtained vector layers in the GIS environment were used. The calculations showed that the main areas in the south of the study area are occupied by spruce forests (54%), in the north - by apple forests (16%). The latter are located within transport accessibility from residential areas of the city and are under ever-increasing anthropogenic load. It is shown that, in general, the areas of urban forests, due to the conservation status, have decreased slightly. However, the most valuable spruce and apple forests are characterized by the greatest losses, and to a lesser extent, poplar-aspen forests. The greatest losses of spruce forests were noted in the basins of the Malaya Almatinka and Kumbel rivers, apple forests - in the Esentai river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the North requires adaptation to the Arctic specifics of the territory. First of all, this concerns areas of active development and transportation of hydrocarbons. Using the Bolshezemelskaya tundra as an example, the article presents the results of assessing the possibility of using cryogels in the conditions of permafrost distribution. The use of cryogels, which are a modern composite eco-friendly material with adjustable properties, can help minimize the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment, reduce technogenic risks and economic costs, and ensure environmental safety. It is shown that the frequency of occurrence of natural and technogenic situations, the solution of which is possible with the use of cryogels, depends on the morphological structure of landscapes in the permafrost zone. The most common natural-anthropogenic situations in which the use of cryogels is possible are identified. The permafrost-landscape prerequisites for the spread of such situations are determined. The index "Cryogels application potential" was calculated separately for each type of zonal landscapes, taking into account geomorphological levels. It was revealed that the potential for the use of cryogels is very high, and the areas of their possible use vary greatly depending on the zonal belonging of the development site, increasing to the north. An analysis of the variability of the potential for the use of cryogels showed that with a decrease in the absolute elevations of the landscape surface, the following trends are revealed: a) its increase for situations of stabilization and increase in the bearing capacity of soil foundations of objects, prevention of exogenous processes, optimization of the filtration properties of soils of natural and technical systems, formation of a heat-insulating screen, reclamation of disturbed areas in the northern taiga; b) its decrease with the development of solifluction processes and the reclamation of disturbed areas in the forest-tundra and tundra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing schemes of low-voltage distribution networks for agricultural purposes do not correspond to the modern technical standards. They deteriorate the reliability of power supply, the electricity quality, and increase its losses. The paper analyses the existing power supply schemes for private households and agricultural consumers in Russia and other countries. In North America, private houses are sometimes connected to the scheme using the 120-240 V individual transformers. A similar concept can be used to modernize the Russian electrical grid. The basic principle of the 0.95 kV electricity distribution system is to organize networks of this voltage class, with partial use of the main elements of the existing low voltage (0.4 kV) networks. The transformer substations for voltage 6/0.95/0.4 kV or 6/0.95 kV and individual low-power (0.95 (0.55)/0.4 (0.23) kV) transformers are installed in close proximity to the consumer. The new concept for the construction of the 0.95 kV electrical grid will reduce technical losses of electricity by 5-10% or more and commercial losses by 30% of the actual value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology has been developed for repairing shrouds of turbine blades made of titanium alloy VT41 by creating a wear-resistant coating using a 2-stage technology for obtaining a wear-resistant coating. Based on the results of a numerical calculation of heating with subsequent melting of the coating under the Stefan boundary conditions, the level of the heat flux power density and the time of its action during laser melting of the coating was determined. The distribution of temperature in the coating up to the moment of its fusing to the base is determined. The values of the heat flux for the preservation of the strengthening phase of aluminum oxide in the coating are determined. The prospects of the process of laser cladding of coatings containing particles of aluminum oxide for wear protection of friction surfaces of shrouds of turbine blades made of titanium alloy are confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of landscape differentiation and geoecological assessment of the territory of the state nature sanctuary "Vyazovskie balki" (Ulyanovsk region, Russia), performed at the hierarchical level of landscapes. The researched territory is located in the steppe zone (the northern steppe subzone) within the Volga Upland. The high environmental significance of this territory determines the relevance of the landscape zoning scheme, which is necessary for the effective organization of environmental and recreational activities and the procedure for functional zoning of the territory, based on the geosystem approach. During the research, 4 landscapes were identified, for each of which a list of characteristic stows was established, areas of violations of the environmental regime – arable land – were identified and mapped. A geoecological assessment of the landscapes and the territory of the sanctuary as a whole was carried out. The assessment was carried out according to the criterion of the ratio of the area of disturbed and undisturbed lands. The results of the assessment showed large differences in the values of this indicator in different landscapes, which confirms the high dependence of anthropogenic demand, disturbance and preservation of territories on landscape conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-saving technologies of solar heating based on the use of low-temperature self-regulating vacuum heating devices are considered. A single-circuit low-temperature solar heating system with solar collectors and self-regulating vacuum heating devices has been developed, including active elements to ensure drainage of solar collectors, temperature stratification of water in a thermal accumulator and the operation of traditional and alternative heat generators at various temperature conditions in order to increase their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of the crusher, productivity and specific work for grinding grain. Methodology for conducting experimental studies. The dependence of the performance of the crusher's working chamber on the gap for wheat at various speeds is given, and the dependence of the specific work on grinding wheat grain on the size of the gap of the working chamber at various speeds is given. The optimal value of the gap is given, at which a quality product for agriculture is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the use of arbolite consisting of mineral binders and aggregates from logging waste and other organic raw materials, as well as chemical additives and water. Unlimited raw materials allow us to consider the production of arbolite as one of the most important areas in the development of progressive building materials. The technology for the production of arbolite makes it possible to use waste from agricultural industries with great efficiency. To mix organic raw materials particles with a binder, mixers are required, which are the main focus of the article. During the research, the method of patent information search was used, the role of this building material was emphasized and the relevance of scientific developments in the field of its production was discussed. The article proposes a variant of a mobile device for the production of arbolite. The main technical result of using the proposed design is achieved through the introduction of a double screw mechanism for mixing particles of multidirectional two-sided action. By rotating several screw spirals, volumetric mixing is carried out, which improves the quality and speed of mixing particles with a binder and water without significantly complicating the design and increasing its dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is known, the fuel elements of nuclear reactors operate at sufficiently high temperatures. The heterogeneity of the temperature field leads to the appearance of so-called thermal stresses. The main objective of this work is mathematical modeling of temperature stresses of fuel elements of cylindrical and elliptical cross-section reactors. Based on mathematical modeling, it was shown that the level of thermal stresses arising during the transition from a circular cross-section to an elliptical one decreases. The optimal size of this section was also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the main tasks of energy management systems, as well as automation of the processes of energy management systems. The problem of intellectual verification of data entered by users in the energy declarations of buildings is considered. To solve the problem, a multilayer binary classifier was developed. The paper presents the results of testing the effectiveness of the developed classifier, as well as data on the training of such a classifier. The data set is described, as well as the results of testing the classifier. An assessment of the classification of the developed approach was made. The classification accuracy was 99.7%. A scheme for the implementation of the developed classifier is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the reliability issues of protective relay and automation devices. This paper offers an architecture of the model for analyzing fuzzy logic based protective relay and automation system. The architecture of the model consists of the following components: database; technical accounting data; fuzzyfication; fuzzy inference tools; rule base; defuzzyfication; conclusions on the analysis of functioning of protective relay and automation device. The input data of the fuzzy logic model are determined: the key indicator for assessing the proper functioning of the protective relay and automation device К1; indicator of the overall reliability of protective relay and automation device R; indicator evaluating the dependability D; indicator evaluating the security of relay protection and automation devices S; indicators specifying the average number of activations of relay protection devices or functions; and evaluation data for the proper and improper operation of relay protection devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the article is to identify and analyze conflicts in the problems of optimal design of nuclear power reactors. The problem is solved on the example of fast reactors. The procedure and methods of analysis are based on computational and optimization studies of fast reactors with a liquid metal coolant. As a result of the study, four hierarchical levels of conflicts were identified. They are inherent in the problems of optimizing safe power reactors. The first level consists of conflicts between the main quality criteria (economic efficiency, fuel balance, safety). Each of these criteria is characterized by a group of functionals. At the second level there are conflicts between the functionals of the same group (i.e., functionals that characterize the same quality criterion). Conflicts of the third level of the hierarchy are conflicts between functionals of the same type (for example, some kind of reactivity coefficient in different emergency modes). The fourth level includes conflicts within a separate functional. Dragon-M, FRISS-2D codes developed by the author and MCU code developed at the NRC Kurchatov Institute (Moscow, Russia) were used as software. The use of new core materials (fuel, coolant, structural materials) proposed by the author for a fast reactor makes it possible to resolve the conflict situation already at the initial stage of reactor design. The practical significance of research is that it will make it possible to make the reactor safe, environmentally friendly, and competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As everyone knows, the quality of electrical energy depends on a large number of factors. These include: changing climatic conditions, the possibility of additional load due to other connections, the occurrence of accidents in operation. These factors can lead to a decrease in the quality of power supply, which, as a result, will lead to the fact that electrical installations will not work. This will entail a deterioration in the quality of products, as well as a decrease in the service life of the equipment. In Russia, the indicators and norms for the supply of electrical energy in the electrical networks of general-purpose alternating three-phase and single-phase current with a frequency of 50 Hz at the points to which the electrical networks or power units of consumers are connected are established by the GOST 32144-2013 standard. In this study, the following tasks were performed: the problems and the influence of non-sinusoidal modes were studied; the methods of the hoard of power supply participants in non-sinusoidal voltage were studied; the method of identifying the sources of distortion of the CEE is investigated, a new method of assessing the influence of consumers on the CEE is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the methods of system thinking [5], in the analysis, modeling, and search for optimal solutions of a freeze-drying plant on the example of beet drying. On the basis of system thinking [1, 8], a method of mathematical and computer modeling of freeze-drying plant processes has been developed. It includes mathematical models under the processes in each quasi-apparatus, in particular, the originally compiled computer model of the change in the temperature of the material, the change in the transfer of thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of technogenic safety of stationary and non-stationary electrical installations is given. Information is given about the danger of electrical injury to a person during the operation of non-stationary electrical installations. The social significance of the use of protective shutdown devices, which are an effective means of protecting a person during the operation of stationary and non-stationary electrical installations, is indicated. The analysis of the existing electrical networks of TT, TN, IT systems with their structure, the use of neutral grounding of the power source and electrical receivers is given. The prospects of protective shutdown devices for use in single-phase and three-phase electrical networks in the presence of systems with grounding and zoning of electrical installations are shown. The necessity of using protective shutdown devices for group and individual protection of electrical installations, taking into account the category of premises, is noted. The article describes the importance and significance of ensuring the safety of the use of non-stationary electrical installations connected to portable single-phase or three-phase protective shutdown devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Line faults and their severe consequences force scientists to search for new ways to improve the stability of fault locator system operation by developing new algorithms for determining proper locator settings at overhead transmission lines (OHTL). Transmission networks with 10 kV and higher overhead transmission lines usually include fault locators measuring fault state parameters of the lines. To determine the fault location, the current and voltage dynamics at the time of the accident are analyzed, as well as other parameters of the overhead transmission line. Each of their parameters, which are characterized by an overhead power line, depends on external environmental factors. During the year, atmospheric parameters change significantly and, consequently, the parameters of the overhead line also change. The linear active resistance R significantly depends on the temperature of the wire, which is affected by the current passing through the line, wind speed and air temperature. The linear reactance depends on the conductivity of the soil under the power lines, because the earth has a finite conductivity, so the current will pass at a certain depth in the ground. When calculating the parameters of overhead power lines, tabular values are taken for normal conditions, without taking into account their change, which leads to significant errors in determining the location of damage on the overhead line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we analyze the theoretical frameworks of computational methodology for calculating the elements of a cylinder finning and its head and computing heat exchange and heat transfer for air-cooled engines (ACE). The authors' opinion is presented in detailed comments on these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developed self-regulating devices for the protection of solar water heaters from freezing provide more economical and reliable control of solar heating systems compared to other automation tools. For practical calculations of the solar circuit, the most convenient form of representation of the characteristics of Venturi tubes are criterial equations. Equations summarizing the experimental data on small-sized Venturi pipes are valid in the region of viscous resistance at the degree of flow constriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computational technique for creating a wear-resistant coating on shrouds of turbine blades is developed from a heat-resistant alloy by laser cladding of a metal-ceramic coating. On basis of numerical simulation of heating and melting of a two-layer semi-bounded body with Stefan boundary conditions, the values of the heat flux and the time of its action during laser melting of the coating are determined. The distribution of temperature in the coating up to the moment of its fusing to the base is determined. The values of the heat flux for preservation of the strengthening phase of aluminum oxide in the coating are determined. The prospects of laser cladding of coatings containing particles of aluminum oxide for wear protection of friction surfaces of shrouds of turbine blades made of heat-resistant steel are confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world and domestic experience of the development and design of energy-efficient solar heating systems for residential and public buildings based on evacuated solar collectors is considered. The areas of effective use of evacuated solar collectors with direct heat transfer water, with U-shaped tubes and with heat pipes are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers the issue of methodological toolset for assessing the balanced socio-eco-economic development of regions, carried out in terms of the Eastern large region of Russia. Study purpose: to identify the possible impact of renewable energy sources on the increase in the level of regional balance. In terms of the Ural, the Siberian and the Far-Eastern regions, the author's methodological toolset has been suggested based on the value of the assimilation potential of natural ecosystems able to neutralize the negative material and energy fluxes of the technosphere within the region. It has been found that the functioning of conventional energy sector operating on fossil fuels, creates significant imbalances for the development of the regional socio-eco-economic system. Five regions of the Ural, six of those of the Siberian and two of those of the Far Eastern federal district are currently in an unbalanced state. In the study process, the calculations have been carried out that allowed to establish that in order to achieve socio-eco-economic balance, a significant increase in the alternative energy share in the regional energy balance would be required, that is up to 21% in the Sakhalin region and up to 93% in the Chelyabinsk region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]