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Abstract  Stricter regulations and controls for environmental lead have resulted in significantly lower frequency and reduced severity of chronic and acute lead intoxication. The aim of the present study was to update established reference ranges for lead in whole blood of healthy adults residing in Zaragoza and its region in northeastern Spain. The mean blood level was 2.94 ± 2.02 μg/dl, with a median of 2.43 μg/dl (n = 156). For women, the mean was 2.29 ± 1.64 μg/dl (n = 73) and for men 3.51 ± 2.16 μg/dl (n = 83). The difference between genders is statistically significant (p  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]