240 results on '"Galea, Liisa A. M."'
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2. Intention to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine by HIV Status Among a Population-Based Sample of Women and Gender Diverse Individuals in British Columbia, Canada
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Kaida, Angela, Brotto, Lori A., Murray, Melanie C. M., Côté, Hélène C. F., Albert, Arianne Y., Nicholson, Valerie, Gormley, Rebecca, Gordon, Shanlea, Booth, Amy, Smith, Laurie W., Baaske, Ally, Galea, Liisa A. M., Sadarangani, Manish, and Ogilvie, Gina S.
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- 2022
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3. Automated classification of estrous stage in rodents using deep learning
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Wolcott, Nora S., Sit, Kevin K., Raimondi, Gianna, Hodges, Travis, Shansky, Rebecca M., Galea, Liisa A. M., Ostroff, Linnaea E., and Goard, Michael J.
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- 2022
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4. Sex differences in inflammation in the hippocampus and amygdala across the lifespan in rats: associations with cognitive bias
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Hodges, Travis E., Lieblich, Stephanie E., Rechlin, Rebecca K., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2022
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5. Assessing the role of adolescent hormonal contraceptive use on risk for depression: a 3-year longitudinal study protocol
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Zareian, Bita, Anderl, Christine, LeMoult, Joelle, Galea, Liisa A. M., Prior, Jerilynn C., Rights, Jason D., Ross, Colin J., Ge, Sabrina, Hayward, Annie C., and Chen, Frances S.
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- 2022
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6. An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences
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Rechlin, Rebecca K., Splinter, Tallinn F. L., Hodges, Travis E., Albert, Arianne Y., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2022
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7. Reshaping the path of mild cognitive impairment by refining exercise prescription: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to understand the “what,” “for whom,” and “how” of exercise to promote cognitive function
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Barha, Cindy K., Falck, Ryan S., Best, John R., Nagamatsu, Lindsay S., Hsiung, Ging-Yuek Robin, Sheel, A. William, Hsu, Chun Liang, Kramer, Arthur F., Voss, Michelle W., Erickson, Kirk I., Davis, Jennifer C., Shoemaker, J. Kevin, Boyd, Lara, Crockett, Rachel A., ten Brinke, Lisanne, Bherer, Louis, Singer, Joel, Galea, Liisa A. M., Jacova, Claudia, Bullock, Alexis, Grant, Sofia, and Liu-Ambrose, Teresa
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- 2022
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8. Sex differences in contextual pattern separation, neurogenesis, and functional connectivity within the limbic system
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Yagi, Shunya, Lee, Amanda, Truter, Nadine, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2022
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9. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine: results from a population-based survey in Canada
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Ogilvie, Gina S., Gordon, Shanlea, Smith, Laurie W., Albert, Arianne, Racey, C. Sarai, Booth, Amy, Gottschlich, Anna, Goldfarb, David, Murray, Melanie C. M., Galea, Liisa A. M., Kaida, Angela, Brotto, Lori A., and Sadarangani, Manish
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- 2021
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10. Disinhibition of the prefrontal cortex leads to brain-wide increases in neuronal activation that are modified by spatial learning
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Auger, Meagan L., Meccia, Juliet, Galea, Liisa A. M., and Floresco, Stan B.
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- 2019
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11. Sex differences in hippocampal cognition and neurogenesis
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Yagi, Shunya and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2019
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12. Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents
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Sheppard, Paul A. S., Choleris, Elena, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2019
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13. Are we moving the dial? Canadian health research funding trends for women's health, 2S/LGBTQ + health, sex, or gender considerations.
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Stranges, Tori N., Namchuk, Amanda B., Splinter, Tallinn F. L., Moore, Katherine N., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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WOMEN'S health ,GRANT writing ,PUBLIC health research ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,RESEARCH funding ,GENDER - Abstract
Background: Sex and gender impacts health outcomes and disease risk throughout life. The health of women and members of the Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning (2S/LGBTQ +) community is often compromised as they experience delays in diagnosis. Distinct knowledge gaps in the health of these populations have prompted funding agencies to mandate incorporation of sex and gender into research. Sex- and gender-informed research perspectives and methodology increases rigor, promotes discovery, and expands the relevance of health research. Thus, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) implemented a sex and gender-based analysis (SGBA) framework recommending the inclusion of SGBA in project proposals in 2010 and then mandating the incorporation of SGBA into grant proposals in 2019. To examine whether this mandate resulted in increased mention of sex or gender in funded research abstracts, we searched the publicly available database of grant abstracts funded by CIHR to analyze the percentage of abstracts that mentioned sex or gender of the population to be studied in the funded research. To better understand broader health equity issues we also examined whether the funded grant abstracts mentioned either female-specific health research or research within the 2S/LGBTQ + community. Results: We categorized a total of 8,964 Project and Operating grant abstracts awarded from 2009 to 2020 based on their study of female-specific or a 2S/LGBTQ + populations or their mention of sex or gender. Overall, under 3% of grant abstracts funded by CIHR explicitly mentioned sex and/or gender, as 1.94% of grant abstracts mentioned sex, and 0.66% mentioned gender. As one of the goals of SGBA is to inform on health equity and understudied populations with respect to SGBA, we also found that 5.92% of grant abstracts mentioned female-specific outcomes, and 0.35% of grant abstracts focused on the 2S/LGBTQ + community. Conclusions: Although there was an increased number of funded grants with abstracts that mentioned sex and 2S/LGBTQ + health across time, these increases were less than 2% between 2009 and 2020. The percentage of funded grants with abstracts mentioning female-specific health or gender differences did not change significantly over time. The percentage of funding dollars allocated to grants in which the abstracts mentioned sex or gender also did not change substantially from 2009 to 2020, with grant abstracts mentioning sex or female-specific research increasing by 1.26% and 3.47%, respectively, funding allocated to research mentioning gender decreasing by 0.49% and no change for 2S/LGBTQ +-specific health. Our findings suggest more work needs to be done to ensure the public can evaluate what populations will be examined with the funded research with respect to sex and gender to advance awareness and health equity in research. Highlights: The percentage of funded grants in which the abstracts mentioned sex or gender in health research remained largely unchanged from 2009 to 2020 with the largest increase of 1.57% for those mentioning sex. Total funding amounts for grants that mentioned sex or gender in the abstract stagnated or declined from 2009 to 2020. The percentage of funded grants in which the abstracts focusing on female-specific health did not change across 2009–2020, but the percentage of funding dollars increased by 3.47%. The percentage of grants in which the abstracts mentioned 2S/LGBTQ +-specific health more than tripled across 2009–2020 but remained less than 1% of all funded grants. Plain language summary: This paper examined the publicly available database of grant abstracts funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) from 2009 to 2020 to determine the percentage of abstracts that mentioned sex or gender of the population to be studied. To better understand broader health equity issues we also examined whether the funded grant abstracts mentioned either female-specific health research or research within the 2S/LGBTQ + community. Although there was an increased number of funded grants with abstracts that mentioned sex and 2S/LGBTQ + health across time, these increases were less than 2% between 2009 and 2020. The percentage of funded grants with abstracts mentioning female-specific health or gender differences did not change significantly over time. The percentage of CIHR funding dollars allocated to grants in which the abstracts mentioned sex or female-specific research increased by 1.26% and 3.47%, respectively. However, funding allocated to research mentioning gender decreased by 0.49% and there was no significant change in funding amounts for 2S/LGBTQ +-specific health across time. We outline several recommendations for funding agencies to improve access to information especially on sex, gender and broader health equity populations to ensure the public can evaluate what populations will be examined within the funded research. Our findings suggest that to advance greater health equity in research, different strategies need to be employed to improve researcher utilization of sex and gender-based analysis as well as to advance health equity with respect to 2S/LGBTQ and women's health questions in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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14. Amphetamine sensitization and cross-sensitization with acute restraint stress: impact of prenatal alcohol exposure in male and female rats
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Uban, Kristina A., Comeau, Wendy L., Bodnar, Tamara, Yu, Wayne K., Weinberg, Joanne, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2015
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15. Maternal bisphenol A (BPA) decreases attractiveness of male offspring
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Galea, Liisa A. M. and Barha, Cindy K.
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- 2011
16. Castration Differentially Affects Spatial Working and Reference Memory in Male Rats
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Spritzer, Mark D., Gill, Mandeep, Weinberg, Alex, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2008
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17. Sex Differences in Risk-based Decision Making
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Islas-Preciado, Dannia, Wainwright, Steven R., Sniegocki, Julia, Lieblich, Stephane E., Yagi, Shunya, Floresco, Stan B., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Abstract
Decision-making is a complex process essential to daily adaptation in many species. Risk is an inherent aspect of decision-making and it is influenced by gonadal hormones. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol may modulate decision making and impact the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Here, we explored sex differences, the effect of gonadal hormones and the dopamine agonist amphetamine on risk-based decision making. Intact or gonadectomised (GDX) male and female rats underwent to a probabilistic discounting task. High and low doses of testosterone propionate (1.0 or 0.2 mg) and 17β-estradiol benzoate (0.3 µg) were administered to assess acute effects on risk-based decision making. After 3-days of washout period, intact and GDX rats received high or low (0.5 or 0.125 mg/kg) doses of amphetamine and re-tested in the probabilistic discounting task. Results showed that males made more risk-based choices during the probability discounting task than female rats, but GDX did not influence risky choices. The high dose, but not the low dose, of testosterone reduced risky decision making in GDX male rats. However, 17β-estradiol had no significant effect on risk-based decision making regardless GDX status in either sex. Lastly, the high dose of amphetamine enhanced risky decision making in both intact males and females, with no effect in GDX rats. These findings demonstrated sex differences in risk-based decision making, with males making more risky choices. GDX status influenced the effects of amphetamine, suggesting different dopaminergic regulation in risk-based choices among males and females. Highlights Male rats made more risky choices in the probability discounting task than females. Gonadectomy (GDX) did not influence risk-based decision making in both sexes. A high dose of testosterone reduced risky choices in GDX male rats. A high dose of amphetamine enhanced risky choices in intact male and female rats. 17β-estradiol did not affect risk-based decision making in male or female rats.
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- 2020
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18. Gender inclusivity in women's health research.
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Brotto, Lori A. and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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WOMEN'S health , *PUBLIC health research , *GENDER , *GENDER nonconformity - Abstract
2020; 93 (4): 539 - 48. 19 Johnson JL, Greaves L, Repta R. Better science with sex and gender: facilitating the use of a sex and gender-based analysis in health research. To be able to discover and remedy health disparities across the rich diversity of sex and gender, we fully endorse this suggestion for gender-additive language throughout women's health research. Thus, how can we ensure that women's health is researched alongside health research of those persons who align minimally (or not at all) with sex and gender labels of female and woman, respectively? More attention is being paid to health inequities worldwide, which is welcome given long-standing health disparities across under-represented communities, including those based on sex and gender.1-4 The widespread under-representation of females and women in basic and clinical studies contributes directly to the health disparities seen between the sexes and genders that continues to this day.4-6 Sex refers to biological and physiological differences between sexes including chromosomes and hormones. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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19. Endocrine Regulation of Cognition and Neuroplasticity: Our Pursuit to Unveil the Complex Interaction Between Hormones, the Brain, and Behaviour
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Galea, Liisa A. M., Uban, Kristina A., Epp, Jonathan R., Brummelte, Susanne, Barha, Cindy K., Wilson, Wendy L., Lieblich, Stephanie E., and Pawluski, Jodi L.
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- 2008
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20. Premarin has opposing effects on spatial learning, neural activation, and serum cytokine levels in middle-aged female rats depending on reproductive history
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Galea, Liisa A. M., Roes, Meighen Maria, Dimech, Christiana J., Chow, Carmen, Mahmoud, Rand, Lieblich, Stephanie E., and Duarte-Guterman, Paula
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Menopause is associated with cognitive decline, and hormone therapies (HT) may improve cognition depending on type, and timing of HT. Previous parity may influence cognition in later life. We investigated how primiparity and long-term ovariectomy influence cognition, neurogenesis, hormones, cytokines, and neuronal activation in middle-aged rats in response to Premarin, an HT. Nulliparous and primiparous rats were sham-ovariectomized or ovariectomized, administered vehicle or Premarin six months later, and all rats were trained in the Morris water maze. Premarin improved spatial learning and memory in nulliparous rats, but impaired early learning in primiparous rats. With training, primiparity increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and Premarin decreased immature neurons, regardless of parity. Moreover, Premarin increased serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and the CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) in nulliparous, but not primiparous, trained rats. However, Premarin decreased the expression of the immediate early gene zif268 in the dorsal CA3 region in primiparous rats after training. Thus, primiparity alters how Premarin affects spatial learning, neuronal activation, and serum cytokines. These findings have implications for the treatment of age-associated cognitive decline in women.
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- 2019
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21. Offspring Exposure Reduces Depressive-Like Behaviour in the Parturient Female Rat
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Pawluski, Jodi Lynn, Lieblich, Stephanie E., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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In women, breastfeeding generally results in reductions in anxiety and increased positive mood. However, approximately 10–15% of women experience depressed mood and increased anxiety during the first year postpartum. Recent research has demonstrated that offspring-exposure is important for the reduction in behaviours related to depression and anxiety in the mother. It remains to be determined whether these effects are due to factors related to pregnancy and/or pup-exposure, are associated with the degree of maternal behaviour by the mother towards offspring, or persist after weaning. To address these questions the present study used four groups of female rats; primiparous, nulliparous, primip-no-pups (primiparous females with pups permanently removed), and sensitized females. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours were assessed one week after weaning/pup-exposure (4 weeks after birth for primip-no-pups animals) using the Forced Swim Test for measures of depressive-like behaviour, and the Open Field Test and Elevated Plus Maze for measure of anxiety-like behaviour. Results demonstrate that primiparous females without pup-exposure have increased depressive-like, but not anxiety-like, behaviour compared to primiparous and sensitized females. In addition, kyphotic nursing by primiparous mothers was negatively related to behavioural measures of depression and anxiety. From this work is it clear that pup-exposure acts is important for reductions in depressive-like behaviour in parturient females. Further research is needed to determine the extent of these changes and the neural and hormonal correlates of these events
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- 2019
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22. Pregnancy decreases ERα-expression and pyknosis, but not cell proliferation or survival, in the hippocampus
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Pawluski, Jodi Lynn, Barakauskas, Vilte Elenute, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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Motherhood differentially affects learning and memory performance and this effect depends on reproductive experience. In turn, evidence suggests that the effects of oestradiol on learning and memory are mediated through binding to oestrogen receptors in the hippocampus and this is related to hippocampal neurogenesis. The present study investigated the effect of pregnancy and reproductive experience on ERα expression throughout the hippocampus as well as cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell death (as measured by pyknotic cells) in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus. Three groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were used; virgin, primigravid and multigravid. All rats were injected with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 200 mg/kg) on the afternoon of impregnation and at matched time-points in virgins. Rats were perfused either during early pregnancy (gestation day 1) or late pregnancy (gestation day 21) after BrdU injection. Results show that during late pregnancy females, whether first or second pregnancy, have fewer ERα-positive cells in the CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus than virgin females. In addition during early pregnancy, females have significantly fewer pyknotic cells in the granule cell layer than virgin females. There were no other differences between groups in the number of ERα-positive, BrdU–positive or pyknotic cells. Future work aims to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of the alteration in ERα expression in the hippocampus during late pregnancy as well as the possible changes in ERβ expression at this time.
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- 2019
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23. Castration Differentially Affects Spatial Working and Reference Memory in Male Rats
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Spritzer, Mark D., Gill, Mandeep, Weinberg, Alex, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
A male advantage for spatial learning and memory tasks is well documented among humans and rodents. A possible physiological cause for this male advantage is activational effects of androgens among males. The spatial memory of 8 castrated and 8 sham-castrated adult male rats was compared using a working-reference memory version of the eight-arm radial arm maze followed by a reference memory version of the Morris water maze. After maze testing, blood was collected from each rat, and testosterone levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. In the radial arm maze, castrates committed significantly more working memory errors and significantly fewer reference memory errors than did shams. In the water maze, no statistically significant differences were found for acquisition or retention. There was a trend for shams with higher testosterone levels to have better retention in the water maze, but this seemed to be due to higher levels of perseverance rather than better reference memory. Castration may have affected performance in the radial arm maze but not the water maze because the radial arm maze was a more difficult task or because the water maze was aversively motivated while the radial arm maze was appetitively motivated. Our results indicate that androgens improve working memory and may impair reference memory, but the effects of androgens on reference memory seem to be task dependent.
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- 2019
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24. Endocannabinoids modulate stress-induced suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation and activation of defensive behaviours
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Hill, Matthew N., Kambo, Jaspreet S., Sun, Jane C., Gorzalka, Boris B., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2006
25. Low Levels of Estradiol Facilitate, Whereas High Levels of Estradiol Impair, Working Memory Performance on the Radial Arm Maze
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Holmes, Melissa M., Wide, Jennifer K., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2002
26. Defensive Behavior and Hippocampal Cell Proliferation: Differential Modulation by Naltrexone During Stress
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Holmes, Melissa M. and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2002
27. Accessible Virtual Arts Recreation for Wellbeing Promotion in Long-Term Care Residents.
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Murphy, Kelly J., Swaminathan, Swathi, Howard, Elizabeth, Altschuler, Aviva, Rogan, Jessica, Beauchet, Olivier, Dupuis, Kate, Galea, Liisa A. M., Hogan, David, Lingum, Navena, Rowe, Gillian, Tsotsos, Lia, Szczepura, Ala, Wittich, Walter, Xie, Feng, and Hasher, Lynn
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The efficacy of a technology-driven visual arts recreation activity, delivered virtually, was evaluated for its potential to achieve positive impacts, similar to traditional arts-interventions, on wellbeing in long-term care residents. Thirty-one residents (average age 86.8 years; SD = 9.4) engaged with the arts-intervention for 30-minutes, twice weekly, for 6 weeks with either a partner or as part of a group. Wellbeing indicators included self-reported psychological and health-related wellness, and attention capacity. Binomial tests of postintervention change revealed a significant above-chance probability of improvement in one or more wellbeing indicators (p <.05). Postparticipation feedback survey scores were positive (p <.05). Cognitive status did not influence outcome; however, other participant characteristics such as younger age, higher openness-to-experience (personality trait), and lower baseline mood were significantly associated with positive response to the intervention (p <.05). Findings demonstrate technology may be an effective platform for promoting accessibility to beneficial arts-interventions for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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28. Chronic Stress Impairs Rat Spatial Memory on the Y Maze, and This Effect Is Blocked by Tianeptine Pretreatment
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Conrad, Cheryl D., Galea, Liisa A. M., Kuroda, Yasukazu, and McEwen, Bruce S.
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- 1996
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29. Sex differences in cortisol and memory following acute social stress in amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
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Murphy, Kelly J., Hodges, Travis E., Sheppard, Paul A. S., Troyer, Angela K., Hampson, Elizabeth, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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AMNESTIC mild cognitive impairment ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,SHORT-term memory ,EPISODIC memory ,SPATIAL memory ,ASSOCIATIVE memory (Psychology) ,MEMORY - Abstract
Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) develop Alzheimer's type dementia approximately 10 times faster annually than the normal population. Adrenal hormones are associated with aging and cognition. We investigated the relationship between acute stress, cortisol, and memory function in aMCI with an exploratory analysis of sex. Salivary cortisol was sampled diurnally and during two test sessions, one session with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), to explore differences in the relationship between cortisol and memory function in age-normal cognition (NA) and aMCI. Participants with aMCI (n = 6 women, 9 men; mean age = 75) or similarly aged NA (n = 9 women, 7 men, mean age = 75) were given tests of episodic, associative, and spatial working memory with a psychosocial stressor (TSST) in the second session. The aMCI group performed worse on the memory tests than NA as expected, and males with aMCI had elevated cortisol levels on test days. Immediate episodic memory was enhanced by social stress in NA but not in the aMCI group, indicating that stress-induced alterations in memory are different in individuals with aMCI. High cortisol was associated with impaired performance on episodic memory in aMCI males only. Cortisol in Session 1 moderated the relationship with spatial working memory, whereby higher cortisol was associated with worse performance in NA, but better spatial working memory in aMCI. In addition, effects of aMCI on perceived anxiety in response to stress exposure were moderated by stress-induced cortisol in a sex-specific manner. We show effects of aMCI on Test Session cortisol levels and effects on perceived anxiety, and stress-induced impairments in memory in males with aMCI in our exploratory sample. Future studies should explore sex as a biological variable as our findings suggest that effects at the confluence of aMCI and stress can be obfuscated without sex as a consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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30. Sex Differences in Maturation and Attrition of Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus.
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Shunya Yagi, Splinter, Jared E. J., Daria Tai, Wong, Sarah, Yanhua Wen, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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- 2020
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31. Ending the neglect of women's health in research: Dedicated funding and education for all researchers are urgently needed.
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Galea, Liisa A. M. and Parekh, Rulan S.
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SERIAL publications ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CHANGE ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL care costs ,ENDOWMENT of research ,GENDER identity ,HEALTH equity ,WOMEN'S health - Published
- 2023
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32. Folic acid, but not folate, regulates different stages of neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus of adult female rats.
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Qiu, Wansu, Gobinath, Aarthi R., Wen, Yanhua, Austin, Jehannine, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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FOLIC acid ,VITAMIN B12 ,HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain) ,NEURAL tube defects ,VITAMIN deficiency - Abstract
Folate is an important regulator of hippocampal neurogenesis, and folic acid is needed prenatally to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Both high levels of folic acid and low levels of folate can be harmful to health because low levels of folate have been linked to several diseases while high folic acid supplements can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency. Depressed patients exhibit folate deficiencies, lower levels of hippocampal neurogenesis, elevated levels of homocysteine and elevated levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, which may be inter‐related. In the present study, we were interested in whether different doses of natural folate or synthetic folic acid diets can influence neurogenesis in the hippocampus, levels of plasma homocysteine and serum corticosterone in adult female rats. Adult female Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent dietary interventions for 29 days. Animals were randomly assigned to six different dietary groups: folate deficient + succinylsulphathiazole (SST), low 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5‐MTHF), low 5‐MTHF + (SST), high 5‐MTHF + SST, low folic acid and high folic acid. SST was added to a subset of the 5‐MTHF diets to eliminate folic acid production in the gut. Before and after dietary treatment, blood samples were collected for corticosterone and homocysteine analysis, and brain tissue was collected for neurogenesis analysis. High folic acid and low 5‐MTHF without SST increased the number of immature neurones (doublecortin‐expressing cells) within the ventral hippocampus compared to folate deficient controls. Low 5‐MTHF without SST significantly increased the number of immature neurones compared to low and high 5‐MTHF + SST, indicating that SST interfered with elevations in neurogenesis. Low folic acid and high 5‐MTHF + SST reduced plasma homocysteine levels compared to controls, although there was no significant effect of diet on serum corticosterone levels. In addition, low folic acid and high 5‐MTHF + SST reduced the number of mature new neurones in the ventral hippocampus (bromodeoxyuridine/NeuN‐positive cells) compared to folate deficient controls. Overall, folic acid dose‐dependently influenced neurogenesis with low levels decreasing but high levels increasing neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus, suggesting that this region, which is important for regulating stress, is particularly sensitive to folic acid in diets. Furthermore, the addition of SST negated the effects of 5‐MTHF to increase neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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33. Androgens Enhance Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Males but Not Females in an Age-Dependent Manner.
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Duarte-Guterman, Paula, Lieblich, Stephanie E, Wainwright, Steven R, Chow, Carmen, Chaiton, Jessica A, Watson, Neil V, and Galea, Liisa A M
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- 2019
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34. The Neural Plasticity Theory of Depression: Assessing the Roles of Adult Neurogenesis and PSA-NCAM within the Hippocampus
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Wainwright, Steven R. and Galea, Liisa A. M.
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Article Subject - Abstract
Depression is a devastating and prevalent disease, with profound effects on neural structure and function; however the etiology and neuropathology of depression remain poorly understood. Though antidepressant drugs exist, they are not ideal, as only a segment of patients are effectively treated, therapeutic onset is delayed, and the exact mechanism of these drugs remains to be elucidated. Several theories of depression do exist, including modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission, alterations in neurotrophic factors, and the upregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and are briefly mentioned in the review. However none of these theories sufficiently explains the pathology and treatment of depression unto itself. Recently, neural plasticity theories of depression have postulated that multiple aspects of brain plasticity, beyond neurogenesis, may bridge the prevailing theories. The term “neural plasticity” encompasses an array of mechanisms, from the birth, survival, migration, and integration of new neurons to neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and the modulation of mature synapses. This review critically assesses the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the cell adhesion molecule, PSA-NCAM (which is known to be involved in many facets of neural plasticity), in depression and antidepressant treatment.
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- 2013
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35. Estradiol modulates effort-based decision making in female rats
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Uban, Kristina A., Rummel, Julia, Floresco, Stan B., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Disorders of the dopamine system, such as schizophrenia or stimulant addiction, are associated with impairments in different forms of cost/benefit decision-making. The neural circuitry (i.e. amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens) underlying these functions all receive dopamine input, which is thought to play a central role in mediating cost/benefit decisions. Estradiol modulates dopamine activity, and estrogen receptors (ERs) are found within this neurocircuitry, suggesting that decision-making may be influenced by estradiol. The present study examined the contribution of estradiol and selective ERα and β agonists on cost/benefit decision-making in adult female Long-Evans rats. An effort-discounting task was utilized, where rats could either emit a single response on a low-reward lever to receive two pellets, or make 2, 5, 10, or 20 responses on a high-reward lever to obtain four pellets. Ovariectomy increased choice on the high-reward lever, while replacement with high (10 μg), but not low (0.3 μg), levels of estradiol benzoate reduced choice on the high-reward lever. Interestingly, both an ERα agonist (PPT) and an ERβ agonist (DPN) increased choice on the high-reward lever when administered independently, but when these two agonists were combined, a decrease in choice for the high-reward lever was observed. The effects of estradiol, PPT, and DPN were more pronounced 24 hr post-administration, suggesting that these effects may be genomic in nature. Together, these results demonstrate that estradiol modulates cost/benefit decision making in females, whereby concomitant activation of ERα and β receptors shifts decision criteria and reduces preference for larger, yet more costly rewards.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Sex-dependent effects of maternal corticosterone and SSRI treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis across development.
- Author
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Gobinath, Aarthi R., Workman, Joanna L., Chow, Carmen, Lieblich, Stephanie E., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
CORTICOSTERONE ,SEROTONIN uptake inhibitors ,DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Background: Postpartum depression affects approximately 15% of mothers and represents a form of early life adversity for developing offspring. Postpartum depression can be treated with prescription antidepressants like fluoxetine (FLX). However, FLX can remain active in breast milk, raising concerns about the consequences of neonatal FLX exposure. The hippocampus is highly sensitive to developmental stress, and males and females respond differently to stress at many endpoints, including hippocampal plasticity. However, it is unclear how developmental exposure to FLX alters the trajectory of hippocampal development. The goal of this study was to examine the long-term effects of maternal postpartum corticosterone (CORT, a model of postpartum depression) and concurrent FLX on hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female offspring. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rat dams were treated daily with either CORT or oil and FLX or saline from postpartum days 2-23. Offspring were perfused on postnatal day 31 (pre-adolescent), postnatal day 42 (adolescent), and postnatal day 69 (adult). Tissue was processed for doublecortin (DCX), an endogenous marker of immature neurons, in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Results: Maternal postpartum CORT reduced density of DCX-expressing cells in the dorsal hippocampus of pre-adolescent males and increased it in adolescent males, suggesting that postpartum CORT exposure disrupted the typical progression of the density of DCX-expressing cells. Further, among offspring of oil-treated dams, pre-adolescent males had greater density of DCX-expressing cells than pre-adolescent females, and maternal postpartum CORT prevented this sex difference. In pre-adolescent females, maternal postpartum FLX decreased the density of DCX-expressing cells in the dorsal hippocampus compared to saline. As expected, maternal CORT reduced the density of DCX-expressing cells in adult female, but not male, offspring. The combination of maternal postpartum CORT/FLX diminished density of DCX-expressing cells in dorsal hippocampus regardless of sex or age. Conclusions: These findings reveal how modeling treatment of postpartum depression with FLX alters hippocampal neurogenesis in developing offspring differently depending on sex, predominantly in the dorsal dentate gyrus and earlier in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Estradiol and GPER Activation Differentially Affect Cell Proliferation but Not GPER Expression in the Hippocampus of Adult Female Rats.
- Author
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Duarte-Guterman, Paula, Lieblich, Stephanie E., Chow, Carmen, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
CELL proliferation ,HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain) ,G protein coupled receptors ,BROMODEOXYURIDINE ,LABORATORY rats - Abstract
Estradiol increases cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the female rodent but it is not known whether the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane receptor, is involved in this process, nor whether there are regional differences in estradiol’s effects on cell proliferation. Thus, we investigated whether estradiol exerts its effects on cell proliferation in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus through GPER, using the GPER agonist, G1, and antagonist, G15. Ovariectomized adult female rats received a single injection of either: 17β-estradiol (10 μg), G1 (0.1, 5, 10 μg), G15 (40 μg), G15 and estradiol, or vehicle (oil, DMSO, or oil+DMSO). After 30 min, animals received an injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were perfused 24 h later. Acute treatment with estradiol increased, while the GPER agonist G1 (5 μg) decreased, the number of BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus relative to controls. The GPER antagonist, G15 increased the number of BrdU+ cells relative to control in the dorsal region and decreased the number of BrdU+ cells in the ventral region. However, G15 treatment in conjunction with estradiol partially eliminated the estradiol-induced increase in cell proliferation in the dorsal dentate gyrus. Furthermore, G1 decreased the expression of GPER in the dentate gyrus but not the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. In summary, we found that activation of GPER decreased cell proliferation and GPER expression in the dentate gyrus of young female rats, presenting a potential and novel estrogen-independent role for this receptor in the adult hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Influence of sex and stress exposure across the lifespan on endophenotypes of depression: focus on behavior, glucocorticoids, and hippocampus.
- Author
-
Gobinath, Aarthi R., Mahmoud, Rand, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
GENDER differences (Psychology) ,PREVENTION of mental depression ,HYPOTHALAMIC-pituitary-adrenal axis ,NEUROENDOCRINE cells ,BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
Sex differences exist in vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical research that investigates how sex influences depression endophenotypes at the behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neural levels across the lifespan. Chronic exposure to stress is a risk factor for depression and we discuss how stress during the prenatal, postnatal, and adolescent periods differentially affects males and females depending on the method of stress and metric examined. Given that the integrity of the hippocampus is compromised in depression, we specifically focus on sex differences in how hippocampal plasticity is affected by stress and depression across the lifespan. In addition, we examine how female physiology predisposes depression in adulthood, specifically in postpartum and perimenopausal periods. Finally, we discuss the underrepresentation of women in both preclinical and clinical research and how this limits our understanding of sex differences in vulnerability, presentation, and treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Hippocampus-dependent learning influences hippocampal neurogenesis.
- Author
-
Epp, Jonathan R., Chow, Carmen, and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain) ,DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology ,DENTATE gyrus ,NEURONS ,LEARNING - Abstract
The structure of the mammalian hippocampus continues to be modified throughout life by continuous addition of neurons in the dentate gyrus. Although the existence of adult neurogenesis is now widely accepted, the function that adult generated granule cells play is a topic of intense debate. Many studies have argued that adult generated neurons, due to unique physiological characteristics, play a unique role in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. However, it is not currently clear whether this is the case or what specific capability adult generated neurons may confer that developmentally generated neurons do not. These questions have been addressed in numerous ways, from examining the effects of increasing or decreasing neurogenesis to computational modeling. One particular area of research has examined the effects of hippocampus dependent learning on proliferation, survival, integration and activation of immature neurons in response to memory retrieval. Within this subfield there remains a range of data showing that hippocampus dependent learning may increase, decrease or alternatively may not alter these components of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Determining how and when hippocampus-dependent learning alters adult neurogenesis will help to further clarify the role of adult generated neurons. There are many variables (such as age of immature neurons, species, strain, sex, stress, task difficulty and type of learning) as well as numerous methodological differences (such as marker type, quantification techniques, apparatus size etc.) that could all be crucial for a clear understanding of the interaction between learning and neurogenesis. Here, we review these findings and discuss the different conditions under which hippocampus-dependent learning impacts adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Estradiol Modulates Effort-Based Decision Making in Female Rats.
- Author
-
Uban, Kristina A, Rummel, Julia, Floresco, Stan B, and Galea, Liisa A M
- Subjects
DOPAMINE ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,ESTRADIOL ,LABORATORY rats ,ANIMAL models in research ,NEURAL circuitry ,NEUROLOGICAL disorders - Abstract
Disorders of the dopamine system, such as schizophrenia or stimulant addiction, are associated with impairments in different forms of cost/benefit decision making. The neural circuitry (ie amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens) underlying these functions receives dopamine input, which is thought to have a central role in mediating cost/benefit decisions. Estradiol modulates dopamine activity, and estrogen receptors (ERs) are found within this neurocircuitry, suggesting that decision making may be influenced by estradiol. The present study examined the contribution of estradiol and selective ERα and β agonists on cost/benefit decision making in adult female Long-Evans rats. An effort-discounting task was utilized, where rats could either emit a single response on a low-reward lever to receive two pellets, or make 2, 5, 10, or 20 responses on a high-reward lever to obtain four pellets. Ovariectomy increased the choice on the high-reward lever, whereas replacement with high (10 μg), but not low (0.3 μg), levels of estradiol benzoate reduced the choice on the high-reward lever. Interestingly, both an ERα agonist (propyl-pyrazole triol (PPT)) and an ERβ agonist (diarylpropionitrile (DPN)) increased choice on the high-reward lever when administered independently, but when these two agonists were combined, a decrease in choice for the high-reward lever was observed. The effects of estradiol, PPT, and DPN were more pronounced 24 h post-administration, suggesting that these effects may be genomic in nature. Together, these results demonstrate that estradiol modulates cost/benefit decision making in females, whereby concomitant activation of ERα and β receptors shifts the decision criteria and reduces preference for larger, yet more costly rewards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Low Doses of 17α-Estradiol and 17β-Estradiol Facilitate, Whereas Higher Doses of Estrone and 17α- and 17β-Estradiol Impair, Contextual Fear Conditioning in Adult Female Rats.
- Author
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Barha, Cindy K., Dalton, Gemma L., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
ESTROGEN ,ESTRADIOL ,STEROID hormones ,THERAPEUTICS ,MAMMALS - Abstract
Estrogens are known to exert significant structural and functional effects in the hippocampus of adult rodents. In particular, 17β-estradiol can improve, impair, or have no effect on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory depending on dose and time of administration. The effects of other forms of estrogen, such as estrone and 17α-estradiol, on hippocampus-dependent learning have not been as thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and 17α-estradiol at three different doses on two different tasks: hippocampus-dependent contextual fear conditioning and hippocampus-independent cued fear conditioning. Adult ovariectomized female rats were injected with one of the estrogens at one of the three doses 30 mins before conditioning to assess the rapid effects of these estrogens on acquisition. Twenty-four hours later memory for the context was examined and 1 h later memory for the cue (tone) was assessed. Levels of synaptophysin were examined in the dorsal hippocampus of rats to identify a potential synaptic correlate of hormonal effects on contextual fear conditioning. Low 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol enhanced, whereas high 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol impaired, contextual fear conditioning. Only the middle dose of estrone severely impaired contextual fear conditioning. Estrogens did not alter performance in the hippocampus-independent cued task. Synaptophysin expression was increased by estrone (at a middle and high dose) and 17β-estradiol (at a middle dose) in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and was not correlated with cognition. The results of this study indicate that estradiol can positively or negatively influence hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, whereas estrone impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner. These results have important therapeutic implications, as estrone, a main component of a widely used hormone replacement therapy, was shown to have either a negative effect or no effect on learning and memory. It may be possible to use 17α-estradiol and lower doses of estrogens as potential alternatives in hormone replacement therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Sleep deprivation can inhibit adult hippocampal neurogenesis independent of adrenal stress hormones.
- Author
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Mueller, Anka D., Pollock, Michael S., Lieblich, Stephanie E., Epp, Jonathan R., Galea, Liisa A. M., and Mistiberger, Ralph E.
- Subjects
SLEEP deprivation physiology ,DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology ,SLEEP disorders ,CELL proliferation ,RAPID eye movement sleep ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) can suppress cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult male rodents, suggesting that sleep may contribute to hippocampal functions by promoting neurogenesis. However, suppression of cell proliferation in rats by the platform-over-water SD method has been attributed to elevated corticosterone (Cort), a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and nonspecific correlate of this procedure. We report here results that do not support this conclusion. Intact and adrenalectomized (ADX) male rats were subjected to a 96-h SD using multiple- and single-platform methods. New cells were identified by immunoreactivity for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) or Ki67 and new neurons by immunoreactivity for BrdU and doublecortin. EEG recordings confirmed a 95% deprivation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and a 40% decrease of non-REM sleep. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyms was suppressed by up to 50% in sleep-deprived rats relative to apparatus control or home cage control rats. This effect was also observed in ADX rats receiving continuous low-dose Cort replacement via subcutaneous minipumps but not in ADX rats receiving Cort replacement via drinking water. In these latter rats, Cort intake via water was reduced by 60% during SD; upregulation of cell proliferation by reduced Cort intake may obscure inhibitory effects of sleep loss on cell proliferation. SD had no effect on the percentage of new cells expressing a neuronal phenotype. These results demonstrate that the Cort replacement method is critical for detecting an effect of SD on cell proliferation and support a significant role for sleep in adult neurogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Estrogens dynamically regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult female rats.
- Author
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Yagi, Shunya, Mohammad, Ahmad, Wen, Yanhua, Batallán Burrowes, Ariel A., Blankers, Samantha A., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
- *
GLIAL fibrillary acidic protein , *DENTATE gyrus , *SUBCUTANEOUS injections , *YOUNG adults , *DNA synthesis - Abstract
Estrone and estradiol differentially modulate neuroplasticity and cognition. How they influence the maturation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus, however, is not known. The present study assessed the effects of estrone and estradiol on the maturation timeline of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of ovariectomized (a model of surgical menopause) young adult Sprague–Dawley rats using daily subcutaneous injections of 17β‐estradiol, estrone or vehicle. Rats were injected with a DNA synthesis marker, 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), and were perfused 1, 2, or 3 weeks after BrdU injection and daily hormone treatment. Brains were sectioned and processed for various markers including: sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 (Sox2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), antigen kiel 67 (Ki67), doublecortin (DCX), and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Immunofluorescent labeling or co‐labelling of BrdU with Sox2 (progenitor cells), Sox2/GFAP (neural progenitor cells), Ki67 (cell proliferation), DCX (immature neurons), NeuN (mature neurons) was used to examine the trajectory and maturation of adult‐born neurons over time. Estrogens had early (1 week of exposure) effects on different stages of neurogenesis (neural progenitor cells, cell proliferation and early maturation of new cells into neurons) but these effects were less pronounced after prolonged treatment. Estradiol enhanced, whereas estrone reduced cell proliferation after 1 week but not after longer exposure to either estrogen. Both estrogens increased the density of immature neurons (BrdU/DCX‐ir) after 1 week of exposure compared to vehicle treatment but this increased density was not sustained over longer durations of treatments to estrogens, suggesting that the enhancing effects of estrogens on neurogenesis were short‐lived. Longer duration post‐ovariectomy, without treatments with either of the estrogens, was associated with reduced neural progenitor cells in the DG. These results demonstrate that estrogens modulate several aspects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis differently in the short term, but may lose their ability to influence neurogenesis after long‐term exposure. These findings have potential implications for treatments involving estrogens after surgical menopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Sex differences in the expression and antagonism of swim stress-induced analgesia in deer mice vary with the breeding season.
- Author
-
Kavaliers, M, Galea, L A, Kavaliers, Martin, and Galea, Liisa A M
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Chronic aromatase inhibition increases ventral hippocampal neurogenesis in middle-aged female mice
- Author
-
Chaiton, Jessica A., Wong, Sarah J., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
3. Good health - Abstract
Letrozole, a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, prevents the production of estrogens in the final step in conversion from androgens. Due to its efficacy at suppressing estrogens, letrozole has recently taken favor as a first-line adjuvant treatment for hormone-responsive breast cancer in middle-aged women. Though patient response to letrozole has generally been positive, there is conflicting evidence surrounding its effects on the development of depression. It is possible that the potential adverse effects of letrozole on mood are a result of the impact of hormonal fluctuations on neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Thus, to clarify the effects of letrozole on the hippocampus and behavior, we examined how chronic administration affects hippocampal neurogenesis and depressive-like behavior in middle-aged, intact female mice. Mice were given either letrozole (1mg/kg) or vehicle by injection (i.p.) daily for 3 weeks. Depressive-like behavior was assessed during the last 3 days of treatment using the forced swim test, tail suspension test, and sucrose preference test. The production of new neurons was quantified using the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX), and cell proliferation was quantified using the endogenous marker Ki67. We found that letrozole increased DCX and Ki67 expression and maturation in the dentate gyrus, but had no significant effect on depressive-like behavior. Our findings suggest that a reduction in estrogens in middle-aged females increases hippocampal neurogenesis without any adverse impact on depressive-like behavior; as such, this furthers our understanding of how estrogens modulate neurogenesis, and to the rationale for the utilization of letrozole in the clinical management of breast cancer.
46. Structural plasticity of the hippocampus in response to estrogens in female rodents
- Author
-
Sheppard, Paul A S, Choleris, Elena, and Galea, Liisa A M
- Subjects
10. No inequality ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists - Abstract
It is well established that estrogens affect neuroplasticity in a number of brain regions. In particular, estrogens modulate and mediate spine and synapse formation as well as neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. In this review, we discuss current research exploring the effects of estrogens on dendritic spine plasticity and neurogenesis with a focus on the modulating factors of sex, age, and pregnancy. Hormone levels, including those of estrogens, fluctuate widely across the lifespan from early life to puberty, through adulthood and into old age, as well as with pregnancy and parturition. Dendritic spine formation and modulation are altered both by rapid (likely non-genomic) and classical (genomic) actions of estrogens and have been suggested to play a role in the effects of estrogens on learning and memory. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is influenced by age, the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and parity in female rodents. Furthermore, sex differences exist in hippocampal cellular and molecular responses to estrogens and are briefly discussed throughout. Understanding how structural plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by estrogens and how these effects can influence function and be influenced by other factors, such as experience and sex, is critical and can inform future treatments in conditions involving the hippocampus.
47. Beyond Sex Differences : Short and Long-Term Implications of Motherhood on Women’s Health
- Author
-
Galea, Liisa A. M., Qiu, Wansu, and Duarte-Guterman, Paula
- Subjects
5. Gender equality ,3. Good health - Abstract
Sex differences exist in development, physiology, behaviour, disease prevalence, manifestation, and outcome. It is vitally important to consider sex differences in research towards a better understanding of precision medicine for both men and women. However, for substantial progress in women’s health we need to acknowledge that female physiology is different from males and uniquely female experiences such as pregnancy and motherhood can affect the physiology of females. Pregnancy is associated with dramatic changes in physiology (cardiac, pulmonary, immune, and metabolic) and endocrinology (steroids and peptide hormones, many of which are unique to pregnancy). Thus, it is not surprising that there can be repercussions both in the short and in the long-term for the health of the female. Here, we discuss research demonstrating that pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with changes in neuroplasticity and cognition, and a greater risk of developing certain mental health disorders with some of these effects having lifelong consequences. As a potential implication, we also discuss how drug treatments may work differently in parous women. Finally, we argue that, in addition to sex differences, the physiological challenges unique to women need to be taken into consideration for a better understanding of women’s physiology and disease.
48. Neonatal S100B Protein Levels After Prenatal Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
- Author
-
Pawluski, Jodi L., Galea, Liisa A. M., Brain, Ursula, Papsdorf, Michael, and Oberlander, Tim F.
- Subjects
- *
NEWBORN infant physiology - Abstract
An abstract of the article "Neonatal S100B Protein Levels After Prenatal Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors," by Jodi L. Pawluski and colleagues is presented.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Endocrine Substrates of Cognitive and Affective Changes During Pregnancy and Postpartum.
- Author
-
Workman, Joanna L., Barha, Cindy K., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
- *
POSTPARTUM depression , *DIAGNOSIS of pregnancy , *HIPPOCAMPUS (Brain) , *PEPTIDE receptors , *LABORATORY rats - Abstract
Pregnancy and motherhood constitute periods of tremendous hormonal variation that orchestrate parturition, lactation, maternal care, maternal aggression, and recognition of offspring, among other functions. Cognitive processing also varies during pregnancy and motherhood and may serve an adaptive function in preparation for parturition and rearing. Additionally, maternal experience may have enduring consequences for the brain, behavior, and cognition long after offspring are mature. However, the early postpartum period also renders women psychologically vulnerable as approximately 15% of women experience postpartum depression, with estimates of 50-80% reporting a milder form of depression termed "maternal blues." This review will present literature on pregnancyand parity-related changes in both cognition and affect and how these changes likely involve plastic changes within the hippocampus, a region that is sensitive to reproductive hormones. Further, this review will discuss steroid and peptide hormones that may contribute to affective and cognitive disruptions during pregnancy and postpartum. Research in this area may reveal insight into how pregnancy and motherhood alter the likelihood of developing postpartum depression and related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Everyday Life Memory Deficits in Pregnant Women.
- Author
-
Cuttler, Carrie, Graf, Peter, Pawluski, Jodi L., and Galea, Liisa A. M.
- Subjects
- *
COGNITION disorder risk factors , *AMNESIA , *ANXIETY , *ANXIETY testing , *CHI-squared test , *MENTAL depression , *FATIGUE (Physiology) , *HYDROCORTISONE , *MEMORY , *SELF-report inventories , *SLEEP , *STATISTICS , *T-test (Statistics) , *CROSS-sectional method , *CASE-control method - Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that pregnant women report experiencing problems with memory, but the results of studies using objective measures are ambiguous. The present study investigated potential reason(s) for the discrepancy between findings of subjective and objective memory deficits, as well as potential source(s) of pregnant women's problems with memory. Sixty-one pregnant and 24 nonpregnant women completed a series of memory tests which included field and laboratory measures of prospective memory. Three standardized questionnaires were used to assess subjective aspects of memory. The influence of cortisol, depressed mood, anxiety, physical symptoms, sleep/fatigue, and busyness on pregnancy-related deficits was also examined. The findings revealed objective pregnancy-related deficits on two of the field measures of prospective memory. Pregnancy-related subjective deficits were also detected on all of the questionnaires. In contrast, no objective pregnancy-related deficits were found on the laboratory measures of memory. Increased physical symptoms accounted for one of the objective deficits in memory, while depressed mood and physical symptoms accounted for two of the subjective memory deficits. Collectively, these findings suggest that pregnant women experience everyday life problems with memory that are not readily detected in the laboratory environment. The predominant use of laboratory tests may explain the myriad of previous failures to detect objective deficits in pregnant women's memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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