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There is a substantial corpus of evidence about the shared brain mechanism between imagery and perception. However, the psychophysiological exploration concerning possible mechanisms underlying modality-independent mental imagery and how much it involves or depends on other cognitive processes, such as attention and memory, is still scant. To address this, we performed an electroencephalographic (EEG) study to compare brain activity related to auditory/musical and visual imagery to identify shared and specific activity patterns. The electrical brain activity of 12 musicians was measured while they perceived or imagined either auditory or visual stimuli with two levels of complexity. Mean power differences were calculated between tasks and conditions for alpha, beta, and gamma bands. For the alpha band, an increase in mean relative power was observed in occipital and parietal areas throughout the paradigm. Regarding level of complexity of the imagery tasks, same-modality contrasts (i.e., auditory simple vs. auditory complex) showed small-magnitude differences in power that were only significant for a few locations along the midline. However, when comparing across imagery modalities (i.e., auditory simple vs. visual simple), the significantly different locations increased in number and were mainly distributed in central and occipital regions, where differences were positive for mean alpha power and negative for beta and gamma bands. With respect to resting (baseline) power, the main differences were observed as a wider distribution of beta power increments in relation to visual imagery tasks, and similarities were identified for both auditory and visual imagery tasks as an increase in gamma power in right frontal locations, increased frontal and pre-frontal beta power, and some bilateral parietal increased beta power. These results seem to support the hypothesis that mental imagery, to some extent, involves areas related to memory retrieval, attention, semantic processing, and motor preparation, in addition to the primary areas corresponding to each sensory modality.

Abstract A new clown beetle species, Bacanius neoponerae, is described from Mexican nests of the arboreal ponerine ant Neoponera villosa found in the tank bromeliad Aechmea bracteata. Adult beetles were found in brood chambers or inner refuse piles, but also outside the ant nests, in decaying organic matter between the bromeliad leaves. No direct interactions between ants and microhisterid beetles could be observed. Several lines of evidence suggest a close relationship either with the ants, specific microhabitats within the ant nests or the bromeliads. Sample site elevation, colony size, monthly rainfall and collecting site were the main variables predicting the association. Almost half of the N. villosa colonies were associated with the microhisterids, and larger colonies favored their presence, especially during the driest months of the year. Two specimens were found in a nest of another ant species, Camponotus atriceps, also inhabiting A. bracteata. The new species is the seventh of the genus Bacanius reported from Mexico. This is the second time a species of this genus is associated with ants, and the fourth record of a histerid beetle cohabiting with ponerine ants. The small size of these beetles and their very protective body structure may facilitate their cohabitation with such aggressive hosts.

There is an increasing number of children in the U.S. classified as English Learners (ELs). Accurately identifying and supporting ELs in their academic settings entails understanding their non-English language experiences. This study presents findings from language reporting practices from seven U.S. states by examining how states account for the linguistic diversity of Indigenous Mesoamerican languages. Our findings reveal varied state approaches and underscore the limitations of current federal guidance, which limits the recognition of students’ non-English language experiences. We advocate for updating language identification practices and policies and propose a new framework for accurate language identification and continuous monitoring of student linguistic diversity.

Abstract Geographic variation in the vocal behavior of manatees has been reported but is largely unexplored. Vocalizations of wild West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) were recorded with hydrophones in Florida from Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris), and in Belize and Panama from Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) to determine if calls varied between subspecies and geographic regions. Calls were visually classified into five categories: squeaks, high squeaks, squeals, squeak-squeals, and chirps. From these five categories, only three call types (squeaks, high squeaks and squeals) were observed in all three populations. Six parameters from the temporal and frequency domains were measured from the fundamental frequency of 2878 manatee vocalizations. A repeated measures PERMANOVA found significant differences for squeaks and high squeaks between each geographic location and for squeals between Belize and Florida. Almost all measured frequency and temporal parameters of manatee vocalizations differed between and within subspecies. Variables that may have influenced the variation observed may be related to sex, body size, habitat and/or other factors. Our findings provide critical information of manatee calls for wildlife monitoring and highlight the need for further study of the vocal behavior of manatees throughout their range.

Introduction: On average prison populations show lower cognitive scores than the general population, but it is also acknowledged that inmates are highly heterogenous and that verbal and non-verbal ability scores might uncover differential patterns. Method: We consider 140 participants divided into five groups: controls, non-sexual and non-homicidal inmates (other inmates), sex offenders with adult victims (AVS) and child victims (CVS), and homicide offenders. All participants completed two WAIS-III subtests to obtain reliable estimates of their verbal and non-verbal abilities. The quotient ‘matrices/similarities’ (UIQ) was also computed. Results: Homicide and AVS offenders showed lower general scores than controls; AVS and homicide offenders showed lower non-verbal scores than controls; homicide offenders showed lower verbal scores than the other groups; and homicide, AVS offenders and “other inmates” were the most dissimilar groups regarding UIQ. Conclusions: The findings support the relevance of distinguishing among criminal offenders to avoid unwarranted generalizations when cognitive abilities are considered.

Abstract Dirofilaria immitis (the canine heartworm) is widespread in the tropics, with prevalence surpassing 30% in high-risk areas. In addition to the suitable climatic conditions that favour mosquito abundance and filarial larva development, there is low compliance with the recommended year-round use of preventives in these transmission hotspots. This represents a major concern, considering that melarsomine (first-line heartworm adulticide) is unavailable in several tropical countries, resulting in the so-called slow-kill protocol being the only available adulticide treatment option. In this article, the members of TroCCAP (Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites) review the current distribution of heartworm in the tropics and the availability of melarsomine, and discuss alternatives for the management of heartworm infections in dogs. Graphical Abstract

Introducción: Los ecosistemas urbanos de Costa Rica albergan varias especies de anuros que coexisten con parásitos aún poco estudiados. Objetivo: Informar sobre la presencia de parásitos gastrointestinales zoonóticos y no zoonóticos en Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni, Espadarana prosoblepon y Smilisca sordida, en hábitats fluviales urbanos en San José, Costa Rica. Métodos: Analizamos 30 muestras de heces de ejemplares mantenidos en el laboratorio durante diez meses, utilizando tres técnicas de diagnóstico. Resultados: Detectamos por primera vez en Costa Rica la presencia de Giardia duodenalis y Cryptosporidium parvum en H. fleischmanni, E. prosoblepon y S. sordida (mediante pruebas de detección de antígeno); además, encontramos nematodos (Strongylidae y Rhabdias spp.), ciliados intestinales y huevos de céstodos con otras técnicas de diagnóstico. Conclusión: Estas ranas urbanas tenían al menos seis tipos de parásitos, algunos de ellos primeros registros.

In this paper we report on the inaugural meetings of the Musical Care International Network held online in 2022. The term “musical care” is defined by Spiro and Sanfilippo (2022) as “the role of music—music listening as well as music-making—in supporting any aspect of people's developmental or health needs” (pp. 2–3). Musical care takes varied forms in different cultural contexts and involves people from different disciplines and areas of expertise. Therefore, the Musical Care International Network takes an interdisciplinary and international approach and aims to better reflect the disciplinary, geographic, and cultural diversity relevant to musical care. Forty-two delegates participated in 5 inaugural meetings over 2 days, representing 24 countries and numerous disciplines and areas of practice. Based on the meetings, the aims of this paper are to (1) better understand the diverse practices, applications, contexts, and impacts of musical care around the globe and (2) introduce the Musical Care International Network. Transcriptions of the recordings, alongside notes taken by the hosts, were used to summarise the conversations. The discussions developed ideas in three areas: (a) musical care as context-dependent and social, (b) musical care's position within the broader research and practice context, and (c) debates about the impact of and evidence for musical care. We can conclude that musical care refers to context-dependent and social phenomena. The term musical care was seen as useful in talking across boundaries while not minimizing individual disciplinary and professional expertise. The use of the term was seen to help balance the importance and place of multiple disciplines, with a role to play in the development of a collective identity. This collective identity was seen as important in advocacy and in helping to shape policy. The paper closes with proposed future directions for the network and its emerging mission statement.

El objetivo fue comparar los efectos de selenito de sodio (SS) y Sel-Plex® (SP) en el consumo de materia seca (CMS), ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), conversión alimenticia (CA), rendimiento de canales, Se en suero, músculos, albúmina, y globulinas en corderos Pelibuey. Cincuenta animales (PV=23.0 ± 1.1 kg; de 5 a 6 meses) se estratificaron y aleatoriamente asignaron a uno de cinco tratamientos (n=10): 1) Dieta basal, C); 2) C + 0.30 mg kg-1 MS de SS, 30SS; 3) C + 0.90 mg kg-1 MS de SS, 90SS; 4) C + 0.30 mg kg-1 MS de SP, 30SP; y 5) C + 0.90 mg kg-1 MS de SP, 90SP. No hubo efectos (P>0.05) en CMS; mientras que 90SP y 30SS mostraron GDP mayores (293 y 260 vs 245, 243, y 230 g día-1; P0.05). En Longissimus dorsi, 30SP incrementó (P0.05) en Gluteus maximus y Musculus deltoideus. La albúmina fue mayor con 30SP y 90SS; mientras que α-globulina fue mayor con 30SS y 90SP. En conclusión, 0.90 mg de SP mejoró la GDP y CA. Selenito y SP aumentaron el Se en suero hasta 0.30, y disminuyó con 0.90 mg por kilo de SP. En Longissimus dorsi, el Se se mejoró en 30SP con respecto 90SP y el C y no fue similar a 90SS y 30SS. El Se orgánico de 90SP mejoró el nivel de albúmina y α-globulinas.

Rangeland cattle production is the largest agricultural sector of Uruguay. Ranches produce up to three products (beef, sheep-meat, and wool) usually combined into an equivalent meat (EM) index. The objective is to compare the empirical results from the estimation of a single output stochastic production frontier (SPF) and a multi-output stochastic ray frontier (SRF) to provide insights on the use of the EM index to evaluate ranches performance. Results show similar efficiency scores. The average level of TE is 0.769 for the SPF and 0.779 for the SRF. We cannot discard EM index as a simple measure of combined production.

Introducción: Muchos fenómenos naturales estudiados en ecología (como lluvia de semillas y producción de hojarasca) requieren métodos cuantitativos que recolecten datos in absentia, por ejemplo, las trampas. Las trampas varían en forma, tamaño y material, y se debe considerar cuidadosamente su selección. Hay pocos estudios que comparen el desempeño de trampas de diferentes tamaños y su efecto en las estimaciones. Objetivo: Comparar dos tamaños de una trampa común diseñada para cuantificar la caída de material vegetal. Métodos: En un parque urbano tropical en San José, Costa Rica, colocamos un total de 74 trampas cuadradas (trampa grande = 0,50m2, con una subsección concéntrica de 0,25m2 que representa la trampa pequeña) en tres microhábitats (pasto; borde del bosque y bajo árboles aislados). Desde julio de 2021 hasta junio de 2022, recolectamos el contenido de las trampas dos veces al mes (esfuerzo de muestreo anual: 144 horas por trampa). Resultados: la trampa grande da como resultado estimaciones de densidad más bajas, lo que genera errores y desviaciones estándar más altos. La trampa pequeña estima densidades más altas, pero reduce la desviación estándar y el error. Los coeficientes de variación de ambas trampas fueron similares. Conclusión: Los estudios con trampas de vegetación deben considerar el efecto del tamaño de trampa en las estimaciones de densidad, el error estimado y las desviaciones estándar.

Abstract Myrmecophilous butterflies can establish complex symbiotic relationships with ants. A caterpillar wandering among the brood of the aggressive ponerine ant Neoponera villosa was found inside the core of a nest built in the myrmecophytic bromeliad Aechmea bracteata. This is the first caterpillar found living inside a ponerine ant nest. Its DNA barcode was sequenced, and an integrative approach was used to identify it as Pseudonymphidia agave, a poorly known member of the subtribe Pachythonina in the riodinid tribe Nymphidiini. The cuticle of the tank-like caterpillar lacks projections or tubercles and is covered dorsally by specialized flat setae that form an armor of small plates. Ant-organs potentially related to caterpillar-ant signaling, such as perforated cupola organs and tentacle nectary organs, are present. These morphological traits, together with evidence of social integration (direct contact with host brood, protective morphology, slow movement, no host aggressiveness), suggest that P. agave is a symbiotic, social parasite of N. villosa, preying on its host brood. However, several knowledge gaps remain, including oviposition site, dependence on bromeliad association, steps to colony integration, and larval diet through development. Carnivory has been reported in all known members of the subtribe Pachythonina (caterpillars prey on honeydew-producing hemipterans) suggesting a shift to myrmecophagy inside the ant nests as a possible evolutionary transition.

En el siglo XXI ha habido un fuerte aumento en el número de esfuerzos de revitalización lingüística en el mundo. La Encuesta internacional de esfuerzos de revitalización documentó 245 esfuerzos en apoyo a 208 lenguas. La encuesta siguió un modelo mixto de recolección de datos, incluyó 30 preguntas, se administró por internet en siete lenguas, y dio como resultado un banco de 40 000 datos. Este estudio da continuidad a los datos globales que se publicaron en Pérez Báez et al. (2019) con un enfoque en México, Centroamérica y el Caribe como una sola región, y en Sudamérica. Entre los resultados, destacan que la mayoría de los esfuerzos se iniciaron en el siglo XXI lo cual sugiere que son relativamente recientes y requieren de mucho apoyo. Se incluyen las palabras de los practicantes de la revitalización, mismos que explican que requieren, por ejemplo, capacitación e infraestructura, apoyo institucional, apoyo de la comunidad, así como apoyo y respeto por parte de aquellos fuera de la comunidad. Los datos sugieren que, si bien los esfuerzos de revitalización responden a situaciones de desplazamiento lingüístico avanzado, se observa un compromiso, sobre todo en Sudamérica, por proteger la vitalidad existente de lenguas mediante esfuerzos de mantenimiento. También se observa una tendencia por centrar los esfuerzos en la enseñanza de lenguas, quizá por encima de un enfoque en la transmisión intergeneracional. Finalmente, se ofrece un mapeo entre los datos cualitativos de la encuesta y los objetivos de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas para mostrar que la diversidad lingüística debe ser parte integral de dicha agenda.

Abstract Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic revealed a worldwide lack of effective molecular surveillance networks at local, state, and national levels, which are essential to identify, monitor, and limit viral community spread. SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOCs) such as Alpha and Omicron, which show increased transmissibility and immune evasion, rapidly became dominant VOCs worldwide. Our objective was to develop an evidenced‐based genomic surveillance algorithm, combining reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequencing technologies to quickly identify highly contagious VOCs, before cases accumulate exponentially. Methods Deidentified data were obtained from 508,969 patients tested for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) with the TaqPath COVID‐19 RT‐PCR Combo Kit (ThermoFisher) in four CLIA‐certified clinical laboratories in Puerto Rico (n = 86,639) and in three CLIA‐certified clinical laboratories in the United States (n = 422,330). Results TaqPath data revealed a frequency of S Gene Target Failure (SGTF) > 47% for the last week of March 2021 in both, Puerto Rico and US laboratories. The monthly frequency of SGTF in Puerto Rico steadily increased exponentially from 4% in November 2020 to 47% in March 2021. The weekly SGTF rate in US samples was high (>8%) from late December to early January and then also increased exponentially through April (48%). The exponential increase in SGFT prevalence in Puerto Rico was concurrent with a sharp increase in VOCs among all SARS‐CoV‐2 sequences from Puerto Rico uploaded to Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISAID) (n = 461). Alpha variant frequency increased from

The objectives were to study the associations of concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA), calcium (Ca2+), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in blood serum 7 d prepartum with losses in milk yield (MY) and metabolic dysfunctions at seven and 14 d of lactation. Three hundred and thirty-six (336) Holstein-Friesian (780 ± 36 kg BW; which had lactated more than twice) were sampled by coccygeal venipuncture, 7 d before, and 7 and 14 d after parturition. For each sample and metabolite serum concentrations were stratified in thresholds and related to MY. When BHBA levels were high 7 d before parturition and were related to MY at d-7 postpartum, it was observed that 11.00 % of the cows lost 0.370 kg d-1 of milk. In contrast, no relationship was observed between BHBA prepartum and MY on d-14 of lactation. It was not observed any association between high NEFA and low Ca2+ levels prepartum and MY. NEFA concentrations ≥ 0.5 mmol L-1 on d-7 before calving were 7.6 more susceptible for lameness incidence (P≤ 0.01), and when BHBA ≥ 0.8 mmol L-1 cows were 2.4 times more likely to develop ketosis (P≤0.05) in the first 60 d in milk. In brief, data indicate that a high proportion of cows are above the thresholds of β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids, and are also deficient in calcium, when determined one week before parturition. The risk thresholds for each metabolite were not associated with the amount of milk lost at d-14 after calving.

Activity patterns of species are related to their physiology, their behaviour and the environment and can change in response to different factors, such as interactions between species. Bird species, typical of the understorey, show morphological and ecological similarities and must thus have some mechanism of ecological separation, such as temporal niche partitioning. The objective of this study was to provide information about activity patterns and activity overlap of bird species typical of the understorey. We expected temporal niche partitioning between ecologically-similar species. We placed camera traps in 29 sampling points in a high evergreen forest in the southeast of Mexico between 2011 and 2013. All species were mainly diurnal and, contrary to what we expected, there was temporal partitioning between tinamids, but not in galliforms and columbiforms. The degree of activity overlap might reflect a solitary or group lifestyle of the three sets of species, as well as shared behavioural preferences and similar adaptations. These results contribute to our knowledge of the basic biology and behavioural ecology of birds of the understorey.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that may cause invasive infections in immunocompromised patients, disseminating through the bloodstream to other organs. In the heart, the initial step prior to invasion is the adhesion of the fungus to endothelial cells. Being the fungal cell wall’s outermost structure and the first to come in contact with host cells, it greatly modulates the interplay that later will derive in the colonization of the host tissue. In this work, we studied the functional contribution of N-linked and O-linked mannans of the cell wall of C. albicans to the interaction with the coronary endothelium. An isolated rat heart model was used to assess cardiac parameters related to vascular and inotropic effects in response to phenylephrine (Phe), acetylcholine (aCh) and angiotensin II (Ang II) when treatments consisting of: (1) live and heat-killed (HK) C. albicans wild-type yeasts; (2) live C. albicans pmr1Δ yeasts (displaying shorter N-linked and O-linked mannans); (3) live C. albicans without N-linked and O-linked mannans; and (4) isolated N-linked and O-linked mannans were administered to the heart. Our results showed that C. albicans WT alters heart coronary perfusion pressure (vascular effect) and left ventricular pressure (inotropic effect) parameters in response to Phe and Ang II but not aCh, and these effects can be reversed by mannose. Similar results were observed when isolated cell walls, live C. albicans without N-linked mannans or isolated O-linked mannans were perfused into the heart. In contrast, C. albicans HK, C. albicans pmr1Δ, C. albicans without O-linked mannans or isolated N-linked mannans were not able to alter the CPP and LVP in response to the same agonists. Taken together, our data suggest that C. albicans interaction occurs with specific receptors on coronary endothelium and that O-linked mannan contributes to a greater extent to this interaction. Further studies are necessary to elucidate why specific receptors preferentially interact with this fungal cell wall structure.

Abstract Background Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insensitivity to pain, inability to sweat and intellectual disability. CIPA is caused by mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 gene (NTRK1) that encodes the high-affinity receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF). Case presentation Here, we present clinical and molecular findings in a 9-year-old girl with CIPA. The high-altitude indigenous Ecuadorian patient presented several health problems such as anhidrosis, bone fractures, self-mutilation, osteochondroma, intellectual disability and Riga-Fede disease. After the mutational analysis of NTRK1, the patient showed a clearly autosomal recessive inheritance pattern with the pathogenic mutation rs763758904 (Arg602*) and the second missense mutation rs80356677 (Asp674Tyr). Additionally, the genomic analysis showed 69 pathogenic and/or likely pathogenic variants in 46 genes possibly related to phenotypic heterogeneity, including the rs324420 variant in the FAAH gene. The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed 28 mutated genes involved in several biological processes. As a novel contribution, the protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that NTRK1, SPTBN2 and GRM6 interact with several proteins of the pain matrix involved in the response to stimulus and nervous system development. Conclusions This is the first study that associates clinical, genomics and networking analyses in a Native American patient with consanguinity background in order to better understand CIPA pathogenesis.

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), a solitary endoparasitoid native to the Neotropics, attacks eggs and early instar larvae of Anastrepha fruit flies, and can enter diapause under tropical and subtropical conditions. We aimed to test if biological attributes, such as size, flight ability, starvation resistance, longevity and fecundity of diapausing individuals differ from those of non-diapausing ones. Parasitoids were obtained from a laboratory colony reared on Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae. Parasitized host puparia were sorted in two cohorts according to their diapause condition. Developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 18 to 31 days in non-diapausing parasitoids, and 70 to 278 days for diapausing individuals. Pupal weight and adult measurements were higher in non-diapausing than in diapausing parasitoids. There were no differences in adult longevity, starvation resistance, and emergence between diapausing and non-diapausing wasps. Flight ability and fecundity rates were greater in the non-diapausing than in the diapause cohort. The proportion of female offspring was greater in the non-diapausing cohort (42.5%), whereas in the diapausing cohort the male offspring proportion was greater (62.4%). Both cohorts produced diapause offspring, but the non-diapausing cohort produced more (26.6%) than the diapausing one (9.1%). Maternal age had a significant effect on the proportion of diapause offspring: in 26 to 34 days old non-diapausing females, 78.9% of their offspring entered into diapause. These results confirmed that diapause affects the biological attributes of D. areolatus. The observed differences contribute to better understand the diapause influence on the colonization and rearing process of this species and its use as biocontrol agent.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the level of awareness of primary immunodeficiency diseases among physicians working at Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño. Methods Cross-sectional study including pediatric residents and pediatricians working at the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño during the study period (2017-2019). Physicians working at the immunology unit and surgery departments were excluded. Three aspects of awareness of primary immunodeficiency diseases were investigated: education, general knowledge, and diagnostic suspicion and actions taken in the face of suspicion. Results This sample comprised 83 physicians with a median age of 33 years. Most physicians were women (71.1%) and half were pediatric residents. During their undergraduate studies, 43.1% had taken primary immunodeficiency disease courses, and 39.2% had attended conferences on this topic. During their residency training, 25.9% had taken primary immunodeficiency disease courses, and 60.3% had participated in conferences on this topic. Among pediatricians, 50% had taken primary immunodeficiency disease courses, and 53.1% had attended conferences on this topic. Only 39.8% of physicians reported being familiar with the list of 10 warning signs developed by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. More than half of physicians considered the lack of access to laboratory tests the major challenge in making diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency diseases. Conclusion This study revealed limited awareness of primary immunodeficiency diseases among physicians working at Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño. Although most physicians suspected primary immunodeficiency diseases in patients with a history of recurrent infections and frequent use of antibiotics, not all of them were familiar with the list of 10 warning signs proposed by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation, nor were they able to describe ancillary tests requested in suspected cases.

Different assemblages of parasitoids may attack a given host species and non-random distribution patterns in parasitoid species assemblages have been reported on various occasions, resulting in co-occurrence at the population, colony, or even individual host levels. This is the case for different closely related species of eucharitid wasps (a family of specialized ant parasitoids) sharing similar niches and co-occurring on the same host at different levels. Here we reviewed all known associations between eucharitid wasps and the ant host genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 and reported new ant-parasitoid associations. In addition, we report a new case of co-occurrence in eucharitid wasps, at the host colony level, involving a new undescribed species of Pseudochalcura Ashmead, 1904 and an unidentified species of Obeza Heraty, 1985, which attack the common but very poorly known neotropical arboreal ant Camponotus rectangularis Emery, 1890. Most attacks were solitary, but various cocoons were parasitized by two (16%) or three (8%) parasitoids. Globally, parasitism prevalence was very low (3.7%) but showed an important variability among samples. Low parasitism prevalence along with host exposure to parasitoid attack on host plants and overlapping reproductive periods of both parasitoid species may have allowed the evolution of co-occurrence. We also provided some additional data regarding the host ant nesting habits, the colony composition and new symbiotic associations with membracids and pseudococcids. The seemingly polydomous nesting habits of C. rectangularis could play a part in the reduction of parasitism pressure at the population level and, combined with occasionally important local parasitism rates, could also contribute to some parts of the colonies escaping from parasites, polydomy possibly representing an effective parasitism avoidance trait.

Music can reduce stress and anxiety, enhance positive mood, and facilitate social bonding. However, little is known about the role of music and related personal or cultural (individualistic vs. collectivistic) variables in maintaining wellbeing during times of stress and social isolation as imposed by the COVID-19 crisis. In an online questionnaire, administered in 11 countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the UK, and USA, N = 5,619), participants rated the relevance of wellbeing goals during the pandemic, and the effectiveness of different activities in obtaining these goals. Music was found to be the most effective activity for three out of five wellbeing goals: enjoyment, venting negative emotions, and self-connection. For diversion, music was equally good as entertainment, while it was second best to create a sense of togetherness, after socialization. This result was evident across different countries and gender, with minor effects of age on specific goals, and a clear effect of the importance of music in people's lives. Cultural effects were generally small and surfaced mainly in the use of music to obtain a sense of togetherness. Interestingly, culture moderated the use of negatively valenced and nostalgic music for those higher in distress.

El presente estudio analiza las diferencias tecnológicas entre dos grupos de productores de leche, familiares (PF) y con manejo empresarial (PME). Para obtener estimaciones de efi ciencia técnica comparables entre los dos grupos se utiliza la metodología de meta-fronteras. Aunque los PME son técnicamente más efi cientes que los PF (0.702 y 0.487, respectivamente) ambos grupos podrían obtener un mayor nivel de productividad mejorando su efi ciencia técnica. Además, cada no de los grupos opera bajo diferentes condiciones tecnológicas. El valor promedio del meta-ratio es 0.911 para los PME y 0.807 para los PF. Por lo tanto, los PME deberían invertir en nuevas tecnologías para reducir la brecha tecnológica, mientras que los PF podrían implementar las prácticas y tecnologías prevalecientes que están siendo usadas por los PME.

Introducción: La calidad del agua en una cuenca hidrográfica, y su uso potencial, se ven afectados por factores antrópicos y naturales. El río Tárcoles es el receptor final de aguas de la región central de Costa Rica, donde el tratamiento de aguas residuales es inadecuado o inexistente. Objetivo: Evaluar la contaminación del agua en el río y evaluar a los macroinvertebrados como bioindicadores del ecosistema. Métodos: Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y de macroinvertebrados del agua superficial en cuatro sitios durante doce meses consecutivos, incluidos dos índices de calidad del agua (ICA-NSF y holandés). Hicimos visitas mensuales para la colocación y recolección de sustratos artificiales para macroinvertebrados acuáticos, y visitas bimensuales para la recolección de muestras de agua para análisis ex situ de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos. Además, se caracterizó el uso del suelo en la parte baja de Tárcoles a partir de archivos tipo “raster” de cobertura. Resultados: Algunas variables fisicoquímicas tuvieron concentraciones similares a las informadas para otros ríos costarricenses, mientras que el oxígeno fue inferior. Las variables microbiológicas indicaron altos niveles de contaminación, especialmente en la época de lluvias. En la estación seca, hubo más macroinvertebrados acuáticos, siendo Chironomidae, Oligochaeta e Hydrobiidae los más abundantes. La contaminación de los ríos se clasifica como "incipiente" según el índice holandés y como "calidad media" según el ICA-NSF. Conclusiones: la contaminación del río Tárcoles se debe principalmente a un uso inadecuado del suelo y actividades antrópicas. Recomendamos un plan de gestión de cuencas e investigación sobre la salud del ecosistema y la conservación de especies vulnerables.

Background: There is pressing urgency to identify therapeutic targets and drugs that allow treating COVID-19 patients effectively.Methods: We performed in silico analyses of immune system protein interactome network, single-cell RNA sequencing of human tissues, and artificial neural networks to reveal potential therapeutic targets for drug repurposing against COVID-19.Results: We screened 1,584 high-confidence immune system proteins in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expressing cells, finding 25 potential therapeutic targets significantly overexpressed in nasal goblet secretory cells, lung type II pneumocytes, and ileal absorptive enterocytes of patients with several immunopathologies. Then, we performed fully connected deep neural networks to find the best multitask classification model to predict the activity of 10,672 drugs, obtaining several approved drugs, compounds under investigation, and experimental compounds with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristics.Conclusion: After being effectively analyzed in clinical trials, these drugs can be considered for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. Scripts can be downloaded at https://github.com/muntisa/immuno-drug-repurposing-COVID-19.

Introducción: Los ecosistemas ribereños son unidades integradoras del paisaje, que involucran procesos que permiten mantener las funciones ecológicas y los procesos biológicos a lo largo del cauce. Objetivo: Se evaluó la calidad del ecosistema urbano del río Torres, mediante la aplicación de índices biológicos. Métodos: Se trabajó en cuatro Zonas Representativas (ZR) del río Torres; en cada una se analizó: a) pérdida de suelo; b) diversidad de plantas y cobertura de dosel; c) riqueza de aves; d) parámetros fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos del agua. Se trabajó con el Índice de Calidad del Ecosistema Urbano del Río Torres (ICEURT) y el Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA-NSF). Resultados: El ICEURT evidenció una calidad media en todas las ZR, donde la parte alta obtuvo la mejor puntuación. La parte media presentó problemas en diversidad de aves y plantas; mientras que, la parte baja (ZR4), en riqueza de plantas. En cuanto al NSF, se registró una calidad media a mala en todos los sitios. Se comprobó similitudes entre las ZR; sin embargo, cada variable analizada reflejó dependencia con respecto al sitio (X2 =53,813; p< 0.05). Conclusiones: La evaluación de las interacciones entre cada componente y su entorno permitió dar a conocer una visión integral de las zonas estudiadas.

Introduction: Snakes suffer persecution by humans for misperception, misinformation, and fear. In addition, snakes are threatened by habitat decline, which leads them to seek new territories, favoring human-snake encounters. In Costa Rica these threats also exist in the inhabitants of the city, even in those with a high academic level. To favor the conservation of snakes, it is necessary to implement environmental education strategies aimed at a specific target audience. One possible tool is the creation and dissemination of educational videos, which increase knowledge and improve decision-making for their conservation. Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of an educational video as a tool to change the perception and knowledge about snakes in adults of high educational level in Costa Rica. Methods: We worked with 340 officials from the UNED headquarters, to whom we had applied an initial diagnosis in 2019. We separated the same participants into two groups: 240 officials received an educational video on snakes from the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) that we generated for them and 100 officials received a journalistic video as a control group. Finally, we evaluate their responses in a comparative way with respect to the previous diagnosis. Results: After observing the respective video, 75% of the officials maintain their perception of snakes and 68% would act in the same way in case of an encounter. However, 51,5% showed improvement in their general knowledge about snakes, showing dependence on the video observed. Conclusions: The educational video improved the general knowledge about snakes, but the environmental education effort has to face a high percentage of disinterest on the part of the population, which is a challenge for the conservation of snakes.

Abstract Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) are hazardous volatile organic compounds mostly released from fuel combustion, paint gas emissions, and biomass burning. In this work, it is studied the BTEX sorption influence on the surface reactivity of a new kind of nanoporous composite, prepared via an in situ functionalization of SBA-15 with a Mg–Al calcined hydrotalcite (HTC). During its preparation, Mg/Al mixed oxides are indeed formed and dispersed on the SBA-15 surface with non-blockage porosity. Furthermore, the physicochemical surface properties are exalted from its precursors and it is synergistically favorable for the BTEX sorption at low pressure and temperature.

We studied the oviposition and host acceptance behavior of three braconid parasitoid species native to Mexico, Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck), Opius hirtus (Fischer), and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), with potential to be considered as biocontrol agents against tephritid fruit fly pests in the Neotropics. Third instar larvae of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), with and without previous parasitization by conspecifics, were simultaneously offered to females of each species, and the individual behavior was video recorded to construct oviposition flow diagrams. The patterns of foraging and host acceptance were similar in the studied species; all rejected mostly parasitized hosts suggesting that this strategy is common in the guild of larval parasitoids attacking Anastrepha spp. The complete searching and host acceptance process took 2.2 ± 0.1 min (mean ± SE) in D. crawfordi, 1.7 ± 0.1 s in U. anastrephae and 1.5 ± 0.1 s in O. hirtus. Notably, because of toxins injected by parasitoid females during oviposition, the parasitized hosts experienced a transient paralysis of variable duration. Hosts attacked by U. anastrephae remained immobile for the shortest time (12.5 ± 1 min) (mean±SE), followed by D. crawfordi (20.5 ± 3.4 min) and O. hirtus (24.1 ± 2 min). Our data revealed a notable discrimination ability in all three species, and that behavioral differences lay mainly in the time of parasitization and in the duration of paralysis experienced by attacked hosts. This suggest that the three species could be valuable as biocontrol agents, but additional studies are necessary to better understand the advantages and limitations of each one as natural enemies of fruit fly pests.

A diversity of arthropods (myrmecophiles) thrives within ant nests, many of them unmolested though some, such as the specialized Eucharitidae parasitoids, may cause direct damage to their hosts. Ants are known to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates, but whether they recognize the strength of a threat and their capacity to adjust their behavior accordingly have not been fully explored. We aimed to determine whether Ectatomma tuberculatum ants exhibited specific behavioral responses to potential or actual intruders posing different threats to the host colony and to contribute to an understanding of complex ant-eucharitid interactions. Behavioral responses differed significantly according to intruder type. Ants evicted intruders that represented a threat to the colony's health (dead ants) or were not suitable as prey items (filter paper, eucharitid parasitoid wasps, non myrmecophilous adult weevils), but killed potential prey (weevil larvae, termites). The timing of detection was in accordance with the nature and size of the intruder: corpses (a potential source of contamination) were detected faster than any other intruder and transported to the refuse piles within 15 min. The structure and complexity of behavioral sequences differed among those intruders that were discarded. Workers not only recognized and discriminated between several distinct intruders but also adjusted their behavior to the type of intruder encountered. Our results confirm the previously documented recognition capabilities of E. tuberculatum workers and reveal a very fine-tuned intruder discrimination response. Colony-level prophylactic and hygienic behavioral responses through effective removal of inedible intruders appears to be the most general and flexible form of defense in ants against a diverse array of intruders. However, this generalized response to both potentially lethal and harmless intruders might have driven the evolution of ant-eucharitid interactions, opening a window for parasitoid attack and allowing adult parasitoid wasps to quickly leave the natal nest unharmed.

The water supply is currently a problem, given the over-exploitation of groundwater and contamination of surface water, so it is important to find alternative supplies. The rain water harvesting is considered one of the most viable options for the supply of the vital liquid; some of the most utilized systems for this purpose are the jagüeyes. State Park General Lázaro Cárdenas del Río better known as "Flor del Bosque", it is located east of the city of Puebla and listed as Protected Natural Area, this park has jagüeyes which store water from rain. In this research, the main physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water stored in four jagüeyes of “Flor del Bosque” were measured according to Mexican regulations, in order to establish its quality and determine the uses that are given as a watering wooded areas and drinking trough do not represent a risk to the flora and fauna of the park. Composite samples of each jagüey were analyzed, during two dry weather stations and two rainy weather stations between the moths of November 2011 and October 2012. The water of the four jagüeyes has microbiological contamination by helminth eggs, Fasciola hepatica, fecal (180 CFU) and total coliforms (475 CFU), this represents a risk to the health of wildlife; as well as lots of settleable and suspended solids. Since these systems have been installed for watering wooded areas and drinking trough of animals live there, it would be advisable before use be given appropriate treatment, plus it aims to improve its design or construction to be suitable for the intended uses.

Given the importance of conserving protected areas, and considering that human activities can affect plants and the soil and the "Flower Forest" State Park set a target of work analyzing the concentration six toxic heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb) in sheets of eight plant species (Quercus Mexico, Quercus rugosa, deppeana Juniperus, Juniperus flaccid, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Mimosa malacophylla and Euforbiáceas) and soil samples grouped into four different areas (pine, oak, eucalyptus and pastures) within the study area, for which vegetable samples were collected for a year and land in rainy and dry season. The samples were treated under the provisions of Mexican law to quantify metals. It notes that the six metals tested (Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb), were found in all plant species and the total fraction of the soil while the soil available in the Cr fraction was not detectable in any area, indicating that there be readily available to plants through the roots. A high correlation between Cr-Cu was found in most vegetable indicating a common source. The concentrations of metals are within permissible limits not to cause chemical injury, but they can continue to accumulate in root, stem, leaves and cause plant damage and deterioration of the protected area "Flor del Bosque Puebla."

In the Yucatan Peninsula, the ponerine ant Neoponera villosa nests almost exclusively in tank bromeliads, Aechmea bracteata. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors influencing nest site selection during nest relocation which is regularly promoted by hurricanes in this area. Using ants with and without previous experience of Ae. bracteata, we tested their preference for refuges consisting of Ae. bracteata leaves over two other bromeliads, Ae. bromeliifolia and Ananas comosus. We further evaluated bromeliad-associated traits that could influence nest site selection (form and size). Workers with and without previous contact with Ae. bracteata significantly preferred this species over others, suggesting the existence of an innate attraction to this bromeliad. However, preference was not influenced by previous contact with Ae. bracteata. Workers easily discriminated between shelters of Ae. bracteata and A. comosus, but not those of the closely related Ae. bromeliifolia. In marked contrast, ants discriminated between similar sized Ae. bracteata and Ae. bromeliifolia plants, suggesting that chemical cues and plant structure play an important role. Size was also significant as they selected the largest plant when provided two dissimilar Ae. bracteata plants. Nest site selection by N. villosa workers seems to depend on innate preferences but familiarization with plant stimuli is not excluded.

Existe una dificultad inherente para obtener información de los procesos mentales que subyacen a la implementación de acciones para resolver tareas complejas. Tal es el caso de las representaciones mentales que guían la ejecución instrumental de la música. A lo largo del tiempo, a través de diferentes tipos de investigaciones se han ofrecido diferentes definiciones de dichas representaciones o imágenes mentales. El objetivo de este trabajo es, por medio de entrevistas de elicitación, obtener información acerca de cómo los músicos expertos implementan representaciones o imágenes mentales en su práctica instrumental y, con base en las diferentes definiciones que se encuentran en la literatura especializada, proponer un modelo descriptivo de estos procesos cognitivos.

Escherichia coli O157 es un patógeno emergente asociado a diarrea, colitis hemorrágica y síndrome urémico hemolítico. Los productos cárnicos constituyen una importante fuente de contaminación con este microorganismo. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron establecer la frecuencia de detección de E. coli O157 en productos cárnicos y media res en la provincia de Tucumán, caracterizar los factores de virulencia de los aislamientos obtenidos, establecer la relación clonal entre cepas regionales mediante electroforesis de campo pulsado y comparar con lo consignado en la base de datos nacional. Desde 2004 hasta 2013 se analizaron 169 muestras de carne picada, 35 embutidos y 216 esponjados de media res. Se identificaron 13 aislamientos de E. coli O157; 6 de ellos fueron O157:H7 productores de toxina Shiga y se caracterizaron como stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA (n = 5) y stx2/eae/ehxA (n = 1); los 7 aislamientos de E. coli O157 no toxigénicos fueron O157:NT(n = 4),O157:NM (n = 1),O157:ND (n = 1) y O157:H16 (n = 1). Los patrones de PFGE fueron diferentes entre sí y de los registrados en la base de datos nacional. Se concluye que existe gran diversidad genética en los aislamientos de E. coli O157 circulantes en nuestra región.

Abstract This letter advises the imminent formation of the Companion Animal Parasites Council for the Tropics (CAPCT). The CAPCT consists of region-specific (e.g., Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Caribbean, Africa) experts comprising academics, veterinarians, parasitologists, physicians and allied industry partners that will work together to inform, guide and develop best-practice recommendations for the optimal diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics, with the aim of protecting the health of pets and that of the public.

The ocelot Leopardus pardalis is of particular significance in terrestrial communities due to its ecological role within the group of small-sized felids and as a mesopredator. However, despite the reduction of ocelot habitat in Southeast Mexico, there are still very few ecological studies. This research aimed to contribute with some ecological aspects of the species in this region. For this, 29 camera trap stations were established in a rain forest in Los Chimalapas (an area of 22km2) during a two years period (March 2011-June, 2013), in Oaxaca state, Southeast Mexico. Data allowed the estimation of the population density, activity pattern, sex ratio, residence time, and spatial distribution. Population density was calculated using Capture-Recapture Models for demographically open populations; besides, circular techniques were used to determine if nocturnal and diurnal activity varied significantly over the seasons, and Multiple Discriminant Analysis was used to determine which of the selected environmental variables best explained ocelot abundance in the region. A total of 103 ocelot records were obtained, with a total sampling effort of 8 529 trap-days. Density of 22-38individuals/100km2 was estimated. Ocelot population had a high proportion of transient individuals in the zone (55%), and the sex ratio was statistically equal to 1:1. Ocelot activity was more frequent at night (1:00-6:00h), but it also exhibited diurnal activity throughout the study period. Ocelot spatial distribution was positively affected by the proximity to the village as well as by the amount of prey. The ocelot population here appears to be stable, with a density similar to other regions in Central and South America, which could be attributed to the diversity of prey species and a low degree of disturbance in Los Chimalapas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1421-1432. Epub 2014 December 01.

Biological collections around the world are the repository of biodiversity on Earth; they also hold a large quantity of unsorted, unidentified, or misidentified material and can house behavioral information on species that are difficult to access or no longer available to science. Among the unsorted, alcohol-preserved material stored in the Formicidae Collection of the 'El Colegio de la Frontera Sur' Research Center (Chetumal, Mexico), we found nine colonies of the ponerine ant Neoponera villosa, that had been collected in bromeliads at Calakmul (Campeche, Mexico) in 1999. Ants and their brood were revised for the presence of any sign of parasitism. Cocoons were dissected and their content examined under a stereomicroscope. Six N. villosa prepupae had been attacked by the ectoparasitoid syrphid fly Hypselosyrphus trigonus Hull (Syrphidae: Microdontinae), to date the only known dipteran species of the Microdontinae with a parasitoid lifestyle. In addition, six male pupae from three colonies contained gregarious endoparasitoid wasps. These were specialized in parasitizing this specific host caste as no gyne or worker pupae displayed signs of having been attacked. Only immature stages (larvae and pupae) of the wasp could be obtained. Due to the long storage period, DNA amplification failed; however, based on biological and morphological data, pupae were placed in the Encyrtidae family. This is the first record of an encyrtid wasp parasitizing N. villosa, and the second example of an encyrtid as a primary parasitoid of ants. Furthermore, it is also the first record of co-occurrence of a dipteran ectoparasitoid and a hymenopteran endoparasitoid living in sympatry within the same population of host ants. Our findings highlight the importance of biological collections as reservoirs of hidden biodiversity, not only at the taxonomic level, but also at the behavioral level, revealing complex living networks. They also highlight the need for funding in order to carry out biodiversity inventories and manage existing collections.

Most robotic systems tend to be complex to maintain and reuse because existing frameworks are based mainly on code-driven approaches. This means the software development process is reduced to the implementation of systems using specific programming languages. During the constant evolution, the systems grow in size and in complexity. Even when these approaches address the needs of robotic focused markets, currently used methodologies and toolsets fail to cope with the needs of such complex software development process. The general objective of our work is the definition of a methodological framework supported by a set of tools to deal with the requirements of the robotic software development process. A major challenge is to make the step from code-driven to model-driven in the development of robotic software systems. Separating robotics knowledge from short-cycled implementation technologies is essential to foster reuse and maintenance.

En las últimas dos décadas, la producción de energía eléctrica ha generado más de la quinta parte de las emisiones de CO2 en México. En este mismo periodo, el consumo de electricidad en el país ha sido dinamizado por el sector residencial de los hogares. Diversos trabajos apuntan a que los incrementos en los niveles medios de bienestar y la expansión del crédito y vivienda, se tradujeron en cambios en los bienes y servicios que los hogares consumen, pese a la persistencia de la desigualdad. En particular, se señala que incluso los estratos con ingresos más bajos han aumentado sus niveles de consumo. Exploramos si esto ha sucedido y nos preguntamos por las implicaciones ambientales de este aumento. En este trabajo examinamos: (1) en qué medida se observa un cambio en los electrodomésticos que los hogares consumen, (2) hasta dónde éste se asocia con el consumo eléctrico de los hogares; y; (3) si los diversos estratos de ingresos han mantenido un consumo de electrodomésticos estable a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, construimos una serie armonizada de la Encuesta de Ingreso Gasto de los Hogares (1992, 2002, 2008 y 2012) con características sociodemográficas, ingresos y un índice de bienes eléctricos consumidos por los hogares comparables a través del tiempo. Empleamos una regresión agrupada para observar los cambios en los efectos entre estratos y tiempo.

The health risks of Emilio Portes Gil’s population, for the exposition to the Atoyac River pollution in the State of Puebla, was evaluated. The objective was to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals by ingesting water from wells and spri ngs. The chronic daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk index (CRI) in adults, teenagers, and children were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, Al, Ni, and Pb in some of the samples exceeded the recommended standards for human consumption and was significantly higher in the dry season. The hazard index (HI), due to the collective intake of metals, was higher in children (>50% compared to adults), due to the consumption of spring water in the dry season. Risk of noncancerous diseases was not detected in the long term, since the indices did not exceed the unit (reference value). The carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to Cr (CRIchildren = 3.2 × 10−4), was greater than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) in the water spring, and Cr and Pb were the main metals that contributed to the potential health risk of the inhabitants. The study showed the risks by the intake of polluted water from the sources of supply in the region, and that the risk is higher in the dry season (>100% compared with rainy season).

The National Breath of Life Archival Institute for Indigenous Languages has provided training in archive-based linguistic research for revitalization since 2011 (Baldwin et al. 2018). Four two-week workshops held biennially through 2017 provided training in phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax; on accessing archival documentation; and on applied uses of archive-based research for language revitalization. These workshops served 117 Community Researchers from fifty-five Native North American communities. Overtime, it became important to determine the impact of the workshops on community efforts. Thus, a third-party program assessment and evaluation was carried out, supported by the National Science Foundation Documenting Endangered Languages program (NSF-DEL BCS #1561167, PI D. Baldwin). In this paper, we outline the principles upon which the assessment and evaluation were designed, delve into the quantitative and qualitative methods implemented, and provide ample discussion of the assessment findings. We engage in a discussion on the importance and value of assessment and evaluation to any program akin to National Breath of Life. We close by showing how the assessment and evaluation have given validity to the development of new tools and workshops that address the needs of advanced phases of archive-based research for revitalization, and have also provided a foundation for the design of a Native American philology model. This was especially important considering that the workshops had remained mostly unchanged since they were first developed in the mid-1990s.

Glides in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec (Otomanguean) are underlyingly moraic and behave as other fortis consonants. Further, this Zapotec variety presents a clear case of [–consonantal] high vowels and [+consonantal] glides, exhibiting different patterns of behavior. This requires us to consider vowels and glides as separate entities in the underlying representation, rather than establishing a distinction between them based on differences in moraicity.

El estado de Oaxaca en el sureste de México alberga una biodiversidad extraordinaria. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas han propiciado alteraciones considerables, incluida la disminución de diferentes ambientes naturales, especialmente de los bosques tropicales; por ello es importante documentar la diversidad de estos ambientes, así como su respuesta a las transformaciones antropocéntricas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la diversidad de mamíferos terrestres en una selva mediana en el noreste del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se recorrieron 3 senderos para la búsqueda de rastros, captura de organismos, avistamientos y fototrampeo de septiembre de 2007 a agosto de 2008. Se registraron 15 especies de 6 órdenes, 11 familias y 14 géneros, entre ellas 7 nuevas para la región. Las especies más abundantes fueron Nasua narica, Pecari tajacu, Dasyprocta mexicana, Cuniculus paca y Leopardus pardalis. A pesar de presentar un índice de diversidad bajo con respecto a otros estudios comparables, la presencia de especies consideradas en riesgo por la legislación mexicana, como L. pardalis, L. wiedii, Eira barbara y Tamandua mexicana hacen a la zona valiosa para la conservación de la diversidad en la región.The state of Oaxaca, in southeast Mexico is home to an extraordinary biodiversity. But human activities have led to significant changes, including reduction of different natural habitats, especially tropical forests, so it is important to document the diversity of these environments, and their response to the anthropocentric changes. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the diversity of terrestrial mammals in a tropical forest in northeastern of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Three transects were walked to search for tracks, catches of organisms, sightings, and phototrapping from September 2007 to August 2008. There were recorded 15 species of 6 orders, 11 families, and 14 genera, 7 of this not previously known in the region. The most abundant species were Nasua narica, Pecari tajacu, Dasyprocta mexicana, Cuniculus paca, and Leopardus pardalis. Despite the low value of the diversity index compared with similar studies, the presence of species considered at risk by the Mexican law as L. pardalis, L. wiedii, Eira barbara, and Tamandua mexicana make the area valuable for the conservation of the diversity of the region.

The increasing consumption of technological products may have serious implications due to the worldwide generation of abundant electronic devices that can become contaminating electronic waste or e-waste after their lifespan. This is due to the hazardous nature of some of their components. In Ecuador, despite the presence of some recycling companies and the governmental policies that attempt to establish an appropriate electronic waste management, much must still be done at public and private level in order to implement e-waste recycling and thus avoid the generation of these hazardous waste. In this study we present the results for the first Electronic Waste Recycling Campaign carried out at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador, on which the university community and the civil society cooperated. A total of 1.89 t of e-waste were gathered and more than a half of these materials were intended for recycling or reuse within the country or internationally. The main electronic waste gathered included laptops, CRT monitors, keyboards, tablets, CPU, UPS for PC, mouse, PC speakers, wired for power and ICD monitors. Flow charts were made using VENSIM software, basing the calculation on one unit of each electronic waste. This recycling campaign is the first one organized by an Academic Institution in Ecuador and therefore provides useful information about the role that higher education institutions can play in such sustainable initiatives.

El presente es un estudio tipo descriptivo: presentación de un caso clínico de dispareunia. El objetivo principal del trabajo es visibilizar un problema poco conocido pero no poco frecuente, y que tiene un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de las mujeres que lo padecen. Como objetivo secundario se propone promocionar un tratamiento con un enfoque práctico y novedoso, que evita recurrir a clasificaciones simplistas y de tipo más orgánico. Se concluye que en estos casos es beneficioso un tratamiento individualizado, respetando los tiempos de la paciente, y que tenga en cuenta factores emocionales, culturales, psicológicos, y relacionales muy complejos e individuales, ampliando el abordaje más clásico de esta patología.

This article discusses different concepts linked to the notion of body in contemporary western societies from the point of view of French Sociologist-Anthropologist David Le Breton. His concept of body will be related in this essay with perceptions of body and subjectivity by Dance and Performance Studies theorist André Lepecki in his discussion on movement and politics. The present study aims at deepening the reflection of performers and theorists on the actor´s expressive movement training.

Three new species of Eulophidae associated, or presumed to be associated with ants are described: two species of Horismenus Walker and one species of Microdonophagus Schauff. Information on the biology is also included. The two Horismenus species are from Chiapas, Mexico. Horismenus myrmecophagus sp. n. is known only from females and is a gregarious endoparasitoid in larvae of the weaver ant Camponotus sp. ca. textor. The parasitoids pupate inside the host larva, and an average of 6.7 individuals develops per host. This is the second time a species of genus Horismenus is found parasitizing the brood of a formicine ant of genus Camponotus. Horismenus microdonophagus sp. n. is described from both males and females, and is a gregarious endoparasitoid attacking the larvae of Microdon sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae), a predator on ant brood found in nests of Camponotus sp. ca. textor. The new species of Microdonophagus, M. tertius, is from Costa Rica, and known only from the female. Nothing is known about its biology but since another species in same genus, M. woodleyi Schauff, is associated with ants through its host, Microdon larva (with same biology as H. microdonophagus), it is possible that also M. tertius has this association. A new distributional record for M. woodleyi is also reported, extending its distribution from Panama and Colombia to Brazil.

Urban vegetation is of key importance because a large proportion of the human population lives in cities. Nevertheless, urban vegetation is understudied outside central Europe and particularly, little is known about the flora of tropical Asian, African and Latin American cities. We present an estimate of how the vegetation has changed in the city of San José, Costa Rica, after about one century, with the repeat photography technique (based on a collection of 19th and early 20th century photographs by José Fidel Tristán and others) and with data from the Costa Rican National Herbarium. We found little vegetation change in the landscape of San José during the 20th century, where a total of 95 families and 458 species were collected in the late 19th and early 20th century. The families with most species were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae, Piperaceae and Verbenaceae. Similar results have been found in Europe, where the number of plant species often is stable for long periods even when the individual species vary. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1367-1386. Epub 2010 December 01.

The Atoyac River crosses the metropolitan area of Puebla-Tlaxcala in Mexico and presents a state of pollution that has been scarcely studied. In 2016, the water quality of the river was evaluated based on physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, under the guidelines established for the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) for Aquatic Life Protection (ALP) and Agricultural Irrigation (AI). The sampling sites were the Covadonga Dam, the Echeverría Dam, and an irrigation canal. Water from wells and a spring in the Emilio Portes Gil (EPG) population that uses Atoyac water for agricultural irrigation was also analyzed. The data obtained from the river were compared with the 2011 data published in the declaration of classification of Atoyac and Xochiac or Hueyapan and its tributaries. There was a notable increase in hemical oxygen demand (COD) (49%) and in heavy metals with varying percentages. The anoxic condition of the river (mean 1.47 mg of O2/L) with large populations of coliform bacteria was demonstrated, 11 pathogenic members of the Enterobacteriaceae were found, and high organic pollution concentrations were shown, particularly during droughts. Irrigation and well water was contaminated with fecal bacteria (104–549 NMP/100 mL), which included pathogens.