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The objective of this study was to create and characterize an innovative granola, a popular choice in quick breakfasts. The granola samples were sweetened with agave syrup (A), honey (H), and stevia (S) and produced using conventional oven (1) and microwave (2) baking techniques at temperatures of 160°C and 300 W, respectively. Among the samples, H1 exhibited the highest total sugar content (26.64 ng/µL), with fructose being the predominant monosaccharide in A and H samples, whereas saccharose and maltose were more prominent in S‐containing samples. Hydroxymethylfurfural was absent in S2, but its concentrations ranged between 10.52 and 85.78 ppm in the other samples. Linoleic acid constituted nearly 52% of the fatty acid composition in all granolas. In terms of organic acid composition, malic acid ranged between 1189.55 and 2022.95 µg/mL, and citric acid fell within the range of 341.58 and 1824.04 µg/mL. The granola specimens also contained individual phenolic compounds, such as vanillic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, propyl gallate, and pyrocatechol. Practical Application: This study demonstrates that both baking method and sweetener choice significantly impact the chemical quality attributes of granola, which is a popular breakfast cereal. Microwave baking can be a faster and potentially healthier option, whereas stevia offers a low‐calorie sweetener alternative. Further research is needed to maximize health benefits of granola products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrid Widhowaty Santoso,1,&ast; Eri Amalia,2,&ast; Kartika Indah Sari,3 Veni Takarini,4 Irna Sufiawati5,&ast; 1Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Department of Dental Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 5Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Irna Sufiawati, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Sekeloa No. 1, Bandung, West Java, 40132, Indonesia, Tel +62-22-2504985, Email irna.sufiawati@unpad.ac.idIntroduction: Oral mucosal wounds present significant clinical challenges due to their susceptibility to infection, inflammation, and delayed healing. The limitation of standard anti-inflammatory drugs (both steroidal and non-steroidal) highlights the urgent need for plant-derived alternative therapies. Granola potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia, has shown promise due to its bioactive compounds. However, its potential for wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects, specifically for oral mucosal wounds, remains largely unexplored.Purpose: To evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Granola potato peel ethanol extract (GPPEE) on the oral mucosa of Wistar rats based on histopathological analysis.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight Wistar rats were wounded on the palatal mucosa using a 4 mm punch biopsy and subsequently divided into four groups: placebo gel, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide ointment (TCA), 4% GPPEE gel, and 6% GPPEE gel. The rats were euthanized on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14. Histopathological parameters assessed included fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and the presence of inflammatory cells.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in the Granola potato peel ethanol extract (GPPEE). Significant differences in the number of inflammatory cells were observed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 (p< 0.05), with the groups treated with 4% and 6% GPPEE gel initially exhibiting pro-inflammatory effects on day 3, followed by significant anti-inflammatory effects on days 7 and 14. The 6% GPPEE gel treatment demonstrated a notable increase in fibroblasts on days 1, 7, and 14 (p< 0.05), as well as collagen deposition on days 7 and 14 (p< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in angiogenesis (p> 0.05).Conclusion: The application of 4% and 6% GPPEE gel demonstrated superior wound healing efficacy compared to 0.1% TCA and exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory activity to 0.1% TCA.Keywords: anti-inflammatory, granola, oral ulcer, potato peel extract, Solanum tuberosum, wound healing

As a staple food in many regions in the world, potatoes are the world's fourth most consumed food. In Indonesia, potatoes contribute significantly to horticultural production. One major constraint known not only in Indonesia but also globally is the late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. Several attempts have been developed in order to solve the problem, one being generation of genetically engineered potato resistant to the pathogen. This was performed by overexpressing RB gene, a resistance gene isolated from potato wild species Solanum bulbocastanum, in local cultivar Granola. All hybrid clones tested showed resistance to P. infestans until 45–50 days after planting without fungicide spraying. This review provides detailed information on the molecular studies of genes involved in the pathogen infection, production of genetically engineered parental variety, breeding of local variety with the resistant parent, and biosafety studies until its release under the variety name of Bio Granola. Future research and development of durable resistant potatoes were also pointed out. The introduction of genetically engineered potato Bio Granola offers hope for the global food security of one significant crop with additional advantage of reduced use of fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid multiplication of potato seed using cuttings is a pivotal strategy for ensuring seed availability. This study aimed to elucidate the interactive effects of node number, paclobutrazol concentration, and planting density on seed potato and cutting productions. The study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment evaluated two genotypes (Granola and PKHT-6) with one or two nodes per cutting. The second experiment investigated planting density (one, three, or five plants per polybag) and paclobutrazol concentration (0, 15, 30, and 45 mg L-1). Notably, node number did not significantly influence cutting success, despite genotype-specific and interactive effects on vegetative parameters like plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and root length. Planting density had no statistically significant impact on all vegetative parameters but demonstrably affected all production parameters. Conversely, paclobutrazol concentration significantly affected all vegetative parameters and influenced all production parameters except tuber weight per plant. From the results of this research, the use of single cutting is more recommended because it will obtain more plant material compared to two-node cuttings. Thus, in a more global context of potato development, this has the potential to increase the production of potato seeds from cuttings twice as much as the current seed production. The use of three plants/polybags is more recommended since it will produce more tuber but not different with five plants, and the use of paclobutrazol 15 mg L-1 is also recommended to increase the number of tubers. In this way, the production costs of G0 potato seeds can be reduced so that the availability of G0 potato seeds will be more guaranteed and affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Phenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have been identified in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanaceae), which may potentially contribute to wound healing. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of potato peel extract gel Granola variety on oral gingival wound healing in Wistar Rats. Methods: This research was a true experimental in vivo study, involving 30 male Wistar rats, aged 12– 14 weeks and weighing approximately 150 to 200 grams. Surgical vertical incisions, each 3 mm in length, were made on the mandibular gingiva. The test group consisted of six subgroups, each comprising 5 rats. The negative control group received a base gel, while treatment groups were given 1% povidone-iodine solution, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide oral paste, and 2%, 4%, and 6% potato peel extract gel. Wound lengths were measured on days 3, 7, and 14 to evaluate the healing process. Statistical analysis used the ANOVA test, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: All experimental groups showed a reduction in wound length on days 3, 7, and 14. Notably, the application of 4% and 6% potato peel extract gel formulations facilitated to faster wound healing on day 3, surpassing the povidone-iodine and triamcinolone acetonide groups. However, by days 7 and 14, both the povidone-iodine group and the 6% formulation group demonstrated superior outcomes, although the differences in values were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Potato peel extract gel formulations at 4% and 6% concentrations were found to expedite the healing of incision wounds, showing no statistically significant difference from the povidone-iodine and triamcinolone acetonide groups. Therefore, potato peel extract gel holds excellent potential for development as an alternative medicine for natural and safe wound healing therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Temporary Immersion System (TIS) Bioreactor's performance in cultivation for several commercial potato cultivars became the prevailing study's review focus. The experiment in a split-plot design had two factors. The first factor comprised the type of culture system (conventional and TIS Bioreactor) treatment used as main plots. The second factor was the four potato cultivars (Atlantic Malang, Dayang Sumbi, Granola L., and Maglia) used as subplots. The TIS Bioreactor culture has the highest average in all studied variables compared with conventional cultures at the multiplication stage. In the TIS Bioreactor, potato cultivar Dayang Sumbi excelled in the number of axillary branching and number of primary roots. At the same time, genotype Granola L. surpassed the height of the plantlets of other cultivars. Meanwhile, the cultivar Atlantic Malang shone in the number of nodes, with Maglia in the number of leaves. Using the TIS Bioreactor produces microshoots with more nodes and can be beneficial as a propagation organ. The Dayang Sumbi cultivar was superior to all other potato cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: It has been reported that the consumption of fruit granola (FG), mulberry leaves, and barley cookies as an afternoon snack suppresses the postprandial increase in glucose levels at dinner. However, there have been no reports on the second-meal effect of snacking on popular snacks, such as potato chips (PC), roasted sweet potato (SP), and black beans (BB), or on the interval between snacking and dinner. Method: The present study was an open-label randomized crossover trial of five study groups (PC, SP, BB, FG, and no snack) regarding the second-meal effects with different intervals between snacks and dinner. The subjects consumed prescribed meals for lunch and dinner at 12:00 and 19:00, and a snack fixed at 838 kJ (= 200 kcal) at 15:00 or 17:00. Results: When the participants snacked at 15:00, the postprandial glucose elevation at dinner was suppressed in the FG and SP groups, and the area under the curve (AUC) was also low. When they snacked at 17:00, the postprandial glucose elevation was suppressed in all the groups. The AUCs for PC, FG, and SP were lower than those for no snacking. On the other hand, carbohydrate intake increased with snacking, but the total AUC of snacks and dinner did not differ in any of the groups. The duration of hyperglycemia decreased with snack intake, as did the glucose amplitude. Conclusion: We believe that the intake of carbohydrates and soluble fiber in snacks is an important factor in the second-meal effect at dinner. These results will contribute to the development of snacking and research into the second-meal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the naturalization of Nazism, through semiotic processes of enregisterment, circulation, and regimentation of the register "nature-tradition" associated with a characterological figure I term the Granola Nazi. Granola Nazi is assembled through a rhematized set of semiotic elements, images, practices and forms of talk, which have come to indicate socially typified personae – strong virile white farmers, traditional earthy homesteading moms – and the moral order they embody. Using linguistic anthropological and digital methods, this analysis draws on 885 Instagram accounts as well as linked data from YouTube and print media (i.e. cookbooks, diet advice), to explore how the worlds of far right neo-folkish movement intersect with discourses of health and wellness, creating moralized discourses of "natural beauty" and "folk vitality" which naturalize far- right racial hierarchies. This is at once a co-option of discourses of health and environment, but also one which reveals the how the naturalization of Nazism is made possible by racism and sexism in long present in liberal talk about nature, beauty or wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying kinetics and quality characteristics of three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars (Agria, Granola and Marabel) cut into circles and squares were studied at 60 °C and 70 °C using a convective drier. Drying times were varied between 105 and 220 min depending on variety, shape and temperature and falling rate period was observed during hot air drying. Four mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data. A logarithmic model was found to be the best for all the samples. The results showed that the drying kinetics of potato were significantly affected by variety, shape and temperature. Drying rate was found to be the highest in variety Marabel and it increased with the increase in temperature and was also higher in square-shaped potatoes than circle-shaped ones. Variety significantly affected the total polyphenol content (TPC) of dried potatoes, whereas variety, shape and their interactions had significant effects on their antioxidant capacities (AC). After drying, the highest TPC and AC were recorded for variety Agria. Concerning colour properties, while the drying temperature and shape had a significant effect on L value, variety and shape significantly affected other colour values of potato samples. These results demonstrated that when choosing the most suitable variety for convective drying of potato, it is necessary to consider the quality characteristics as well as the drying kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The present study aimed to assess the effect of different types of breakfast cereal (BC) on portion size and the nutritional implications of potential under or overserving.Design: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using one BC from the seven established BC manufacturing methods (flaking (F), gun puffed (GP), oven puffed (OP), extruded gun puffed (EGP), shredded wholegrain (SW), biscuit formed (BF) and granola). Participants were asked to pour cereal as if they were serving themselves (freepour). Difference between the freepour and recommended serving size (RSS) was calculated (DFR). The Friedman test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test was used to test for a significant differences between cereal categories.Setting: City of Chester, North West of the UK.Participants: Adults (n 169; n 110 female, 32 (sd 18) years).Results: Freepour values were greater than RSS for all categories of BC. Median values for denser cereals such as SW, granola and oats were significantly (P < 0·001) greater than all other categories with granola having the highest median freepour value of 95 g. Median (and range of) DFR weight values for granola were significantly higher than other BC (50·0 g (-24·0 to 267·0 g), P < 0·001). BC with the lowest median DFR were F1 (7·0 g (-20 to 63·0 g)), GP (6·0 g (-26·0 to 69·0 g)), EGP (6·0 g (-26·0 to 56·0 g)), OP (5·0 g (-27·0 to 53·0 g)) and BF (0·0 g (-28·2 to 56·4 g)).Conclusions: The degree of overserving may be related to the type of BC with denser cereals more readily overserved. Encouraging manufacturers to reformulate cereals and improving their nutritional properties may have benefit in reducing excess energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Food Quality Observatory was created in the province of Quebec (Canada) in 2016. In this study, the Observatory aimed to generate a methodology to (1) test the use of sales data combined with nutrient values to characterise the nutritional composition of ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast cereals offered and purchased in the province of Quebec (Canada) and (2) verify the extent to which a front-of-pack label based on the percentage of daily value (DV) for total sugar, as a strategy to improve the food supply, would be distributed in this food category.Design: Nutritional information were obtained by purchasing each RTE breakfast cereal available in the Greater Montreal area. Cereals were then classified according to their processing type.Setting: The nutritional values of 331 RTE breakfast cereals available in Quebec were merged with sales data covering the period between May 2016 and May 2017. A total of 306 products were successfully cross-referenced.Results: Granola and sweetened cereals were the most available (36·6 % and 19·6 %, respectively) and purchased (19·8 % and 40·9 % of sales, respectively). When compared with other types of cereals, granola cereals had a higher energy, fat, saturated fat, protein content and a lower Na content. A larger proportion of chocolate (65 %) and sweetened cereals (49 %) were above 15 % of the DV for sugar.Conclusions: This study showed that the methodology developed generates important data to monitor nutritional quality of the food supply and ultimately contribute to improve the nutritional quality of processed foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compared the effects of MS medium containing 0.1 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in combination with 2.0 mg L-1 of kinetin (KIN), 2.0 mg L1 of benzyl aminopurine (BAP), 1.0 mg L-1 of zeatine riboside (ZR), and 0.5 mg L-1 of jasmonic acid (JA) for the micropropagation development of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars namely Caspar, Granola and Pasinler-92 using binodal stem explants. The results of this research clearly indicated that inclusion of JA among the other plant growth regulators significantly increased shoot regeneration and other characteristics of all potato cultivars used in the study. The minimum days to shoot proliferation on three cultivars ranged 4.0–5.5 d (best result on cv. Pasinler-92) on MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 JA. The minimum time to root initiation (11.0 d) was observed on cv. Pasinler92 on the same medium. The maximum number of axillary shoots (15.25) and nodes (19.0), maximum shoot length (17.25 cm), leaves (19.0) and roots (25.25) were noted on cv. Caspar. The longest roots (18.45 cm) on cv. Pasinler-92, and the maximum fresh weight (404.87 mg) and dry weight (61.85 mg) of plantlets from cv. Granola were also recorded on MS medium fortified with 0.1 mg L-1 GA3+0.1 mg L -1 NAA+0.5 mg L-1 JA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is an important food crop in both developed and developing countries and it is the fourth most important food crop after wheat, maize, and rice. Potato production in Indonesia has decreased in recent years, mainly due to the use of low quality tuber seed. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of plant materials, types of nutrient and planting densities on mini tuber formation, as well as to determine the best aeroponics conditions for mini tuber production of Granola cultivar of potato. This research has been carried out experimentally using a Split-split Plot Design. The main plot was planting materials which consisted of plantlet and knol. The subplot was the type of nutrition media which consisted of Farran nutrition, Otazu nutrition, and AB-commercial mix. The sub-sub-plot was planting density which consisted of 50, 75, and 100 plants/m². The research results showed that knol planted in aeroponics system on AB-commercial mix at a planting density of 75 plants/m² resulted in the best mini-tuber production. In this study, for the first time three important factors for potato mini-tuber production have thoroughly been investigated in Indonesia. This finding will be used by Kledung Horticultural Seed Garden, Temanggung, for mass production of high-quality mini-tuber seed, which in turn will provide sufficient tuber seed for the farmer in its surrounding areas. By increasing the production of high-quality tuber seed, it is expected that it will contribute to the improvement of potato productivity and increase Indonesian potato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have introduced heterogeneity in their homogeneous matrix to create new functions that cannot be realized by each MOF individually. In this study, we chemically combined two different MOFs (UiO‐66 and HKUST‐1) in granola‐type granules (termed as HKUST‐1∧UiO‐66) to create a heterojunction of pores in nanocrystalline particles. The structure, morphology, elemental composition, and pore environment were characterized to confirm that two types of pores are in conjunction all over the HKUST‐1∧UiO‐66 granules. We found that the HKUST‐1∧UiO‐66 granules showed an enhanced CO2 sorption capacity than its constituents due to the complexity and the heterojunction of pores inside. Moreover, the HKUST‐1∧UiO‐66 granules present four and two times higher formaldehyde removal capacity than those of the HKUST‐1 and UiO‐66 samples, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be pre-packaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC–MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium, Allophoma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma, Fomitopsis, Microdochium, Tolypocladium, and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri, cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 μg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices.

Intriguing latest Eocene land-faunal dispersals between South America and the Greater Antilles (northern Caribbean) has inspired the hypothesis of the GAARlandia (Greater Antilles Aves Ridge) land bridge. This landbridge, however, should have crossed the Caribbean oceanic plate, and the geological evolution of its rise and demise, or its geodynamic forcing, remain unknown. Here we present the results of a land-sea survey from the northeast Caribbean plate, combined with chronostratigraphic data, revealing a regional episode of mid to late Eocene, trench-normal, E-W shortening and crustal thickening by ~25%. This shortening led to a regional late Eocene-early Oligocene hiatus in the sedimentary record revealing the location of an emerged land (the Greater Antilles-Northern Lesser Antilles, or GrANoLA, landmass), consistent with the GAARlandia hypothesis. Subsequent submergence is explained by combined trench-parallel extension and thermal relaxation following a shift of arc magmatism, expressed by a regional early Miocene transgression. We tentatively link the NE Caribbean intra-plate shortening to a well-known absolute and relative North American and Caribbean plate motion change, which may provide focus for the search of the remaining connection between 'GrANoLA' land and South America, through the Aves Ridge or Lesser Antilles island arc. Our study highlights the how regional geodynamic evolution may have driven paleogeographic change that is still reflected in current biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of how consumers' interpret the term "natural" by assessing food choice based on labels describing attributes of a product associated with the term "natural"; to assess food intake of chosen food, and; to determine factors that influence food choice and intake. A randomized, single‐visit pilot study was conducted where participants (n = 105) were presented with seven identical bowls of granola each bearing a different descriptive label. Participants were asked to choose and eat the granola (ad libitum) that coincided with what was closest to their view of "natural." Food choice, intake amount, demographics, self‐health perception, label use, dietary restraint, and mindfulness were measured. "Organic" (31%), "Made with real grains" (17%), and "No preservatives" (15%) were the top three chosen labels. These choices related to concerns about environment and processing, personal health, and additives and preservatives, respectively (P = 0.049). Income level and age were significantly associated with choice (P = 0.003). Defining the term "natural" for use on food labels will require follow‐up researchacrosseconomically diverse populations and age groups to understand expectations of food products bearing the term "natural." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiosis or association between soil fungi and plant roots which plays an important role in increasing nutrient availability and crop productivity. Potatoes are one of the carbohydrate-producing plants and it can be propagated with mini cuttings from plantlets. The application of mycorrhizal inoculant is expected to increase the yield of potato from mini cuttings. The research was conducted to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculants on degree of root colonization, growth and yield seed of Granola L potato propagated with mini cuttings. The study aimed to increase potatoes seed productivity by application of mycorrhizal inoculant. Research Method : The experiment used was Randomized Block Design consist of six treatments (0, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, and 25 g per plant), and repeated 4 times. The observed responses were degree of roots infection, plant height, leaf number, plant dry weight, the number of tubers and tuber yield. Findings : The results showed that the application of mycorrhizal inoculants was able to increase root colonization by 344% and plant dry weight by 47.49%. Application of 15 g/plant mycorrhizal inoculants increased the plant height at 6 and 8 week after planting by 23.92%, 16.24%, respectively and tuber yield per plant by 24.96%. These results confirm that the application of 15 g per plant mycorrhizal inoculants can be used to enhance the productivity of potato seeds. Limitations : Mycorrhizal colonization was highly affected by the soil physico-chemical properties, the active ingredients and quality of inoculants. Value : This research contribute to increase seed production of potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : Both quantity and quality potato seed production in Indonesia is relatively low, because it is still cultivated conventionally. Aeroponic cultivation can produce seeds in large quantities and quality with environmental control through setting the spacing and temperature regulation of the rooting area (room box). This research was to study the increase in productivity of G0 type potatoes at planting distance and the room temperature of the box. Research Method : The research to study the productivity of G0 type potatoes at different planting distance (j0: 20 cm x 20 cm, j1: 20 cm x 25 cm, and j3: 20 cm x 30 cm), and the room temperature of the box (t0: room temperature (control) and t1: 150C. The experiment was set up as randomized block design and repeated 4 times. Data were analyzed for variance and Duncans' further test. Findings : The results showed no interaction between planting distance and temperature. The planting space of 20 cm x 20 cm gave a significant effect on plant height at the age of 45 DAP. The temperature treatment of 150C has a significant effect on plant height at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after planting (DAP), a number of leaves at 15 and 45 DAP, and the number of potential tubers. Limitations : Limititations in this research was that harvest time was not optimal because due to the plants inability to continue their lives due to wilting disease and high air temperatures. Value : Information from this research is very important for potato seed farmers in increasing crop productivity by managing temperatures to cool down at night in the rooting area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be pre-packaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC–MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium , Allophoma , Aspergillus , Cladosporium , Fusarium , Microdochium , Penicillium , Sarocladium , Talaromyces , and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma , Fomitopsis , Microdochium , Tolypocladium , and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus ; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus ; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii ; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis ; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium ; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii ; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola ; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri , cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 μg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy dispersive‐X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) is a well spread near‐line analytical technique, suitable for easy and rapid measurement of major elements and/or trace elements especially in many different food matrices. This study demonstrates the fitness for purpose of this method to ensure the correct addition of minerals during breakfast cereal production. Indeed, variations in process and in raw material compositions may lead to values out of legal tolerance, and thus quality controls need to be regularly performed to meet the release compliance criteria. Using such analytical technique close to production lines can allow controls that are more systematic as well as avoiding the shipment of numerous samples for reference method analyses often done to external laboratories. Thus, ED‐XRF allows to ensure finished products compliance with product declarations. A commercial ED‐XRF device was used during this study. Within 7 min of analytical time for two replicates/sample, the developed method gave accurate results for the quantification of Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn in breakfast cereals without any proportional biases between ED‐XRF and reference method (inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry) results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. In tropical country likes in Indonesia, potato seeds that originated from temperate zone can only be produced in low temperature of highland. Besides this way has many limitation of productivity, it often causes soil erosion. To minimize environment destroying risk tuber seed production in lowland is a challenge. This research was done to trace that modified root zone cooling method of aerophonic system can be applied to produce high quality of tuber seeds in lowland. The First Generations (G0) of var. Atlantic and var. Granola were used as plant materials, and randomized block design (RBD) with four replications was applied in this research. Data regarding with vegetative as well as tuber production parameters were analyzed using Coefficient of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the least significant difference test (LSD; p = 5%). The results showed that aerophonic generated seeds (G0) had vigorous growth and could produce the normal G1. In term of tuber yield component and number of leaves var. Atlantic showed higher than var. Granola did. The comparison of seed weight between G0 and G1 was about 10 grams and 54 g on average, respectively. Since the size and weight of such G1 could be categorized as Large (L) in term of commercial seed market, It’s implied that the lowland modified aerophonic system could be nominated as a prospective method for producing G0 tuber seed in the future. Potensi Bibit G0 Dari Bibit Kentang Aeroponik Di Dataran Rendah Dengan Akar Zona Pendingin Menjadi G1 Di Dataran Tinggi Abstrak. Di negara tropis seperti di Indonesia, bibit kentang yang berasal dari zona sedang hanya dapat diproduksi pada suhu rendah di dataran tinggi. Selain itu cara ini memiliki banyak keterbatasan produktivitas dan sering menyebabkan erosi tanah. Meminimalkan resiko dampak kerusakan lingkungan akibat produksi benih umbi di dataran rendah adalah sebuah tantangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji bahwa metode zona akar pendingin sistem aeroponik dapat diterapkan untuk menghasilkan benih umbi kentang kualitas tinggi di dataran rendah. Generasi Pertama (G0) dari var. Atlantik dan var. Granola digunakan sebagai bahan penelitian, dan rancangan acak kelompok dengan empat ulangan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data mengenai vegetatif serta parameter produksi umbi dianalisis menggunakan Koefisien varians (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT (LSD; p = 5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aeroponik biji yang dihasilkan (G0) memiliki pertumbuhan yang kuat dan bisa menghasilkan G1 yang normal. Dari segi produktivitas dan jumlah daun, var. Atlantic menghasilkan produktivitas yang lebih tinggi serta jumlah daun yang lebih banyak dibandingkan var. Granola. Perbandingan berat biji antara G0 dan G1 adalah rata-rata sekitar 10 gram dan 54 g untuk masing-masing generasi. Ukuran dan berat dari G1 tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai ukuran besar dan berpotensi komersial untuk dipasarkan. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem aeroponik dataran rendah termodifikasi bisa diterapkan sebagai metode prospektif untuk memproduksi benih umbi kentang G0 di masa depan.