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The rabbit myxomatosis is caused by a Leporipoxvirus from the Poxviridae family. Extremely virulent strains kill the animals and no immunological reactions can be proved. Surviving individuals gain adaptive immunity that protects them from reinfection. In time virus is naturally attenuated and the resistance in the population is increased. There is not enough research about T- and B-lymphocyte immune reactions to the virus. This article deals with the scientific experience in the field of antibodies and their different protective effect. The authors have tried to analyze the data about the suppressive effects of the virus. Some of the virus proteins have also immunomodulatory activity. The molecular aspects of virulence and the oncolytic effects of myxoma virus are described. The future of myxoma virus research is directed towards its use as a part of anticancer therapy and the selection of rabbit breeds with higher antivirus resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. The purpose of the study was to present a serological report on App prevalence among pigs in industrial farms in Bulgaria. Seventy-two pigs from four industrial farms in four districts of Bulgaria - Eastern Bulgaria (Razgrad and Yambol districts) and Western Bulgaria (Lovech and Sofia districts) were included. Animals were divided in two age groups: weaners and fattening pigs. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, INgezim APP MIX, Eurofins Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain) for the detection of antibodies against App parasuis in porcine serum was used. Microtitr? plate was coated with App antigen of the serovars 1, 2, 9 and 11. Positive results for anti-App antibodies were detected in 32 (44.4%) of all 72 tested sera. The overall seropositivity in weaners and fattening pigs was 22.2% (8/36), and 66.7% (24/36), respectively. The highest App seropositivity in pigs was found in Eastern Bulgaria ? 61.1% (22/36; P<0.001) in comparison to App seropositivity in Western Bulgaria - 27.8% (10/36; P=0.137). This study on anti-App prevalence among pigs in Bulgaria gives new insights on App epidemiology in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report concerns a 48-year-old man with a history of ischemic stroke at the age of 41 who reported cardiac hypertrophy, registered in his twenties when explained by increased physical activity. Family history was positive for a mother with permanent atrial fibrillation from her mid-thirties. At the age of 44, he had a first episode of persistent atrial fibrillation, accompanied by left atrial thrombosis while on a direct oral anticoagulant. He presented at our clinic at the age of 45 with another episode of persistent atrial fibrillation and decompensated heart failure. Echocardiography revealed a dilated left atrium, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and an asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiac magnetic resonance was positive for a cardiomyopathy with diffuse fibrosis, while slow-flow phenomenon was present on coronary angiography. Genetic testing by whole-exome sequencing revealed three variants in the patient, c.309C > A, p.His103Gln in the ACTC1 gene, c.116T > G, p.Leu39Ter in the PLN gene, and c.5827C > T, p.His1943Tyr in the SCN5A gene, the first two associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the latter possibly with familial atrial fibrillation. This case illustrates the need for advanced diagnostics in unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is often overlooked, leading to potentially debilitating health consequences.

Turfgrasses are susceptible to a wide variety of ectotrophic root-infecting (ERI) fungi that cause root rot (Tredway et al., 2023). Among the root rot diseases, fairway patch, caused by Phialocephala bamuru P.T.W. Wong & C. Dong sp. nov., was recently identified and characterized in Australia infecting bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass (Wong et al., 2015). Symptoms begin as small, 5-10 cm diameter patches of yellowed turf that may coalesce into larger areas of diseased grass. A characteristic sign of fairway patch is roots colonized by dark brown to black, ectotrophic mycelium. In June 2020, many tan colored, irregular-shaped patches ranging from 10-30 cm in diameter developed on a hard fescue (Festuca brevipila) cultivar 'Beacon' turfgrass field in North Brunswick, New Jersey, USA. The centers of these patches later died and became sunken or filled in partially by recovering hard fescue. The patches grew into tan irregular-shaped rings with diameters up to 3 m by Aug 2023. Symptoms were indicative of a root disease. Five 'Beacon' hard fescue soil cores at the interface of the symptomatic and non-symptomatic area were sampled in Aug 2023. Root and crown samples were observed under a dissecting microscope and dark ectotrophic hyphae were observed on both. Roots with visible ectotrophic mycelium were removed, rinsed in sterile water three times, cut into 5 mm pieces, and plated onto 10% potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin and gentamicin at 100 mg/L (PDA+). The plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 5 days. The most abundant colonies being characteristic long, septate hyphae that were hyaline at the edge and dark brown to black in the center and resembled the fungus described in Wong et al., 2015. These colonies were subcultured onto PDA+ medium and selected for molecular identification. Other less abundant colonies could be identified using morphology after subcultured and had no record being pathogenic to turfgrass. To confirm the isolate's identity, its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified in PCR using the ITS1F/ITS4 primers (Bellemain et al., 2010). The amplicon was then sequenced with both ITS1 and ITS4 primers by Sanger sequencing. Sequences were assembled (GenBank #PP000819). The consensus sequence was then BLASTn analyzed with default settings, and the result showed 99.64% sequence identity with P. bamuru (GenBank #MG195534.1). Koch's postulate was conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber. Six healthy 'Beacon' hard fescue plugs were sampled from the field. Three of the six plugs (treatment) were each inoculated with P. bamuru by placing 20 g of P. bamuru colonized millets beneath and around the plug before filling the pots with sand. The other three plugs (control) received the same treatment except the P. bamuru colonized millets were autoclaved. The pots were incubated in the growth chamber with a 16 h light period and 25/20°C day/night temperatures. Symptoms resembling those observed in the field appeared on the treatment pots after 21 days of incubation while the control pots remained healthy. The roots from the treatment pots were examined under the dissecting microscope to confirm the colonization of P. bamuru on the roots, and P. bamuru was reisolated and confirmed using the aforementioned morphological traits and molecular assays (GenBank #PP000820). This is the first report of a turfgrass root rot disease caused by P. bamuru in the United States. Further epidemiological, disease ecological, and pathogen biological studies are required to clarify the importance of this disease in the United States and establish proper disease containment or control measures.

We present two case reports of cardiac echinococcosis. Case 1 was a 33-year-old woman with hepatic and cardiac echinococcosis. The parasitic cyst was located intramyocardially in the free wall of the left ventricle leading to cranial dislocation of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx). The patient was successfully operated. Case 2 was a 28-year-old woman with hepatic and cardiac echinococcosis. The parasitic cyst was located in the left ventricular myocardium in the area of the apex and manifested clinically as paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia. The ultrasound study showed a 3.2×2.8 cm cyst dislocating the papillary muscles and causing moderate mitral regurgitation.Bulgaria ranks first in the European Union in terms of the number of echinococcosis patients. Although cardiac involvement is uncommon, occurring in only 0.5%-2% of cases, it can cause a wide range of clinical symptoms. Multimodal imaging is a key step in the management of patients with cardiac involvement., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The 2016 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system affected importantly the group of CNS embryonal tumors. Molecular analysis on methylome, genome, and transcriptome levels allowed better classification, identification of specific molecular hallmarks of the different subtypes of CNS embryonal tumors, and their more precise diagnosis. Routine application of appropriate molecular testing and standardized reporting are of pivotal importance for adequate prognosis and treatment, but also for epidemiology studies and search for efficient targeted therapies. As a result of this approach, the term primitive neuroectodermal tumor-PNET was removed and a new clinic-pathological entity was introduced-Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR). The group of CNS embryonal tumors include also medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, CNS neuroblastoma, CNS ganglioneuroblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) and their subtypes. This chapter will focus mainly on ETMR and ATRT. Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes and the atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors are undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumors of the nervous system that originate from primitive brain cells, develop exclusively in childhood or adolescence, and are characterized by a high degree of malignancy, aggressive evolution and a tendency to metastasize to the cerebrospinal fluid. Their clinical presentation is similar to other malignant, intracranial, neoplastic lesions and depends mainly on the localization of the tumor, the rise of the intracranial pressure, and eventually the obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. The MRI image characteristics of these tumors are largely overlappingintra-axial, hypercellular, heterogeneous tumors, frequently with intratumoral necrosis and/or hemorrhages. Treatment options for ETMR and ATRT are very restricted. Surgery can seldom achieve radical excision. The rarity of the disease hampers the establishment of a chemotherapy protocol and the usual age of the patients limits severely the application of radiotherapy as a therapeutic option. Consequently, the prognosis of these undifferentiated, malignant, aggressive tumors remains dismal with a 5-year survival between 0 and 30%., (© 2023. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Interviews with 104 youths convicted of an underage alcohol offence (young drinking offenders), 30 youths convicted of an offence not involving alcohol (delinquents) and 31 youths with no convictions (comparison group) were conducted. Young drinking offenders and delinquents differed from the comparison group, but not each other, on measures of attitude, drinking behaviour and problems, other drug use and previous criminal activities. However, the young drinking offenders did differ from the delinquents on measures of social environment. The high levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems reported by the young drinking offenders and delinquents reveal large numbers of problem drinkers in these two groups. It is proposed that the deviant behaviour displayed by these two groups may be a result of similar underlying processes, which can be modified by social environment factors.