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Background: B. canis infections have been reported in many countries of the world. B. canis can cause infections both in dogs and human beings. It can be transmitted to human via laboratory accidents during handling and contact with sick dogs. is an infectious agent for humans and it is transmitted to humans by various ways including laboratory accidents and contact with sick dogs. Methods: In this study serum samples were collected by using stratified random sampling method from the Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality Animal Care and Rehabilitation Center, where approximately 600 dogs were housed. Result: Out of 83 samples, 9.6% and 26.5% of serum samples were found as positive by B.canis RSAT and B.canis ELISA, respectively. While 6% and 9.6% of the samples were positive by B. abortus S99 RSAT and B. abortus ELISA, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of B. abortus S99 ELISA was 98% and 95.5%, respectively. On the other hand, sensitivity and specificity of B.canis M (-) ELISA was 96.6% and 94%. As a result, it was concluded that B. canis infection is common in dogs and this should be considered both for dogs and public health. Unfortunately, there is no standardized commercial serological test for diagnosis of B.canis and other rough Brucella species currently. This is the main reason that rough brucella infections might not represent the real B.canis infection situation. Therefore, most of the cases have the possibility of being undetected. For this reason it is utmost important that B.canis RSAT and ELISA can be used as routine tests in the hospitals and veterinary clinics in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgorund: Bacteriophages are closely related to the evolution and virulence of some important bacterial pathogens. Due to their highly significant roles in pathogenesis and virulence, S. aureus bacteriophages are frequently studied. Bacteriophages are grouped into two main categories depending on their life cycles. There are highly consistently lytic phages (virulent) and temperate phages. This study aimed to isolate bacteriophages and determine their phage serogroups from phage plaques in S. aureus cultures in order to show if they are lytic or lysogenic, the latter plays a major role in horizontal gene transfer. Methods: A total of 234 S. aureus isolates were recovered from milk samples from cases with gangrenous mastitis in sheep. Staphylococcal phages are determined based on the type and serogroup by PCR using specific primers. Result: Our study allowed us to determine serogroups of the isolated bacteriophages. Two phage stock samples included only one serogroup while the others included more than one phage serotypes and needed further purification Fa, L and D serogroups were not determined in the study. Present work revealed that all the isolated phages were temperate phages, which play a highly significant role in horizontal gene transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of Brucella canis (B. canis) in humans is unknown in Northern Cyprus. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of B. canis and Brucella abortus (B. abortus) infection in human sera and evaluated the results obtained by agglutination-based techniques using standardized antigens made from B. canis comparatively. All of the subjects were negative in terms of Rose-Bengal plate test. Undiluted serum samples were initially screened by rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT), and those which were found positive were retested in the dilution of 1/25-1/200. Confirmation of the positive results was performed by using 2-mercaptoethanol standard agglutination test (SAT). The test antigen was prepared from the less mucoid M (-) variant of B. canis, and 1/1,048 titered dog antiserum was used as positive control. In 225 serum samples, 3.6% (8/225) was positive by B. canis M (-) RSAT, 4.4 % (10/225) was positive by B. canis M (-) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). 5.3% (12/225) was positive by B. abortus S99 RSAT and 9.8% (22/225) was positive by B. abortus S99 iELISA. Nine samples were positive by both B. abortus S99 RSAT and B. abortus S99 iELISA. Seven samples were positive by both B. canis M (-) RSAT and B. canis M (-) iELISA. One patient was positive by all methods. It is important to evaluate patient samples with RSAT and iELISA. Until the notification system gives better results to the Ministry of Health, in order to reach the real data for Northern Cyprus, multicenter prevalence determination studies should be done for future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main object of the study is to demonstrate that Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR, which is capable of identify all Brucella species including vaccinal strains, is a safe and practical method that is alternative to bacteriological culture methods. Brucellosis is a zoonosis of great socio-economic importance which is endemic in Turkey. In three-year period from 2009 to 2011, a total of 281 Brucella spp. isolates from cattle, sheep and goats were identified and characterized by both conventional biotyping procedures and the PCR based method called Bruce-ladder. Species identification from both phenotypic testing and Bruce-ladder was concordant for all isolates tested. The results showed preferred host pattern in B.abortus isolates. In terms of species identity, it was found that 94% of the isolations derived from cattle were B.abortus and were exclusively biotype 3. B.melitensis biotype 3 and biotype 1 were the prevelant biotypes in sheep and goats. Two isolates from sheep were identified as B.melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain. Surprisingly, one of the goat isolates was identified as B.abortus S19 vaccine strain. Other interesting observations were the isolation of penicilin-sensitive non vaccine strains of B.abortus and B.melitensis as well as an isolation of an atypical B.abortus biotype 3 strain on the basis of growth inhibition in the presence of basic fuchsin dye. At the end of this study, it was concluded that monitoring Brucella isolates and identify them are indispensable epidemiological tool for brucellosis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to develop two indirect ELISAs (i-ELISA) using heat-extracted antigens prepared with the B. canis M- and B. abortus RB51 strains for the serologic diagnosis of B. canis infection in dogs. Reference sera consisted of 16 agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)-positive sera from animals with clinical signs and positive bacterial isolation and 24 AGID-negative sera from healthy animals with no history or evidence of canine brucellosis were used to assess diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Using validation panel, the cut-off values of OD450 0.243 and 0.354 were selected to give 100 % diagnostic specificity and sensitivity for B. abortus RB51 i-ELISA and B. canis M- i-ELISA, respectively. Based on these cut-off values, 113 serum samples taken from dog shelters in Şanlıurfa and Bursa metropolitan municipalities tested by rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) and both i-ELISAs. Of the 47 dog sera tested from Şanlıurfa, 6 (12.8%) were positive by RSAT, 3 (6.4%) were positive by B. abortus RB51-i-ELISA and two of the samples (4.2%) were found positive by B. canis M- i-ELISA. Of the 66 serum samples from Bursa, 11 (16.6%) were found positive by RSAT, 5 (7.6%) and 4 (6.1%) of which were confirmed by B. abortus RB51 i-ELISA and B. canis M- i-ELISA, respectively. In conclusion, both B. abortus RB51 i-ELISA and B. canis M- i-ELISA yielded the same diagnostic specificity and sensitivity with minor differences and it was thought that they could be used successfully as a confirmatory test together with RSAT as a screening test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the possible usage of hot saline extract antigens (HSE) of Brucella abortus RB51(HSE-RB51) and B. canis M- variant strains (HSE-M-) in ELISA by comparing the results with those of obtained from commercial I-ELISA kit for the serological diagnosis of B. ovis infection. In this study, a total of 183 serum samples collected from different cities (Şanlıurfa, Mardin, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır) in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were tested by using three ELISAs, one of which is from a commercial source, Rose Bengal plate agglutination tests prepared by rough (R-RBPT) and smooth strains (S-RBPT). Recombinant protein A/G conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (A/G-HRPO) was used as conjugate in the in house ELISAs. Seropositivity rate was 11% for HSE-RB51-ELISA and 3.3% for both HSE-M- and commercial ELISA. The percentage of positive results was 7.6% for S-RBPT and 2.7% for R-RBPT. Only 2 serum samples were positive for all the tests except S-RBPT. Because similar results were obtained from the same serum samples by both commercial ELISA and HSE-M-ELISA, these results may suggest that HSE-M- antigen could be used in ELISA for serologic diagnosis of B. ovis infection in sheep. Since 7.6% of the serum samples were found as positive by only HSE-RB51-ELISA, it was assumed that this test could be less specific or more sensitive than other tests used in the study. Although R-RBPT is a screening test, it showed the lowest seropositivity in the study. This could be explained by less mucoid nature of its antigen than other test systems using natural rough species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) antigens were produced by using homologous {Brucella canis RM6/66 and a wild B. canis) and heterologous brucella strains (6. abortus 45/20 and B. melitensis B115) for a quick, practical and economic diagnosis of 6. canis infection in dogs and humans. All the test strains were grown in three different culture media, namely, trypton liquid media (TLM), brucella broth media (BBM)and brain heart infusion broth media (BHIBM) to compare their optimal growths. The best growth rate was obtained by B. canis RM6/66 strain. B. melitensis B 115 showed the poorest growth in all test media. The culture media that supported the best growth rate in all tested strains was TLM. RSAT antigens from each test strains were produced without any stringy formation and standardised successfully. It was thought that B. canis RM6/66 and/or wild B. canis might be suitable candidate in commercial RSAT antigen production according to the test results supporting the fact that using homotypic strain increases the diagnostic sensitivity. As a conclusion, it was decided that this antigen will be able to used extensively as a part of routine clinical examination in dogs in Turkey. Furthermore, it was considered that to include RSAT in humans as a part of routine brucellosis diagnosis could help to evaluate the disease more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-Brucella antibody and Brucella spp. DNA in cow, sheep and goat milk and in Urfa cheese collected from markets and bazaars in Şanlıurfa, located in southeast of Turkey. A total of 258 samples consisting of 178 raw milk (48 cow milk, 65 sheep milk and 65 goat milk) samples and 80 Urfa cheese samples were investigated. Anti- Brucella antibody was detected by indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), and the presence of Brucella spp. DNA was screened by real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR). 16.6% of the cow, 6.1% of the goat and 6.1% of the sheep milk and 16.25% of the cheese samples were found as positive for brucella antibodies by i - ELISA. The RT-PCR assay amplified Brucella DNA from 18.75, 7.6 and 6.1% cow, goat and sheep milk samples respectively. Brucella DNA was amplified from 22.5% cheese samples. The 11.2% and 13.9% of the samples were found as positive by i-ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. This study indicates that milk and milk products consumed in Şanlıurfa poses a risk to public health in terms of brucellosis. The combining usage of both i-ELISA and RT-PCR methods could lead to more reliable results to detect anti-Brucella antibody and Brucella spp. DNA from milk and cheese samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to isolate Trichophyton verrucosum from cattle and investigate the genetic diversity of the isolated strains by sequencing ITS1 region and by fragment length analysis of microsatellite loci. In this study, 84 hair and skin scraping samples from cattle with dermatophytosis were investigated by direct microscopy and culture methods. Furthermore, DNA was isolated from the colonies and sequence of ITS1 region was determined by direct sequencing. In addition, primers were designed for amplification of 11 loci showing simple tandem repeats (CHFD, SRT, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4 TVMS1, TVMS2, TVMS3, TVMS4 and TVMS5) and PCR products of each locus were examined by fragment length analysis. Out of 84 samples 25 (29.7%) T. verrucosum strains were isolated. Sequence analysis of ITS1 region revealed that all strains have the same sequence. The observed fragment lengths of the microsatellite loci CHFD, SRT, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP4 TVMS1, TVMS2, TVMS3, TVMS4 and TVMS5 were 136 bp, 170 bp 178 bp, 423 bp, 356 bp, 225 bp, 232 bp, 201 bp, 270bp, 173 bp, respectively. None of the microsatellite loci examined showed fragment length variation among the samples included into the study. The results suggested that dermatophyte species could be distinguished based on the sequence of ITS1 region, while absence of sequence variation at ITS1 region did not allow distinguishing between T. verrucosum strains. On the other hand, no fragment length variation of the microsatellite loci among the T. verrucosum strains examined was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]