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Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is an important raw material for preparing metallic Ti and TiO2. At present, TiCl4 is mainly produced through boiling chlorination and molten salt chlorination. However, the quality of the titanium slag (or rutile) is significantly influenced by the preparation method. The content of Ca and Mg impurities in Panzhihua ilmenite is high, and the titanium slag after smelting is suitable for the production of TiCl4 via molten salt chlorination. However, chlorinated waste salt pollutes the environment, which should be avoided to meet sustainability goals. Herein, a novel process for preparing TiCl4 from Panzhihua ilmenite involving boiling chlorination is proposed. The carbothermal reduction of the ilmenite concentrate, acid leaching separation of the reduced products, and boiling chlorination process were investigated via X-ray diffraction, mineral dissociation analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The reduced products, which are rich in titanium oxycarbide, Ti2O3 and iron, were prepared after reacting at 1550 °C for 3 h. The Fe content in the reduced products was reduced from 37.85 to 3.0 wt % after leaching with 1–5 wt. % hydrochloric acid. The obtained acid insoluble substances were chlorinated at 500 °C for 25 min to prepare TiCl4, resulting in a chlorination rate of 77.4%. The chlorination residue is rich in unchlorinated rutile, which can be recovered by repeating the boiling chlorination process. Therefore, the environmentally friendly boiling chlorination of Panzhihua ilmenite can be used to prepare TiCl4 avoiding the waste of chlorinated salt.

Myocardial substrate metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure shifts from fatty acid oxidation to a greater reliance on glycolysis. Here, the authors show that KLF7 can simultaneously regulate key enzymes in glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation to mitigate metabolic imbalance during cardiac hypertrophy.

The Baima vanadium titanomagnetite deposit, located in the Panzhihua-Xichang (Panxi) metallogenic belt in China, is one of the super-large deposits in the region. The titanomagnetite upgrading process involves grinding the raw ore followed by magnetic separation. To determine the processing characteristics of the ore and assess the upgrading process, this study employs various methods and techniques, including the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), chemical element analysis, the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and the advanced mineral identification and characterization system (AMICS). The results show that the Fe grades in the upgraded raw ore, upgraded concentrate, and upgraded tailings are 55.68%, 57.89%, and 15.62%, respectively. After upgrading, the titanomagnetite content increased from 77.41% to 82.10%, and the Fe distribution in titanomagnetite also increased from 91.05% to 93.14%. In the upgraded raw ore, titanomagnetite particles followed a normal distribution, with 50.44% in the 38–74 μm range. In the upgraded concentrate, titanomagnetite was concentrated in the 19–38 μm range. Based on EPMA data, the theoretical Fe grade in titanomagnetite was calculated to be 65.08%, indicating the potential for further improvement through the upgrading process. This study elucidates the mineralogical characteristics during the vanadium titanomagnetite upgrading, providing a theoretical basis to further enhance the Fe recovery rate.

In this study, the phase composition, morphology, and element distribution of Mg impurities in a low-grade titanium slag and in its chlorinated residue after carbochlorination were identified using XRD, SEM-EDS, and MLA. Most Mg impurities existed as anosovite, rutile, titanaugite, and Ti silicate phases before the carbochlorination process. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the chlorination tendencies of Mg, Ti, Ca, Fe, and Mn oxides in the original titanium slag was much higher than those of Si and Al oxides in the temperature range of 700–850 °C. In addition, the binary phase diagram analysis indicates that the magnesium chloride (MgCl2) byproduct formed Na2MgCl4 eutectic salts in the NaCl-based salt bath. The carbochlorination experiments of the Mg-bearing titanium slag show that the chlorination ratio of magnesium oxide was above 93% under the suitable industrial conditions used for the extraction of titanium from Mg-bearing titanium slag. In addition, the formation of Na2MgCl4 eutectic salts after carbochlorination was confirmed, indicating that the negative effect of MgCl2 on the chlorination process was effectively eliminated. The Mg impurities in the chlorinated residue existed as titanaugite, quartz, chlorite, and rutile phases. Furthermore, we found that the carbochlorination of Mg-bearing titanium slag in chloride media effectively improved the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the Mg-bearing titanium slag. We believe that the proposed carbochlorination mechanism of the Mg-bearing titanium slag will provide thorough understanding and useful guidance on the practical industrial application of Mg-bearing titanium slag.

The current study proposes a novel method of preparing Ti–Al–V alloy by electrochemical co-deposition by adding Ti2O3 and V2O3 into the molten salt system. The influence of chlorination of Ti2O3 and V2O3 in KCl–LiCl–MgCl2–AlCl3 melt was studied by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results revealed that the optimal chlorination temperature ranged from 600 °C to 700 °C and the main chlorination products were TiCl3, VCl3, and Al2O3 byproduct. The electrochemical behavior of Ti3+, V3+ and Al3+ in a molten AlCl3-containing chloride salt was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The stepwise reduction in the cathode could be given as: V3+→V2+, Ti3+→Ti2+, V2+→V, Ti2+→Ti, Ti2+/V2+/Al3+→Ti–Al–V alloy. The electrolytic products were also characterized by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated that, as metallic Al was used as an anode, a dendritic Al3Ti alloy and Al sheet were obtained after the addition of Ti2O3 into the KCl–LiCl–MgCl2–AlCl3 melt. However, the presence of both Ti2O3 and V2O3 resulted in fishbone-like Al3Ti, Al3Ti0.8V0.2 and Al3Ti0.666V0.333 alloys, as well as dense granules of metallic Al.

An analysis of China’s domestic publications revealed that China’s hormesis-related research was enormously underestimated. China’s documented hormesis-related research spans at least four decades, covers a broad spectrum of research areas, and is more abundant than previously thought. These findings should be considered in historical assessments of the concept of hormesis. Moreover, similar to the international literature, different terms have been used to describe the same phenomenon (hormesis), which hampers communication, generalization of findings and accumulation of knowledge. Hence, we advocate that ‘hormesis’ should be cited as a keyword in all the relevant publications written in Chinese language.

Metallic Mg is an important strategic metal and its properties are greatly affected by impurities. Silicothermic reduction and electrolysis are the most used approaches to prepare metallic Mg. The products of these processes need to be further refined to obtain high-purity Mg metal. However, previous research has mainly focused on refining the crude Mg (CM) produced via silicothermic reduction, whereas no in-depth investigations have been conducted on refining the CM produced via electrolysis. Here, vacuum distillation was used to refine electrolytically produced CM. The content and morphological characteristics of the impurity elements in CM were studied via glow discharge mass spectrometry, mineral dissociation analysis, and electron probe microanalysis. The effect of different distillation temperatures and times on the quality of the refined Mg was investigated. The results show that the main impurity elements are Al, Fe, Si, Ti, Cr, S, Cl, and Ni. The content of impurities, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ni, Ti, and Cr, in the refined Mg is significantly reduced at a temperature of 1023 K and a time of 120 min, and the purity of the refined Mg reaches 99.99%, which meets the Mg9999 national standard for primary Mg ingots in China (GB/3499-2011).

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent mRNA modifications in eukaryotes. Here the authors show that the m6A writer protein methyltransferase-like (METTL) 3 plays an important role for the development of brown adipose tissue.

After decades of development of the vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) ore in the Panzhihua district changes have taken place to the ore characteristics. In addition, preliminary research carried out in this area mainly focused on the separation and extraction of iron resources and lacked a systematic research focus on the process mineralogy of ilmenite, resulting in a low grade and yield of the separated ilmenite. Therefore, the present study investigates the compositions, textures, element distributions, and particle size characteristics of VTM ores in Panzhihua were studied via mineral dissociation analysis (MLA), electron microscope–microprobe analysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the chemical and mineral compositions of the VTM ore samples were basically stable. However, the size of the embedded particles of ilmenite and titanomagnetite was smaller than that reported previously. In addition, the olivine content was found to have significantly increased, and a large number of altered minerals (such as chlorite and sphene) were also present, as a result of which the degrees of monomer dissociation of ilmenite and titanomagnetite reached 85% when the fraction of particles with size in the range of 0.04–0.15 mm was 75%.

Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) is an important mineral for developing titanium resources, but the comprehensive recovery of ilmenite separation is extremely poor, resulting in the low-efficiency utilization of titanium resources. Here, the separation of ilmenite from VTM ore is studied by combining magnetic separation and flotation technologies. In particular, the floatability of mixed MOH/PG-1 collectors is thoroughly investigated. The results show that a concentrate with a TiO2 grade of 9.90% can be separated via weak magnetic separation and coarse particle tailing dumping. The concentrate grade is then increased to 14.32% via strong magnetic separation and floating separation of sulfur minerals. Finally, a TiO2 grade of 46.34% is obtained through closed-circuit flotation using mixed MOH/PG-1 collectors. The mixed collectors are very efficient and can enhance the chemical adsorption of the Ti4+, Fe3+, and Fe2+ ions in the ilmenite concentrate compared with the MOH collector, thereby increasing the TiO2 grade and recovery by 3.31% and 1.20%, respectively. This is beneficial for improving the comprehensive utilization of titanium resources in VTM ores.

Diaporthe eres is considered one of the most important causal agents of many plant diseases, with a broad host range worldwide. In this study, multiple sequences of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α), beta-tubulin gene (TUB2), calmodulin gene (CAL), and histone-3 gene (HIS) were used for multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. For phylogenetic analysis, maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inferred (BI) approaches were performed to investigate relationships of D. eres with closely related species. The results strongly support that the D. eres species falls into a monophyletic lineage, with the characteristics of a species complex. Phylogenetic informativeness (PI) analysis showed that clear boundaries could be proposed by using EF1-α, whereas ITS showed an ineffective reconstruction and, thus, was unsuitable for speciating boundaries for Diaporthe species. A combined dataset of EF1-α, CAL, TUB2, and HIS showed strong resolution for Diaporthe species, providing insights for the D. eres complex. Accordingly, besides D. biguttusis, D. camptothecicola, D. castaneae-mollissimae, D. cotoneastri, D. ellipicola, D. longicicola, D. mahothocarpus, D. momicola, D. nobilis, and Phomopsis fukushii, which have already been previously considered the synonymous species of D. eres, another three species, D. henanensis, D. lonicerae and D. rosicola, were further revealed to be synonyms of D. eres in this study. In order to demonstrate the genetic diversity of D. eres species in China, 138 D. eres isolates were randomly selected from previous studies in 16 provinces. These isolates were obtained from different major plant species from 2006 to 2020. The genetic distance was estimated with phylogenetic analysis and haplotype networks, and it was revealed that two major haplotypes existed in the Chinese populations of D. eres. The haplotype networks were widely dispersed and not uniquely correlated to specific populations. Overall, our analyses evaluated the phylogenetic identification for D. eres species and demonstrated the population diversity of D. eres in China.

Histidine kinases (HK) are implicated in virulence, vegetative mycelial growth, and osmotic and oxidative responses in pathogenic fungi. Our previous work showed that transcriptional levels of the group III HK gene Sshk are higher in field dimethachlone-resistant isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum compared with sensitive isolates. However, it is not clear whether the overexpression of Sshk is the major mechanism for resistance to dimethachlone. In this study, we constructed Sshk silencing and overexpression vectors and assessed dimethachlone resistance levels, virulence, mycelial growth, and sensitivity to osmotic stress for the Sshk-silenced and -overexpression transformants. Overexpression of Sshk resulted in resistance to dimethachlone and increased sensitivity to various stresses and to the cell-wall-perturbing agents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Congo red (CR). Compared with the parent isolate. Sshk-silenced transformants had reduced resistance to dimethachlone, significantly higher (P < 0.05) mycelial growth and virulence, and lower sclerotium production, and were less sensitive to various exogenous stresses such as sodium chloride. Compared with the parent sensitive isolate HLJMG1, dimethachlone resistance ratios of the three overexpression transformants AC101, AC2I, and ACIO increased 168.1-, 189.5-, and 221.2-fold, respectively. The three overexpression transformants were more sensitive to CR and SDS than their parent isolate. These findings suggest that overexpression of Sshk is a major mechanism for dimethachlone resistance in some isolates of S. sclerotiorum, and that Sshk plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the cell wall. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism for dimethachlone resistance in plant-pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor prochloraz is a broad-spectrum fungicide and has been registered in China since 2007 for control of the economically important necrotrophic pathogen Sclerolinia sclerotiorum. In this study, relative baseline sensitivity and toxic actions of prochloraz on S. sclerotiorum were investigated. The mean EC5I) values (effective concentrations causing 50% mycelial growth inhibition) for isolates collected in 2008 (n = 73) and 2014 (n = 76) were 0.0463 and 0.0434 pg/ml. respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.348) in EC5o values between the two years. Both frequency distributions of EC50 values for 2008 and 2014 were unimodal. The curative efficacy of prochloraz was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the reference fungicide carbendazim. Prochloraz in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at concentrations from 0.01 to 0.36 pg/ml had no significant (P = 0.574) effects on the weight of sclerotia, but the number of sclerotia per plate increased for treatments with prochloraz at 0.15 and 0.36 pg/ml. Light microscopic observations showed that prochloraz in PDA at 0.03 pg/ml increased the number of hyphal offshoots. Observations with a transmission electron microscope showed that the cell wall of the prochloraz-treated hyphae became thicker and darker than the nontreated control. Prochloraz at 0.01 and 0.04 p.g/ml significantly (P < 0.001) reduced rather than increased cell membrane permeability. Prochloraz significantly (P = 0.041) increased the mannan content in the cell wall of S. sclerotiorum. The observed mycelial growth inhibitions for the mixtures of prochloraz at 0.03 pg/ml and Congo red at a dose range from 0.05 to 0.4% (w/v) were lower than the expected inhibitions, indicating prochloraz might reduce the content of chitin in S. sclerotiorum. These results demonstrate that prochloraz has significant effects on the morphology and components of the cell wall of S. sclerotiorum and thus will advance our understanding of the toxic actions of prochloraz on phytopathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniature fiber-optic sensor fabricated by fuse splicing a section of hollow silica tube between two sections of single-mode fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of the liquid refractive index (RI) and temperature. The sensitivities of RI and temperature are measured by linear fitting, respectively, and corresponding detecting resolutions are obtained by the sensitivity matrix. The different response sensitivities of two dips to RI and temperature manifest that the structure proposed can be used for simultaneous measurement. The experimental evidence indicates that the miniature fiber sensor with advantages of easy fabrication, ultracompactness, and robustness is insensitive to axial strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic regulation of body color of mutant strain JBM of Helicoverpa armigera with black body color of pupae and adults was investigated. Reciprocal crosses between JBM and JBW (a wild strain with yellow brown body color of pupae and adults) were used to determine the inheritance characteristics of body color. Analysis of the ratio of phenotype segregation from the F1 generation, F2 generation, F3 generation, BC1 (F1 × JBM) generation and F1 generation of BC1 indicated that the black body color was controlled by one recessive gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicide hormesis has implications for the application of fungicides to control plant diseases. We investigated the hormetic effects of the dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone on mycelial growth and virulence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Dimethachlone at sublethal doses in potato dextrose agar (PDA) increased the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. After the growthstimulated mycelia were subcultured on fresh PDA and inoculated on rapeseed leaves, increased mycelial growth and virulence were observed, indicating that hormetic traits were passed down to the next generation. Dimethachlone applied to leaves at 0.002 to 500 lg/ml stimulated virulence, with a maximum stimulation amplitude (MSA) of 31.4% for the isolate HLJ4, which occurred at 2 lg/ml. Dimethachlone-resistant isolates and transformants had a mean virulence MSA of 30.4%, which was significantly higher (P = 0.008) than the MSA for sensitive isolates (16.2%). Negative correlations were detected between MSA and virulence in the absence of any fungicide (r = -0.872, P < 0.001) and between MSA and mycelial growth on PDA (r = -0.794, P = 0.002). Studies on hormetic mechanisms indicated that dimethachlone had no significant effects on expression levels of three virulence-associated genes, that is, a cutinase-encoding gene SsCut, a polygalacturonase gene SsPG1, or an oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase gene SsOah1. The results will contribute to understanding hormesis and have implications for the judicious application of fungicides to control plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormetic effects of fungicides on mycelial growth and virulence of plant pathogenic fungi have been reported, but the effects of fungicide mixtures on virulence hormesis of plant pathogens remain to be investigated. In this study, hormetic effects of mixtures of carbendazim and iprodione on the virulence of two carbendazim-resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea were determined. Spraying carbendazim alone at 3 to 800 µg/ml exhibited hormetic effects on virulence to cucuinber leaves, and carbendazim at 10 µg/ml had the maximum stimulation of 16.7% for isolate HBtom451. Spraying iprodione alone at 0.0001 to 0.0625 µg/ml exhibited hormetic effects on virulence, and iprodione at 0.025 µg/ml had the maximum stimulation of 18.7% for isolate HBtom451. However, spraying simultaneously carbendazim at 800 µg/ml and iprodione at 0.0625 µg/ml showed inhibitory effects on virulence to cucumber leaves. The mixture of carbendazim at 3 µg/ml and iprodione at 0.0001 µg/ml had much higher vimlence stimulations than either fungicide at the same concentration alone. The maximum stimuladon for the mixtures occurred at 10 and 0.0005 µg/ml for carbendazim and iprodione, respectively, and these concentrations were much lower than the concentration of their respective fungicide alone eliciting the maximum stimulations. The maximum stimulation amplitude for the mixture was slightly higher than that of each fungicide alone. These results demonstrated that carbendazim and iprodione mainly had dose-additive rather than amplitude-additive interactions when sprayed simultaneously with regard to virulence stimulations. Studies on virulence stimulations for mycelia treated with fungicide in potato dextrose agar showed that the maximum stimulation for the mixtures occupied at concentrations much lower than the concentration of carbendazim alone, indicating a dose-additive interaction when compared with carbendazim hormesis. Studies on potential physiological mechanisms of hormesis showed that increased tolerance to H2O2 may be one of the mechanisms for virulence hormesis for the mixtures of iprodione and carbendazim. These studies will advance our understanding of hormesis of fungicide mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormetic effects of fungicides are highly relevant to fungicide applications and management of plant-pathogenic fungi. Preconditioning (i.e., early exposure to relatively low doses of a toxicant) is a special form of hormesis, and fungicide preconditioning of phytopathogenic fungi is inevitable in the field. The present study showed that spraying the demethylation inhibitor (DM1) fungicide flusilazole at 0.1 µg/ml had stimulatory effects on the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum inoculated at 1 and 24 h after spraying. Flusilazole sprayed at 10 µg/ml showed inhibitory effects on the virulence of S. sclerotiorum inoculated during the first 3 days after spraying. Inoculations on the 5th, 7th, and 10th day after spraying did not show any significant inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the virulence. After growing for 2 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with flusilazole at a dose range from 0.0005 to 0.25 µg/ml as preconditioning treatments, mycelia were transferred onto PDA without fungicide and subsequent mycelial growth was slower than the nonpreconditioned control. However, after the preconditioned colonies were transferred onto PDA supplemented with flusilazole at 0.2 µg/ml, percent stimulations of mycelia growth compared with the control had a parabolic shape across the preconditioning flusilazole concentration range. Similarly, the mycelial growth of the preconditioned mycelial plugs on PDA amended with other DM1 fungicides (prochloraz or tebuconazole) also showed a typical hormetic response, whereas mycelial growth on PDA amended with carbendazim or dimethachlone was inhibited in a dosedependent manner. Preconditioning S. sclerotiorum with flusilazole on rapeseed plants elicited virulence stimulations in a dose-dependent manner similar to those on mycelial growth on PDA. After disease lesions developed on rapeseed leaves sprayed with flusilazole as the preconditioning treatment were inoculated onto rapeseed plants, virulence was inhibited on leaves without fungicide or sprayed with carbendazim or dimethachlone compared with the nonpreconditioned control, whereas virulence was stimulated on leaves sprayed with flusilazole, prochloraz, or tebuconazole, and the maximum percent stimulation was 10.2%. These results will advance our understanding of hormetic effects of fungicides and of preconditioning hormesis in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flusilazole, a member of the demethylation inhibitor fungicides, is highly efficacious for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To achieve judicious applications of flusilazole, its hormetic effects on virulence of S. sclerotiorum were investigated. Flusilazole sprayed at concentrations from 0.02 to 0.5 μg/ml caused statistically significant {P < 0.05) stimulatory effects on virulence of S. sclerotiorum to potted rapeseed plants, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 11.0 and 10.7% for isolates GS-7 and HN-24, respectively. Studies on the time course of the infection process showed that a stimulatory effect on virulence could be discerned at 18 h postinoculation, indicating a direct stimulation mechanism rather than an overcompensation for initial inhibitions. In order to determine whether the stimulations were caused mainly by effects of flusilazole on S. sclerotiorum or on rapeseed plants, mycelia grown on flusilazoleamended potato dextrose agar (PDA) media were inoculated on leaves of rapeseed plants without spraying the fungicide. Mycelium radial growth on PDA supplemented with flusilazole at concentrations from 0.005 to 0.16 μg/ml was inhibited by 10.11 to 48.7% for isolate GS-7 and by 4.1 to 24.9% for isolate HN-24. Observations with a scanning electron microscope showed that flusilazole in PDA at 0.04 and 0.08 μg/ml caused slightly deformed mycelia and twisted mycelial tips. Nevertheless, after inoculating on leaves of potted rapeseed plants, virulence of the inhibited mycelia was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of the nontreated control, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 16.2 and 19.8% for isolates GS-7 and HN-24, respectively. Studies on a physiological mechanism for virulence stimulations showed that tolerance to hydrogen peroxide did not increase significantly for mycelia grown on fiusilazole-amended PDA, thus excluding the possibility of tolerance to reactive oxygen species as a potential mechanism for virulence stimulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the cloning and characterization of a Prx from the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (SlPrx5). The SlPrx5 cDNA contains an open reading frame of 477bp encoding a predicted protein of 159 amino acid residues, 16.902kDa, and an isoelectric point of 7.68. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of the SlPrx5 cDNA showed 86% identity to Papilio xuthus Prx5, 72% to Aedes aegypti Prx5, and 64-67% to other insect Prxs. A phylogenetic analysis further revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of SlPrx5 groups within the atypical 2-Cys Prx cluster. Recombinant SlPrx5 (20kDa) purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells was found to reduce H2O2 in the presence of electrons donated by dithiothreitol and protect super-coiled DNA from damage by metal-catalyzed oxidation in vitro. During S. litura development, SlPrx5 is constitutively expressed in the epidermis, fat body, and midgut, with the highest expression occurring in the sixth-instar larval stage in the fat body and midgut. Additionally, SlPrx5 mRNA expression was up-regulated after injection with H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, indoxacarb, and metaflumizone. A disc diffusion assay indicated that recombinant SlPrx5 can play a functional role in protecting cells from oxidative stress in vivo. These results provide insight into the role of SlPrx5 during development and the oxidative stress response of S. litura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]