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In spite of numerous active and passive seismological investigations, the existence of continuous or interrupted continental subduction below the Western Alps is still open to debate. Many of the observations focus on the Moho or the deeper part of the mantle, while reliable information on the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) below the Alpine region is scarce. Exploiting the data from the dense, broadband AlpArray Seismic Network we present a set of Receiver Function (RF) measurements on the Moho and LAB of a region encompassing the Western Alps, which includes the Ivrea Geophysical Body (IGB), a fragment of mantle placed at a few kilometers depth at the collision margin between Eurasia and Adria plates. We derive seismic velocity profiles of the crust‐uppermost mantle below each station down to about 250 km, through the joint inversion of P and S RF. We constrain the lateral variations of the Moho and LAB topographies across the colliding plates, and quantify the errors related to our measurements. Our results allow us to considerably expand the published data of the Moho depth and to add a unique set of new measurements of the LAB. Our observations show that Eurasia and Adria lithospheres have a comparable thickness (on average 90–100 km), and are colliding below the IGB, and that Eurasia is not presently continuously subducting below Adria. These observations suggest that there is a gap between the superficial (continental) European lithosphere and the deep (oceanic) lithosphere, confirming the discontinuous structure imaged by some seismic tomography models. Plain Language Summary: The Alps are one of the most studied orogenic systems but a number of questions remain unanswered, such as the existence of continuous or interrupted subduction of the Eurasian plate below the Adria plate in the Western Alps. To answer this question, it is necessary to assess the geometry (such as thickness and position) of the two lithospheric plates that are involved. We use the receiver function technique on seismometer data coming from the dense AlpArray Seismic Network to explore the interfaces that delimit the shallow Earth layers: the Moho and the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary. Thanks to these measurements we were able to define the plate geometries below the Western Alps. Our observations show that Eurasia and Adria lithospheres have comparable (on average 90–100 km), that the plates are colliding, and that Eurasia is not presently continuously subducting below Adria. This information helps us understand the current state and recent geodynamic evolution of the Alps. Key Points: Joint inversion of P and S receiver functions constrains the lithosphere‐asthenosphere structure and Moho and Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) topography below the Western AlpsAcross the Ivrea Geophysical Body the colliding Eurasia and Adria lithospheres have a similar average thickness of 90–100 kmMoho and LAB topographies are better reconciled with lithospheric detachment than with a continuous slab below the Western Alps [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a review of our work on data acquired by GEOSTAR-class (GEophysical and Oceanographic STation for Abyssal Research) observatories deployed at three EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory; http://www.emso-eu.org) sites in southern European waters where strong geo-hazards are present: the Western Iberian Margin, the Western Ionian Sea, the Marmara Sea, and the Marsili basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea. A procedure for multiparameter data quality control is described. Then we explain why the seafloor is an interesting observation point for geophysical parameters and how it differs from land sites. We consider four interesting geophysical phenomena found at the EMSO sites that are related to geo-hazard. In the first case, we show how unknown seismicity and landslides in the Western Ionian Sea were identified and roughly localised through a single-sensor analysis based on the seismometer. In the second case, we concentrate on the problem of near-coast tsunami generation and describe a Tsunami Early Warning Detection (TEWD) system, tested in the Western Iberian Margin and currently operating in real time at the Western Ionian site. In the third case, we consider two large volcanoes in the central Mediterranean area, Mt. Etna and the Marsili seamount. Signals from the seismometer and gravimeter recorded at the seafloor at 2100m b.s.l. show various phases of Mt. Etna's 2002–2003 eruption. For the less-known Marsili we illustrate how several indicators coming from different sensors point to hydrothermal activity. A vector magnetometer at the two volcanic sites helps identify the magnetic lithospheric depth. In the fourth and final case, we present a multiparameter analysis which was focused on finding possible correlations between methane seepage and seismic energy release in the Gulf of Izmit (Marmara Sea). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Growing food and biomass production at the global scale has determined a corresponding increase in the demand for and use of nutrients. In this study, the possibility of recovering nitrogen from agro-industrial digestate using bioelectrochemical systems was investigated: two microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) were fed with synthetic and real digestate (2.5 gNH 4 + -N L -1 ). Carbon felt and granular graphite were used as anodes in MEC-1 and MEC-2, respectively. As to synthetic wastewater, the optimal nitrogen load (NL) for MEC-1 and -2 was 1.25 and 0.75 gNH 4 + -N d -1 , respectively. MEC-1 showed better performance in terms of NH 4 + -N removal efficiency (39 ± 2.5%) and recovery rate (up to 70 gNH 4 + -N m -2 d -1 ), compared to MEC-2 (33 ± 4.7% and up to 30 gN m -2 d -1 , respectively). At the optimal hydraulic retention time, lower NH 4 + -N removal efficiencies and recovery rates were observed when real digestate was fed to MEC-1 (29 ± 6.6% and 60 ± 13 gNH 4 + -N m -2 d -1 , respectively) and MEC-2 (21 ± 7.9% and 10 ± 3.6 gNH 4 + -N m -2 d -1 , respectively), likely due to the higher complexity of the influent. The average energy requirements were 3.6-3.7 kWh kgN removed -1 , comparable with values previously reported in the literature and lower than conventional ammonia recovery processes. Results are promising and may reduce the need for costly and polluting processes for nitrogen synthesis.

Background: Mutations in recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1 and RAG2 are associated with a broad range of clinical and immunologic phenotypes in human subjects., Objective: Using a flow cytometry-based assay, we aimed to measure the recombinase activity of naturally occurring RAG2 mutant proteins and to correlate our results with the severity of the clinical and immunologic phenotype., Methods: Abelson virus-transformed Rag2 -/- pro-B cells engineered to contain an inverted green fluorescent protein (GFP) cassette flanked by recombination signal sequences were transduced with retroviruses encoding either wild-type or 41 naturally occurring RAG2 variants. Bicistronic vectors were used to introduce compound heterozygous RAG2 variants. The percentage of GFP-expressing cells was evaluated by using flow cytometry, and high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze rearrangements at the endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus., Results: The RAG2 variants showed a wide range of recombination activity. Mutations associated with severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn syndrome had significantly lower activity than those detected in patients with less severe clinical presentations. Four variants (P253R, F386L, N474S, and M502V) previously thought to be pathogenic were found to have wild-type levels of activity. Use of bicistronic vectors permitted us to assess more carefully the effect of compound heterozygous mutations, with good correlation between GFP expression and the number and diversity of Igh rearrangements., Conclusions: Our data support genotype-phenotype correlation in the setting of RAG2 deficiency. The assay described can be used to define the possible disease-causing role of novel RAG2 variants and might help predict the severity of the clinical phenotype., (Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 ( RAG1 and RAG2 ) play a critical role in T and B cell development by initiating the recombination process that controls the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin genes. Mutations in the RAG1 and RAG2 genes in humans cause a broad spectrum of phenotypes, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with lack of T and B cells, Omenn syndrome, leaky SCID, and combined immunodeficiency with granulomas or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed the TCR and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in 12 patients with RAG mutations presenting with Omenn syndrome ( n = 5), leaky SCID ( n = 3), or CID-G/AI ( n = 4). Restriction of repertoire diversity skewed usage of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segment genes, and abnormalities of CDR3 length distribution were progressively more prominent in patients with a more severe phenotype. Skewed usage of V, D, and J segment genes was present also within unique sequences, indicating a primary restriction of repertoire. Patients with Omenn syndrome had a high proportion of class-switched immunoglobulin heavy chain transcripts and increased somatic hypermutation rate, suggesting in vivo activation of these B cells. These data provide a framework to better understand the phenotypic heterogeneity of RAG deficiency., (Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Objective: Treg cell-mediated suppression of Teff cells is impaired in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); however, the basis for this dysfunction is incompletely understood. Animal models of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency demonstrate that a diverse Treg cell repertoire is essential to maintain Treg cell function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the Treg and Teff cell repertoires in JIA., Methods: Treg cells (CD4+CD25+CD127(low) ) and Teff cells (CD4+CD25-) were isolated from peripheral blood and synovial fluid obtained from JIA patients, healthy controls, and children with Lyme arthritis. Treg cell function was measured in suppressive assays. The T cell receptor β chain (TRB) was amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing was performed, with amplicons sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq platform. Data were analyzed using ImmunoSEQ, International ImMunoGeneTics system, and the Immunoglobulin Analysis Tools., Results: Compared to findings in controls, the JIA peripheral blood Treg cell repertoire was restricted, and clonotypic expansions were found in both blood and synovial fluid Treg cells. Skewed usage and pairing of TRB variable and joining genes, including overuse of gene segments that have been associated with other autoimmune conditions, was observed. JIA patients shared a substantial portion of synovial fluid Treg cell clonotypes that were private to JIA and not identified in Lyme arthritis., Conclusion: We identified restriction and clonotypic expansions in the JIA Treg cell repertoire with sharing of Treg cell clonotypes across patients. These findings suggest that abnormalities in the Treg cell repertoire, possibly engendered by shared antigenic triggers, may contribute to disease pathogenesis in JIA., (© 2016, American College of Rheumatology.)

Background: The endonuclease ARTEMIS, which is encoded by the DCLRE1C gene, is a component of the nonhomologous end-joining pathway and participates in hairpin opening during the V(D)J recombination process and repair of a subset of DNA double-strand breaks. Patients with ARTEMIS deficiency usually present with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and cellular radiosensitivity, but hypomorphic mutations can cause milder phenotypes (leaky SCID)., Objective: We sought to correlate the functional effect of human DCLRE1C mutations on phenotypic presentation in patients with ARTEMIS deficiency., Methods: We studied the recombination and DNA repair activity of 41 human DCLRE1C mutations in Dclre1c(-/-) v-abl kinase-transformed pro-B cells retrovirally engineered with a construct that allows quantification of recombination activity by means of flow cytometry. For assessment of DNA repair efficacy, resolution of γH2AX accumulation was studied after ionizing radiation., Results: Low or absent activity was detected for mutations causing a typical SCID phenotype. Most of the patients with leaky SCID were compound heterozygous for 1 loss-of-function and 1 hypomorphic allele, with significant residual levels of recombination and DNA repair activity. Deletions disrupting the C-terminus result in truncated but partially functional proteins and are often associated with leaky SCID. Overexpression of hypomorphic mutants might improve the functional defect., Conclusions: Correlation between the nature and location of DCLRE1C mutations, functional activity, and the clinical phenotype has been observed. Hypomorphic variants that have been reported in the general population can be disease causing if combined in trans with a loss-of-function allele. Therapeutic strategies aimed at inducing overexpression of hypomorphic alleles might be beneficial., (Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1) deficiency presents with a varied spectrum of combined immunodeficiency, ranging from a T(-)B(-)NK(+) type of disease to a T(+)B(+)NK(+) phenotype., Objective: We sought to assess the genetic background of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)., Methods: A patient given a diagnosis of CVID, who was born to a consanguineous family and thus would be expected to show an autosomal recessive inheritance, was subjected to clinical evaluation, immunologic assays, homozygosity gene mapping, exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and functional analysis., Results: The 14-year-old patient, who had liver granuloma, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, and autoimmune neutropenia, presented with a clinical picture resembling CVID. Genetic analysis of this patient showed a homozygous hypomorphic RAG1 mutation (c.1073 G>A, p.C358Y) with a residual functional capacity of 48% of wild-type protein., Conclusion: Our finding broadens the range of disorders associated with RAG1 mutations and might have important therapeutic implications., (Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To identify mechanisms of disease in a child born to consanguineous parents, who presented with Omenn syndrome (OS) and was found to carry a heterozygous RAG1 mutation in peripheral blood DNA., Methods: Mutation analysis was performed on whole blood and buccal swab DNA. Recombination activity of the mutant RAG1 protein and diversity of T cell repertoire were tested., Results: Apparent heterozygosity for a novel, functionally null RAG1 mutation in peripheral blood DNA from a patient with OS was shown to be secondary to true somatic reversion. Analysis of T cell repertoire demonstrated expression of various TCRBV families, but an overall restricted pattern., Conclusions: This is the first case of true somatic reversion of a RAG1 mutation in a patient with OS. The reversion event likely occurred at a stage where only a limited pool of T cell progenitors capable of performing V(D)J recombination could be generated. This work emphasizes the importance of performing functional studies to investigate the significance of novel genetic variants, and to consider somatic reversion as a possible disease modifier in SCID.

Background: The recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1/2 proteins play a critical role in the development of T and B cells by initiating the VDJ recombination process that leads to generation of a broad T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor repertoire. Pathogenic mutations in the RAG1/2 genes result in various forms of primary immunodeficiency, ranging from T(-)B(-) severe combined immune deficiency to delayed-onset disease with granuloma formation, autoimmunity, or both. It is not clear what contributes to such heterogeneity of phenotypes., Objective: We sought to investigate the molecular basis for phenotypic diversity presented in patients with various RAG1 mutations., Methods: We have developed a flow cytometry-based assay that allows analysis of RAG recombination activity based on green fluorescent protein expression and have assessed the induction of the Ighc locus rearrangements in mouse Rag1(-/-) pro-B cells reconstituted with wild-type or mutant human RAG1 (hRAG1) using deep sequencing technology., Results: Here we demonstrate correlation between defective recombination activity of hRAG1 mutant proteins and severity of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and provide insights on the molecular mechanisms accounting for such phenotypic diversity., Conclusions: Using a sensitive assay to measure the RAG1 activity level of 79 mutations in a physiologic setting, we demonstrate correlation between recombination activity of RAG1 mutants and the severity of clinical presentation and show that RAG1 mutants can induce specific abnormalities of the VDJ recombination process., (Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II deficiency is a combined primary immunodeficiency disease that leads to overwhelming and recurrent infections. It was found to account for 19 % of combined immune deficiency cases in the National Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Registry in Kuwait, a country with high prevalence of consanguinity. We present the clinical, immunologic and molecular features of 11 Kuwaiti patients who presented with MHC class II deficiency between 2004 and 2011.

X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease is a primary immunodeficiency syndrome associated with the inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphoma, and hypogammaglobulinemia. XLP is caused by mutations in the SH2D1A gene, which encodes the SLAM-associated protein (SAP), or in the BIRC4 gene, which encodes the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Here we report a patient with recurrent respiratory tract infections and early onset agammaglobulinemia who carried a unique disease-causing intronic loss-of-function mutation in SH2D1A. The intronic mutation affected SH2D1A gene transcription but not mRNA splicing, and led to markedly reduced level of SAP protein. Despite undetectable serum immunoglobulins, the patient's B cells replicated and differentiated into antibody producing cells normally in vitro., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is caused by mutations in the WAS gene that encodes for a protein (WASp) involved in cytoskeleton organization in hematopoietic cells. Several distinctive abnormalities of T, B, and natural killer lymphocytes; dendritic cells; and phagocytes have been found in WASp-deficient patients and mice; however, the in vivo consequence of WASp deficiency within individual blood cell lineages has not been definitively evaluated. By conditional gene deletion we have generated mice with selective deficiency of WASp in the B-cell lineage (B/WcKO mice). We show that this is sufficient to cause a severe reduction of marginal zone B cells and inability to respond to type II T-independent Ags, thereby recapitulating phenotypic features of complete WASp deficiency. In addition, B/WcKO mice showed prominent signs of B-cell dysregulation, as indicated by an increase in serum IgM levels, expansion of germinal center B cells and plasma cells, and elevated autoantibody production. These findings are accompanied by hyperproliferation of WASp-deficient follicular and germinal center B cells in heterozygous B/WcKO mice in vivo and excessive differentiation of WASp-deficient B cells into class-switched plasmablasts in vitro, suggesting that WASp-dependent B cell-intrinsic mechanisms critically contribute to WAS-associated autoimmunity.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which myelin autoreactive T cells drive a chronic inflammatory process leading to myelin destruction. A sexual dimorphism has been described, with prevalence in females and a better clinical course during pregnancy. Specific receptors have been identified for sex steroids in the cytoplasm of immune and neural cells. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most frequently studied animal model for MS, showed sex differences in the disease course and improvement by the use of exogenous sex steroids. The recent pilot studies in vivo also reported an improvement of MS by the administration of gonadal hormones (replacement therapy, testosterone, estriol) in the short time. A patent proposed estriol therapy to treat autoimmune related disorders (including MS). A clinical European trial is ongoing on the use of nomegestrol/estradiol in the post-partum period in order to prevent the relapses. Integrated therapies appear to be effective in both male and female MS patients.