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Previous interchange safety research has primarily focused on crash and operating speed prediction models, with no extensive evaluation related to the impact of different ramp types on lateral acceleration. The objective of this paper is to study lateral acceleration on ramp interchanges and develop safety charts for different ramps in India. For this, two sets of lateral acceleration models were investigated using geometric design elements and vehicle kinematic measurements, such as speed, obtained using an instrumented vehicle fitted with a high-end data logger. The results of the analysis reveal there is a barely detectable relationship between speed and lateral acceleration for various ramp types (diagonal, loop, and semidirect), but when separated by curve radius, the relationship is significant. In addition, various ramp-specific models were developed to measure the effects of geometric elements on lateral acceleration. Based on these models, safety charts were developed. To maintain safe lateral acceleration on diagonal and semidirect ramps, the safety charts indicate that the ramp curve radius should be greater than 90 and 100 m, respectively. For loop ramps with a length greater than 200 m, a radius of at least 95 m is required to maintain a speed of 40 km/h and maintain safe lateral acceleration. The insights presented in this research can be used to prioritize safety when designing freeway interchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High environmental ammonia has become a universal problem for aquatic animals, especially in fish and induces a range of ecotoxicological effects. Perhaps waterborne ammonia is one of the most notorious pollutants in aquatic habitats. The effects of rising ammonia levels do not act in isolation; increasing human pressure including climate change (e.g. temperature, rising CO2, hypoxia etc.) creates a variety of additional deleterious impacts on animals. The salinity gradient of some marine ecosystems has gradually reduced over the last few decades, which alters a suite of physiological and behavioural performance of marine fish with a severe threat on osmo-regulation. It has been documented that environmental salinity influences the ammonia toxicity in several marine species. Such interactive effect between ammonia toxicity and salinity challenge on differential physiological and metabolic compensatory responses has not been fully revealed in fish. It is essential to pay attention to the levels of salinity and ammonia in environment, and how the two interact, particularly when dealing with estuarine aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) completed its Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Release 16 and approved the OpenAPI specification in July 2020. The 5G NR technology is expected to support numerous future applications in one or a mix of three usage scenarios: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC). However, 5G is still lacking its killer applications. Which vertical applications will fully utilize the capabilities offered by 5G that cannot be provided by 4G? What is the unprecedented performance gain these applications can achieve with 5G in practice? To answer these and similar questions, the 3GPP started to focus on specific applications and field performance evaluations in Release 17, which includes communication service requirements for critical medical applications, enhancements for unmanned aerial vehicles, enhancements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains, enhanced relays for energy efficiency and extensive coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]