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Background/aims To compare risk factors for poor visual outcomes in patients undergoing primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair and to develop a scoring system. Methods Analysis of the Primary Retinal detachment Outcomes (PRO) study, a multicentre interventional cohort of consecutive primary RRD surgeries performed in 2015. The main outcome measure was a poor visual outcome (Snellen VA ≤20/200). Results A total of 1178 cases were included. The mean preoperative and postoperative logMARs were 1.1±1.1 (20/250) and 0.5±0.7 (20/63), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified preoperative risk factors predictive of poor visual outcomes (≤20/200), including proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.40), history of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections (1.38; 1.11 to 1.71), >1-week vision loss (1.17; 1.08 to 1.27), ocular comorbidities (1.18; 1.00 to 1.38), poor presenting VA (1.06 per initial logMAR unit; 1.02 to 1.10) and age >70 (1.13; 1.04 to 1.23). The data were split into training (75%) and validation (25%) and a scoring system was developed and validated. The risk for poor visual outcomes was 8% with a total score of 0, 17% with 1, 29% with 2, 47% with 3, and 71% with 4 or higher. Conclusions Independent risk factors were compared for poor visual outcomes after RRD surgery, which included PVR, anti-VEGF injections, vision loss >1 week, ocular comorbidities, presenting VA and older age. The PRO score was developed to provide a scoring system that may be useful in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine factors associated with loss of good vision (defined as Snellen visual acuity [VA]<20/40) after surgery among eyes presenting with macula-on primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with initial VA ≥20/40. Methods: Multicenter, retrospective, cohort study of eyes undergoing scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or combined pars plana vitrectomy/scleral buckle (PPV/SB) for non-complex macula-on RRD with initial VA ≥20/40. Results: Among 646 eyes with macula-on RRDs with initial VA ≥20/40, 106 (16.4%) had VA <20/40 (i.e. lost good vision) at final follow-up. Eyes losing good vision had slightly worse pre-operative logMAR VA (mean 0.15 ± 0.10 [20/28]) compared to eyes that preserved good vision (mean 0.11 ± 0.10 [20/26]) (p=0.004). RRDs extending greater than 6 clock-hours were more likely to lose good vision than smaller detachments (multivariate OR 4.57 [95% CI 1.44-14.51]; p=0.0099). Compared to eyes repaired with SB alone, eyes undergoing PPV (multivariate OR 7.22 [95% CI 2.10-24.90]; p=0.0017) or PPV/SB (multivariate OR 10.74 [95% CI 3.20-36.11]; p=0.0001) were each more likely to lose good vision. Eyes requiring further RRD-related (multivariate OR 8.64 [95% CI 1.47-50.66]; p<0.017) and non-RRD related vitreoretinal surgery (multivariate OR 14.35 [95% CI 5.39-38.21]; p<0.0001) were more likely to lose good vision. Conclusion: Among macula-on RRDs, loss of good vision was associated with worse vision on presentation, vitrectomy-based procedures, greater extent of detachment, and lack of single surgery success. Understanding predictors of visual outcome in macula-on RRD repair may guide preoperative counseling regarding visual prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organ‐at‐risk contouring is still a bottleneck in radiotherapy, with many deep learning methods falling short of promised results when evaluated on clinical data. We investigate the accuracy and time‐savings resulting from the use of an interactive‐machine‐learning method for an organ‐at‐risk contouring task. Methods: We implement an open‐source interactive‐machine‐learning software application that facilitates corrective‐annotation for deep‐learning generated contours on X‐ray CT images. A trained‐physician contoured 933 hearts using our software by delineating the first image, starting model training, and then correcting the model predictions for all subsequent images. These corrections were added into the training data, which was used for continuously training the assisting model. From the 933 hearts, the same physician also contoured the first 10 and last 10 in Eclipse (Varian) to enable comparison in terms of accuracy and duration. Results: We find strong agreement with manual delineations, with a dice score of 0.95. The annotations created using corrective‐annotation also take less time to create as more images are annotated, resulting in substantial time savings compared to manual methods. After 923 images had been delineated, hearts took 2 min and 2 s to delineate on average, which includes time to evaluate the initial model prediction and assign the needed corrections, compared to 7 min and 1 s when delineating manually. Conclusions: Our experiment demonstrates that interactive‐machine‐learning with corrective‐annotation provides a fast and accessible way for non computer‐scientists to train deep‐learning models to segment their own structures of interest as part of routine clinical workflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: To identify differences in preoperative characteristics and intraoperative approaches between surgeons with higher versus lower single surgery success rates (SSSR) for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). Methods: This study is a sub‐analysis of subjects who underwent RRD repair in the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes (PRO) study, a multi‐institutional, retrospective comparative interventional study. The PRO study examined consecutive primary RRD surgeries from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was variations in surgical approach to different types of RRDs with secondary analyses of pre and intraoperative metrics for surgeons with SSSR > 90% compared to those <80% who performed at least 40 operations during the study period. Results: A total of 689 surgeries were included in the analysis. The mean SSSR was 94% for the higher tier and 75% for the lower tier (p < 0.0001). Surgeons with >90% SSSR were more likely to have graduated fellowship more recently (p = 0.0025), use less perfluorocarbon liquid (p < 0.0001), perform less 360 degree laser retinopexy (p < 0.0001), and perform a higher percentage of primary buckles and combined PPV/SB (p < 0.0001). For pseudophakic eyes there was no difference between PPV and PPV/SB use (p = 0.6211). Conclusion: Surgeons with high SSSR typically performed SB as well as combination PPV/SB for more RRDs. Similar numbers of PPV and PPV/SB were performed for pseudophakic eyes, suggesting that the difference in SSSR between the two groups may be related to a combination of preoperative and intraoperative decisions as well as differences in technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cystoid macular edema (CME) following cataract surgery is a well-known entity. Less is known regarding the risk factors of developing CME following repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD). Methods: This was a multi-institutional study of primary RRD surgeries from 1/1/2015 through 12/31/2015. The primary outcome was the development of postoperative CME following RRD surgery. Post-operative optical coherence tomography imaging and 3 months of follow-up following RRD repair were required. Results: There were 1,466 eyes that met the inclusion criteria, and 140 (9.6%) developed postoperative CME following primary RRD repair. On multivariate analysis, the statistically significant metrics were older patient age (OR 1.03 per year, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05), pre-operative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR, OR 1.74, 95% 1.03 to 2.95), and cataract surgery following RRD repair (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.25). Single surgery success was protective against CME (OR 0.20 (95% CI 0.14–0.30). Seventy-six (9.0%) of the phakic eyes and 60 (9.9%) of the pseudophakic eyes developed post-operative CME. Multivariate analysis showed that cataract surgery following RRD repair (p <.0001) for phakic eyes and older age (p =.0075) for pseudophakic eyes were risk factors. In eyes that underwent successful retinal reattachment with one surgery, post-operative cataract surgery (p =.0005) and pre-operative PVR (p =.0011) were risk factors for CME in this subgroup. Conclusion: CME occurred in nearly 10% of the eyes following RRD repair. The biggest risk factors were recurrent RRD, preexisting PVR, older age, and cataract surgery following RRD repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aims Vitrectomy to repair retinal detachment is often performed with either non-contact wide-angle viewing systems or wide-angle contact viewing systems. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the viewing system used is associated with any differences in surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for primary non-complex retinal detachment repair. Methods This is a multicenter, interventional, retrospective, comparative study. Eyes that underwent non-complex primary retinal detachment repair by either pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone or in combination with scleral buckle/PPV in 2015 were evaluated. The viewing system at the time of the retinal detachment repair was identified and preoperative patient characteristics, intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes were recorded. Results A total of 2256 eyes were included in our analysis. Of those, 1893 surgeries used a non-contact viewing system, while 363 used a contact lens system. There was no statistically significant difference in single surgery anatomic success at 3 months (p=0.72), or final anatomic success (p=0.40). Average postoperative visual acuity for the contact-based cases was logMAR 0.345 (20/44 Snellen equivalent) compared with 0.475 (20/60 Snellen equivalent) for non-contact (p=0.001). After controlling for numerous confounding variables in multivariable analysis, viewing system choice was no longer statistically significant (p=0.097). Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in anatomic success achieved for primary retinal detachment repair when comparing non-contact viewing systems to contact lens systems. Postoperative visual acuity was better in the contact-based group but this was not statistically significant when confounding factors were controlled for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified where Minnesotans find online health information, how they use it, their confidence in assessing it, and what they think is missing. In August 2016, the University of Minnesota Health Sciences Libraries conducted a study of adults at the Minnesota State Fair. Convenience sampling yielded a total of 255 participants, with the majority being white, female, urban, and highly educated. Participants valued the ability to access OHI and used it for a variety of purposes. A high percentage of participants thought they had the knowledge, skills, and confidence to navigate OHI, yet were uncertain about indicators of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Upper Mississippi River is maintained in its current navigable state through impoundments, dredging, and other engineering projects. These stressors, along with anthropogenic impacts and natural system processes, led to declines in aquatic vegetation and the loss of fish and wildlife habitat, with a major downturn the late 1980s and early 1990s. Large‐scale restoration projects, such as the one evaluated here, are primarily designed to rehabilitate and enhance fish and wildlife habitat. We determined whether an individual restoration project, construction of an island complex, fulfilled a programmatic goal of re‐establishing diverse and abundant native aquatic vegetation. Eighteen years of aquatic vegetation monitoring data from impact and reference areas were compared to evaluate the anticipated direct effects (within 400 m of the constructed islands) and indirect effects (>400 m downstream of constructed islands) of restoration. Impact areas were also compared with an unrestored negative reference area ~200 km downstream of the project and with a positive reference area in adjacent, relatively natural backwaters. Only indirect effects of restoration were evident. Prevalence and species richness of aquatic vegetation in both of the impact areas and in the negative reference area increased prior to restoration, suggesting large‐scale improvement independent of the project examined here. Indirect effects were demonstrated as further increases in both prevalence and species richness coinciding with restoration in the area >400 m downstream of the restoration. We conclude that increased abundance and diversity of aquatic vegetation was partially achieved, with observed improvements potentially linked to reduced wind fetch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is decimating ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. Combatting EAB includes the use of insecticides; however, reported insecticide efficacy varies among published studies. This study assessed the effects of season of application, insecticide active ingredient, and insecticide application rate on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) (Lamiales: Oleaceae) canopy decline caused by EAB over a 5- to 7-yr interval. Data suggested that spring treatments were generally more effective in reducing canopy decline than fall treatments, but this difference was not statistically significant. Lowest rates of decline (<5% over 5 yr) were observed in trees treated with imidacloprid injected annually in the soil during spring (at the higher of two tested application rates; 1.12 g/cm diameter at 1.3 m height) and emamectin benzoate injected biennially into the stem. All tested insecticides (dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, and imidacloprid) under all tested conditions significantly reduced the rate of increase of dieback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dear Editor In the setting of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are released into the vitreous cavity and thought to provoke formation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) membranes and PVR-related epiretinal membranes (ERM) following RRD surgery using the internal limiting membrane (ILM) as a scaffold (Fallico et al., 2018). Still, we report a significantly higher single surgery success rate in eyes that underwent peeling of the ILM during RRD surgery. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: This work evaluates the anatomic and functional outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) with preoperative grade B and C proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) vs eyes without PVR., Methods: As a multi-institutional, interventional, retrospective study of all patients undergoing primary RRD surgical procedures from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015, this study evaluated the visual acuity (VA) outcomes and single-surgery anatomic success rates (SSAS) of patients with primary grade B and C PVR at the time of RRD repair., Results: A total of 2486 eyes underwent primary RD surgery during the study period, of which 153 eyes (6.2%) had documented preoperative PVR grade B or C. Eyes without PVR had better SSAS compared with eyes with grade B or C PVR (87% vs 83% vs 75%, respectively, P < .0001). Eyes without PVR also had better final mean (SD) logMAR VA (0.35 [0.47]; 20/45 Snellen equivalent) than eyes with PVR of grade B (0.50 [0.56]; 20/63 Snellen equivalent) or grade C ( P < .0001). In only eyes with preoperative PVR, there were no significant differences in final VA or SSAS on multivariate analysis based on surgical approach or use of retinectomy or membrane peeling alone in the intraoperative management of PVR., Conclusions: Eyes with primary preoperative grade B and C PVR appear to have significantly worse VA outcomes and lower surgical success rates. Surgical approach and management of PVR membranes did not appear to affect VA or success rates, indicating that preoperative PVR severity may dictate these outcomes., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: consultant for Alcon (C.D.R., D.E, O.G., and Y.Y.), grant support from Alcon (A.C.), royalties from Alcon (E.H.R.), stockholder in Aldeyra Therapeutics (D.E. and C.D.R.), consultant for Dutch Ophthalmic (D.E.), scientific advisory board for Pykus Therapeutics (D.E.), stockholder in Valiant and Glaukos (G.G.E.), and consultant for Bausch Health (A.E.K.)., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Purpose: To describe characteristics and outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in older adults (age ≥ 80)., Methods: Consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling (SB), or PPV/SB in the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes Study were evaluated. Outcome measures included single surgery anatomic success and visual acuity., Results: Of 2,144 patients included, 125 (6%) were 80 years or older. Compared with younger patients (age 40-79), older adults were more likely to be pseudophakic (P < 0.001), have macula-off detachments (P < 0.001), and have preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (P = 0.02). In older adults, initial surgery was PPV in 73%, PPV/SB in 27%, and primary SB in 0%. Single surgery anatomic success was 78% in older adults compared with 84% in younger patients (P = 0.03). In older adults, single surgery anatomic success was 74% for PPV and 91% for PPV/SB (P = 0.03). The final mean logMAR was lower for older adults (0.79 [20/125] vs. 0.40 [20/40], [P < 0.001]). In older adults, the final mean logMAR for eyes that underwent PPV was 0.88 (20/160) compared with 0.50 (20/63) for PPV/SB (P = 0.03)., Conclusion: Octogenarians and nonagenarians presented with relatively complex pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Single surgery anatomic success and visual outcomes were worse compared with younger patients, and PPV/SB had better outcomes compared with PPV alone.

Introduction: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with inferior retinal breaks are believed to have a higher risk of recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. This study compared anatomic and visual outcomes between primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and combination PPV with scleral buckle (PPV/SB) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with inferior retinal breaks., Methods: This is an analysis of the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes study, a multi-institutional cohort study of consecutive primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgeries from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was single-surgery success rate. Only eyes with inferior retinal breaks (one break in the detached retina between five and seven o'clock) were included., Results: There were 238 eyes that met the inclusion criteria, 95 (40%) of which underwent primary PPV and 163 (60%) that underwent combined PPV/SB. The single-surgery success rate was 76.8% for PPV and 87.4% for PPV/SB (P = 0.0355). This remained significant on multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that a superior single-surgery success rate of PPV/SB was especially noted in phakic eyes (85.2% vs. 68.6%; P = 0.0464)., Conclusion: Retinal detachment with inferior retinal breaks had a higher single-surgery success rate if treated with PPV/SB compared with PPV alone, particularly in phakic eyes.

Purpose: To determine factors associated with 360-degree laser retinopexy (360LR) during primary pars plana vitrectomy ± scleral buckle for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and its impact on surgical outcomes., Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, interventional study. Patients undergoing primary pars plana vitrectomy or primary pars plana vitrectomy + scleral buckle for noncomplex primary RRD in 2015 were evaluated. Primary outcomes were single surgery anatomical success (SSAS) and final anatomical success. Secondary outcomes included final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, epiretinal membrane formation, cystoid macular edema development, and number of subsequent vitrectomies. Multivariate regressions were performed., Results: Two thousand two hundred and forty-eight surgeries by 61 surgeons were included; of which, 516 underwent 360LR. Younger age (P = 0.01), more retinal breaks (P = 0.01), more extensive RRD (P < 0.001), and surgeon ID (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with 360LR. No significant associations between 360LR and single surgery anatomical success (P = 0.44), epiretinal membrane formation (P = 0.14), cystoid macular edema development (P = 0.28), or number of subsequent vitrectomies (P = 0.41) were found. Controlling for case complexity, 360LR was significantly associated with lower final anatomical success (P < 0.001) and worse final logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Multiple factors influenced whether 360LR was performed during primary pars plana vitrectomy ± scleral buckle for RRD. However, 360LR was not associated with improved surgical outcomes, and in fact, it may be associated with poorer outcomes.